Issue9 On Specialization
9 "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."------------------
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In the time of computer and information, people produce knowledge in the way our ancestors produced corns. Scholars today are forced to focus on minute subjects in their fields and add their bricks to the majestic building of science. Although many people criticize the specialization in education, it is and will continue to be necessary and beneficial to our society.
The ages when a genius could absorb all main knowledge in most fields of science have been bygones in history. Now the science and technologies have advanced to such high level that no human brain can contain a single whole area such as biology. Every step forward in the progress of any field of science requires devotion. If one wants to find some new discovery, he or she will has to concentrate all his or her passion and intelligence on a point of the branch in which he or she is studying. Without such focus, however brilliant one is, he or she will hardly achieve a outcome; just as sunshine, even in the summer, seldom lights a piece of paper unless with the help of a magnifying glass.
Specialty has prevailed in every corner of modern society and therefore become a precondition of survival. Either in business companies or in nonprofit institutes, researchers and technical workers contribute their specialty to their organizations. Usually, the title of one's job identifies his or her specialty. For example, an car-engine engineer is supposed to excel in car-engine with adequate relevant knowledge and experiences. No one cares if this engineer is good at driving cars. Specialists are treated as parts of machines: uniform, standard and replaceable. And so are students trained at school as preparation for their careers.
Undeniably, over specialization introduces many problems. One problem, and presumably the principal one, is that experts wearing amplifiers fail to form the whole prospect of different science. A discovery in chemistry (such as radioactive element C-14) may bring impact on paleontology (for deciding when the creature, which now only remains a fossil, lived and died). If no paleontologist has ever jumped out of their ken and learned something from chemistry, the paleontology would not be so exact as it is.
Generalists, who coordinate different branches of science, are more likely to elicit breakthroughs. They are usually leaders in cross-field programs, guiding specialists to collaborate for a common goal beyond the boundary of any single area. Before one grows into a generalist, however, he or she has to be a specialist first. Otherwise, an unqualified generalist cannot communicate with his colleagues, let alone to conduct programs.
As to common people, neither advanced specialists nor generalists, only need to know two kinds of things: (1) how to use the products thanks to modern technologies, such as how to handle a TV set; (2) what new products will come, such as electrical automobiles. Nevertheless, any attempt to input them top new discoveries and theories far above their comprehension will invariably fail.
The specialization, in despite of its weaknesses, is already indispensable to both the society and individuals, both of whose prospects require focus and concentration on tiny points. Even generalists must be endued with specialty. And in the final analysis, the idea to broadcast advanced discovery to the public who lack relevant specialty would contribute little, if anything, to the society since most people are specialized in their respective realms.
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11:21-11:30 n the time of computer and information, people produce knowledge in the way our ancestors produced corns.比喻不好，因为没办法明白你的意思。是指技术简陋？精耕细作？还是与前面的计算机信息对照而指生产速度快？总之看不懂第一句。所以应该改的更明确一些 Scholars today are forced to focus on minute用词错误，此词的含义是“不仅极小，而且也极不重要”，一个词的误用极大的损害了你后面的意思 subjects in their fields and add their bricks to the majestic building of science.这两句话语气上不并列，前面有贬的意思后面则显然是夸了，况且有歧义，add也是be forced to 么？ Although many people criticize the specialization in education, it is and will continue to be necessary and beneficial to our society.很不好的句子，不好在加了continue这个动词进来，使整个句子的主谓结构显得凌乱。有多种改法：最简单去掉continue to;从英语表达习惯而言，这并不损害你想表达的“依旧”之意；另外，我还不知道你下文用了多大的篇幅来讨论“未来”，如果没有讨论的话，will continue to be就不必要了
The ages when a genius could absorb all main knowledge in most fields of science have been bygones in history.后面这个谓语错的有点离谱了。一来bygone是形容词，加“s"不对；二来这个词暗含的意思是”过时“了，所以不妥。直接，have passed
Specialty has prevailed in every corner of modern society and therefore become主谓一致，加S a precondition of survival.
As to common people, neither advanced specialists nor generalists, only need to know two kinds of things.错句子，没有主语！！！此外，kind完全没有必要。改：As to common people, neither advanced specialists nor generalists, only two things are elementary
The specialization, in despite of 离谱，despite或in spite ofits weaknesses, is already indispensable to both the society and individuals, andboth of whosetheir prospects require focus and concentration on tiny用词不当，同样该词强调不重要 points. Even generalists must be endued with用词错误，此外考虑改成主动态 specialty. And in the final analysis, the idea to broadcast advanced discovery复数 to the public who lack relevant specialty would contribute little, if anything, to the society since most people are specialized in their respectiveown realms.看不出最后这句话有何用意
速度加快后，失误多是难免的 满江“蓝”！汗……无颜见江东父老。
不过bygone可以做名词。当然，还是have passed更加合适。
be endued with 大概就像be born一样，只适合被动用法？ 这个好办,下次我用红颜色,呵呵.
endue印象中好象是被动多一些,但手头没有工具书,不敢乱说. 有哪些词可以表示“细微”的意思但又不含“不重要”之意呢？ 专门这样的中性词一时想不起来,不过我想修正一下你的问题.因为英语的词汇极其丰富,所以象"小"这么general的词用的时候并不多,我们总可以找到更贴切的词.比如这篇文章就可以用诸如narrow啊,specific这类词.如果说别的什么东西细微之处也不能忽视的话, 与detail相关的词是可以用的.总之,表达清楚最重要,有时候也不妨用两个词. 我生平最痛恨的一件事就是背单词，现在为了考试也不得不好好折磨一下自己了 :) 什么时候我也能像你们二位一样呢？ :D 我背的单词可不算多，否则也不必被金山词霸骗了都不知道。 呵呵 9 "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
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20:57
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In the time of computer and information, people produce knowledge in the way our ancestors produced corns（什莫意思？）. Scholars today are forced to focus on minute subjects in their fields and add their bricks to the majestic building of science. Although many people criticize the specialization in education(怎莫突然跑出来一个education, academic disciplines和education是两回事，不能偷换概念阿) , it is and will continue to be necessary and beneficial to our society.（用to 不通，我觉得for会好点，这句话最好不要写成这样，还要读者区划分结构，写文章的目的是方便读者能看懂。）
The ages when a genius could absorb all main knowledge in most fields of science have been bygones in history. Now the science and technologies have advanced to such high level that no human brain can contain a single whole area such as biology. Every step forward in the progress of any field of science requires devotion. If one wants to find some new discovery, he or she will has to concentrate all his or her passion and intelligence on a point of the branch in which he or she is studying. Without such focus, however brilliant one is, he or she will hardly achieve a outcome（outcome是抽象名词吧，好像不能用a 修辞，就算用，也是an）; just as sunshine, even in the summer, seldom lights a piece of paper unless with the help of a magnifying glass.(without the help of concentration of a magnifying glass会更清楚一点 )
Specialty has prevailed in every corner of modern society and therefore become a precondition of survival(后面并没有论及) . Either in business companies or in nonprofit institutes, researchers and technical workers contribute their specialty to their （一句话中不要重复使用那末多的their）organizations. Usually, the title of one's job identifies his or her specialty. For example, an car-engine engineer is supposed to excel in car-engine with adequate(用副词，或者adequate knowledge and relevant experiences) relevant knowledge and experiences. No one cares if this engineer is good at driving cars. Specialists are treated as parts of machines: uniform, standard and replaceable. And so are students trained at school as preparation for their careers.
Undeniably, over specialization introduces many problems. One problem, and presumably the principal one, is that experts wearing amplifiers fail to form the whole prospect of different science. A discovery in chemistry (such as radioactive element C-14) may bring impact on paleontology (for deciding when the creature, which now only remains a fossil, lived and died). If no paleontologist has ever jumped out of their ken and learned something from chemistry, the paleontology would not be so exact as it is.
Generalists, who coordinate different branches of science, are more likely to elicit breakthroughs. They are usually leaders in cross-field programs, guiding specialists to collaborate for a common goal beyond the boundary of any single area. Before one grows into a generalist, however, he or she has to be a specialist first. Otherwise, an unqualified generalist cannot communicate with his colleagues, let alone to conduct programs.
As to common people, neither advanced specialists nor generalists, only need to know two kinds of things: (1) how to use the products thanks to modern technologies, such as how to handle a TV set; (2) what new products will come, such as electrical automobiles. Nevertheless, any attempt to input them top new discoveries and theories far above their comprehension will invariably fail.
The specialization, in despite of its weaknesses, is already indispensable to both the society and individuals,（换一下，individuals and society 会好些） both of whose prospects require focus and concentration on tiny points. Even generalists must be endued with specialty. And in the final analysis, the idea to broadcast advanced discovery to the public who lack relevant specialty would contribute little, if anything, to the society since most people are specialized in their respective realms.
后面就没有仔细看语法和句法结构了。
首先表示敬佩，能在如此短的时间内写成这样，强！因为快，可能会有一些不可避免的小错误。我主要说说逻辑上的问题吧：整篇文章的结构应该说是比较清楚地，但是第一段写的不是很comfortable。如果没有关于大众的那一段，这篇文章实际上是跑题的，因为题目说的几个重点词是：adademic disciplines,audience,use.作者前面全都在specialists and generalists上，能感觉出按照准备过的东东套。不过幸好有后面一段拉回来了。
想向你请教一下，怎莫才能在如此短的时间内，写成这样？：）
我不会变色，凑合着看吧。 我今天看到这个题目，列了一下提纲。看了这篇文章，我有一些不同的看法，希望能商讨一下。
这篇文章按自然段先写了：学术分工越来越专业化，专业化有一定的必要性但同时专业化也带来了一些问题；然后转入通才更容易获得学术突破，这里感觉转入了通才与专才的讨论，是不是这个论题比较熟悉，我的感觉是，作者肚子里准备好的东西，一定想要用上呢？ 最后写了对普通人对专业化学术的认识，专业化是学术发展的趋势。
我觉得这篇文章对issue的论述有点跑题， 论述学术专业化的篇幅太多了，我认为重点的论述应该放在后一部分："Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have use."，普通人对学术的不理解会影响学术成果的使用，但是不被人理解的学术成果也可能被普通人广泛使用。
不知道我的理解是否对，希望大家讨论讨论。 这篇文章写得很差，满是问题，不足一一道哉。
我写文章一向超慢，以前只注重质量，先写对再说。
现在正经历转型的阵痛。正如面对WTO的国企，如果转型失败，就只有死路一条了……
关于跑题，我大胆说一句：根据我对众多范文的揣摩，是否紧扣题目似乎并非最重要的，只要能够“自圆其说”即可。例子在范文里有不少。 关于跑题，我大胆说一句：根据我对众多范文的揣摩，是否紧扣题目似乎并非最重要的，只要能够“自圆其说”即可。例子在范文里有不少。
???真的吗，将信将疑中。。。
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