[资料]搜狐文化专题：保护方言还是保护普通话
http://culture.news.sohu.com/6/0404/67/blank219986757.shtml如果那位有兴趣&操作比较熟练可以考虑做个package，呵呵。 各位看看啊
[color=blue]普通话与方言讨论整理[/color]
普通话与方言讨论整理基本内容摘选自http://culture.news.sohu.com/6/0404/67/blank219986757.shtml
《保护方言还是保护普通话？》
基本观点：
官方语言和方言需要并存且共同发展。
1。保护方言的必要性
（1）名言：美国一位语言学家曾说过：“一种语言从地球上消失，就等于失去一座卢浮宫。”
（2）政策：1999年11月，联合国教科文组织的一般性大会宣布：从2000年起，每年的2月21日为国际母语日。纪念国际母语日，旨在促进语言和文化的多样性，以及多语种化。
（3）负面影响的例子：关于方言与普通话，曾经引起过众多的争论，因为方言往往也是当地文化的载体，于是规范是否伤害多元的质疑屡屡被提及。据一项调查统计显示：来自南方农村的学生，在大学校园中普遍表现内向和不善表达，其中的一个重要原因在于他们自觉“普通话说得不好”。
（4）方言的正面作用：方言作为一种活的语言，它孕育了各种各样丰富多彩的地域文化。曾经有人说王朔的小说是天才的语言，人们至今也仍对老舍的语言津津乐道！这是因为他们是真正用方言来创作的作家，正是这些方言和俚语的使用，使他们的作品、文字充满了活力和生命力。这也正是方言的魅力的所在。其实，我们现在的白话文正是从许多方言里“进化”而来的。
（5）保护方言的必要性：著名学者、北京大学教授王岳川认为，全世界每天都有几种语言在消失，每年都有几种文化死去，如果不加以保护，那么最后只剩下英语和美国文化，岂不是很可悲的事情？保护方言，同时也就保护了个体文化和村落文化，保护了文化的多样性。
2。推广官方语言的重要性
推广普通话会加大地域之间的交流，也会减小由于语言差异而产生的“交易成本”。普通话是官方语言。中国幅员辽阔、人口众多，地域差异也很大，所以为了交流与行政的方便，历朝历代都有自己的“官话”，而当时的官话大多是以当时首都的方言做样板“正音”而来的。早在汉代，许慎编纂了一部《说文解字》对汉语文字进行正音，这应该是中国第一部官话典籍。它说明2千年前的人们就意识到，中国这么大的国家需要这么一套通用的和标准的官话语言，因为有了这套官方语言，财政上就可以节省，更加推动各个区域之间的交流，这就是现代普通话的发源。从某个角度看，中国的官话有些像是古代欧洲通行的拉丁语，也正是拉丁语的通行，才使得欧洲能够在一个教廷的“统治”下历经千年。
其实我们想像一下，如果在我们开会时，大家都用各自的方言发言交谈，恐怕公司和单位里就要特设一些“通事”的职位了。所以说，普通话的推广一方面会让全国人民交流起来方便许多，更会使我们的日常生活和工作“经济”许多。
3。方言和官方语言的协同关系
普通话毕竟是一种近似于书面的语言，就象是古代的文言文，而百姓们平时说话却是不用的，但是你要是想读书或是参加科举考试，那文言文就是必须要会还得是精通的了。实际上，在我们现在的生活中也是这样，人们在平时生活中都说着各种各样的方言，而到了正式场合往往就要用上普通话了。从这个角度来说，方言才是最有活力的语言。
方言我们会说，可能还会一直说下去；普通话我们也会说，在正式场合我们自然就会运用它。对于我自己来说，我是一个在方言教学下长大的人，但到了我读书和工作时，我必然会运用和学习普通话，虽然我说得不是非常“字正腔圆”，但并不会影响我和其他人之间的交流，因为在我的映象里，真正字正腔圆的人是电台的主持人，而我却不是。所以我同样觉得，用不用方言教学并不是问题。因为普通话是一种官话，是行政语言，并没有硬行的必要，只要会说就行了。但是如果你想成为一名公务员或是教师，那么就必须能够说准确的普通话，因为这时你工作必需的。所以，如果要真正推广普通话，就应该对公务员和教师之类必须使用普通话的工作进行“普通话等级考试”。这才是真正的推广普通话，而不是试图让所有的人在生活中都去使用它。”
从事40多年教育工作的杭州市八一中学教师王藻说：“推广普通话的目的并不是为了消灭方言。”
“我们民族共同语的走向是普及普通话，不必强求所有的人都使用方言。就好比古董虽然是宝贝，我们必须把它们保存好、保护好，但是我们不必在日常工作和生活中使用古董。”浙大中文系教授祝鸿熹
[分享] extinct language endangered language, and policy
http://www.free-definition.com/Extinct-language.htmlExtinct language
- definition, meaning, explanation & information in free-definition.com -
An extinct languages is a language which is no longer natively spoken. One of the most well known extinct languages is Latin.
See also: List of extinct languages.
Books about 'Extinct language' at: amazon.com or amazon.co.uk
Note: This article from Wikipedia is made available under the terms of the GNU FDL.
http://www.free-definition.com/List...-languages.html
List of extinct languages
- definition, meaning, explanation & information in free-definition.com -
This is a list of languages that currently have no speakers to which it is mother tongue.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Africa
1.1 Angola
1.2 Cameroon
1.3 Chad
1.4 Côte d'Ivoire
1.5 Democratic Republic of the Congo
1.6 Egypt
1.7 Eritrea
1.8 Ethiopia
1.9 Guinea
1.10 Morocco
1.11 Nigeria
1.12 South Africa
1.13 Sudan
1.14 Tanzania
1.15 Tunisia
1.16 Uganda
2 The Americas
2.1 Argentina
2.2 Bahamas
2.3 Bolivia
2.4 Brazil
2.5 Canada
2.6 Chile
2.7 Colombia
2.8 Costa Rica
2.9 Dominica
2.10 Ecuador
2.11 El Salvador
2.12 Guatemala
2.13 Guyana
2.14 Mexico
2.15 Nicaragua
2.16 Paraguay
2.17 Peru
2.18 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
2.19 U.S. Virgin Islands
2.20 United States
2.21 Venezuela
3 Asia
3.1 China
3.2 India
Africa
Angola
Kwadi
Cameroon
Duli
Gey
Nagumi
Yeni
Chad
Horo
Muskum
Côte d'Ivoire
Esuma
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ngbee
Egypt
Coptic
Eritrea
Geez
Ethiopia
Gafat
Geez (see Eritrea, above)
Weyto
Guinea
Baga Kaloum
Baga Sobané
Morocco
Ghomara
Senhaja De Srair
Nigeria
Ajawa
Auyokawa
Basa-Gumna
Gamo-Ningi
Kpati
Kubi
Mawa
Teshenawa
South Africa
//Xegwi
/Xam
Seroa
Sudan
Baygo
Berti
Birked
Gule
Homa
Mittu
Togoyo
Torona
Tanzania
Aasáx
Kw'adza
Tunisia
Lingua Franca
Sened
Uganda
Nyang'i
Singa
The Americas
Argentina
Chané
Bahamas
Taino
Bolivia
Canichana
Cayubaba
Itene
Jorá
Saraveca
Shinabo
Brazil
Acroá
Arára, Mato Grasso
Arua
Guana
Kaimbé
Kamakan
Kamba
Kambiwá
Kanoé
Kapinawá
Karipúna
Kariri-Xocó
Karirí-Xokó
Maritsauá
Nukuini
Opayé
Oti
Otuke
Pankararé
Pankararú
Paranawát
Pataxó-Hãhaãi
Potiguára
Puri
Tapeba
Tingui-Boto
Truká
Tukumanféd
Tupinambá
Tupinikin
Turiwára
Tuxá
Tuxináwa
Uamué
Umotína
Wakoná
Wasu
Wiraféd
Xakriabá
Yabaâna
Canada
Beothuk
Laurentian
Pentlatch
Tsetsaut
Wyandot
Chile
Kakauhua
Kunza
Colombia
Andaqui
Anserma
Arma
Barbacoas
Cagua
Chibcha
Chipiajes
Coxima
Coyaima
Cumeral
Macaguaje
Natagaimas
Omejes
Pijao
Ponares
Runa
Tama
Tomedes
Totoro
Yahuna
Costa Rica
Chorotega
Dominica
Carib, Island
Ecuador
Tetete
El Salvador
Cacaopera
Guatemala
Chicomuceltec
Xinca
Guyana
Skepi Creole Dutch
Mexico
Chicomuceltec (see Guatemala, above)
Cochimí
Náhuatl, Classical
Náhuatl, Tabasco
Pame Sur
Tepecano
Tubar
Nicaragua
Matagalpa
Monimbo
Subtiaba
Paraguay
Emok
Peru
Abishira
Aguano
Andoa
Atsahuaca
Aushiri
Hibito
Nocaman
Omurano
Panobo
Puquina
Quechua, Classical
Remo
Sensi
Yameo
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Carib, Island (see Dominica, above)
U.S. Virgin Islands
Dutch Creole
United States
Alsea
Atakapa
Barbareño
Biloxi
Chimariko
Chitimacha
Chumash
Coquille
Costanoan, Northern
Costanoan, Southern
Cruzeño
Delaware, Pidgin
Esselen
Galice
Ineseño
Iowa-Oto
Karkin
Kitsai
Lumbee
Maidu, Valley
Mattole
Miami
Miwok, Bay
Mobilian
Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett
Molale
Nanticoke
Natchez
Nooksack
Obispeño
Ofo
Piro
Pomo, Eastern
Pomo, Northern
Powhatan
Purisimeño
Salinan
Siuslaw
Susquehannock
Takelma
Tillamook
Tonkawa
Tunica
Tutelo
Twana
Ventureño
Wailaki
Wampanoag
Wiyot
Wyandot (see Canada, above)
Yana
Venezuela
Baniva
Yavitero
Asia
China
Jurchen language
India
Ahom
Aka-Bea
Aka-Bo
Aka-Cari
Aka-Jeru
Aka-Kede
Aka-Kol
Aka-Kora
Akar-Bale
Oko-Juwoi
Pali
See also:
Endangered language
List of endangered languages
Language policy
Books about 'List of extinct languages' at: amazon.com or amazon.co.uk
Note: This article from Wikipedia is made available under the terms of the GNU FDL.
Endangered language
- definition, meaning, explanation & information in free-definition.com -
An endangered language is a language with so few surviving speakers that it is in danger of falling out of use. For example, many Native American languages in the United States became extinct through policies in the 19th and early 20th centuries discouraging and/or outlawing their use.
While there is no definite threshold for identifying a language as endangered, three main criteria are used as guidelines:
The number of speakers currently living.
The mean age of native and/or fluent speakers.
The percentage of the youngest generation acquiring fluency with the language in question.
For example, Ainu is endangered in Japan, with only approximately 15 surviving native speakers and few youth acquiring fluency in it. A language might also be declared as endangered if it has 100 speakers, but the speakers are all over the age of 90, and no youth are learning the language.
Some languages, such as those in Indonesia may have tens of thousands of speakers but be endangered because children are no longer learning them, or speakers are in the process of shifting to using the national language Indonesian (or a local Malay variety) in place of local languages.
In contrast, a language with only 100 speakers might be considered very much alive if it is the primary language of a community, and is the first (or only) language of all children in that community.
Examples of endangered languages
Ainu language
Livonian language
Saami languages
Udmurt language
Manchu language
Chukchi
Virtually all Native American languages in the US are endangered, if not outright extinct. The two main exceptions appear to be Hopi and Navajo.
See also List of endangered languages for a more complete list.
Examples of recently extinct languages
With last known speaker and date of death:
Kakadu (Gagadju) language, Big Bill Neidjie (July 2002)
Ubykh language, Tevfik Esenc (October 1992)
Manx language, (1974) (but is being revived as a second language)
Tasmanian language, (late 1800s)
The Rosetta Project is an online language archive which seeks to preserve endangered languages.
See also List of extinct languages for a more complete list.
Language policy
- definition, meaning, explanation & information in free-definition.com -
A major concern of many scientists, artists, writers, politicians, and leaders of linguistic communities is the preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity in today's world.
It is estimated that half of the current 6000 spoken languages are endangered of disapearing within the 21st century. Many factors affect the existence and usage of human languages.
Many countries have language policies designed to favor or discourage the use of a language or certain languages. There are many ways such laws could be categorized. Here is one:
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Assimilation Policies
2 Non-intervention Policies
3 Differentiated Legal Statute Policies
4 Valorization of the Official Language Policies
5 Sectorial Policies
6 Bilingualism or Trilingualism Policies
6.1 Based on non-territorialized individual rights
6.2 Based on territorialized individual rights
6.3 Based on territorial rights
7 Strategic Multilingualism Policies
8 Linguistic Internationalization Policies
9 Mixed Linguistic Policies
Assimilation Policies
A policy of assimilation is one that uses measures to accelerate the downsizing of one or more linguistic minority group(s). The ultimate goal of such policies is to foster national unity inside a State.
States that have such a policy:
Afghanistan - Burma - Brazil - Bosnia - Cyprus - Greece - Indonesia - Iraq - Iran - Northern Ireland - Kosovo - Pakistan - Syria - East Timor - Thailand - Turkey - Vietnam
Non-intervention Policies
A policy of non-intervention consists in choosing to let the normal rapport between the main linguistic group and the minorities evolve on its own. This almost invariably favors the dominant group. Sometimes, such policies are accompanied by administrative measures protecting certain minorities.
States that have such a policy:
Germany - Angola - Saudi Arabia - Argentina - Australia - Austria - Bangladesh - Benin - Burkina Faso - Chile - Democratic Republic of the Congo - Côte d'Ivoire - Cuba - Dominica - Ecuador - Gabon - Ghana - Gibraltar - Guinea - Guyana - Northern Ireland - Jamaica - Japan - Liechtenstein - Mali - Nebraska - Nicaragua - Dominican Republic - Czech Republic United Kingdom - Saint Kitts and Nevis - Saint Lucia - San Marino - Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - El Salvador - Senegal - Uruguay - Venezuela - Vermont
Differentiated Legal Statute Policies
A policy that recognizes a different legal statute for a given language usually aims at allowing the coexistence of multiple linguistic groups inside a State. Typically, the majority has all its linguistic rights secured and sometimes promoted while the minority or minorities are given special protection for their langauge.
States that have such a policy:
Albania - Bulgaria - California - China - Croatia - Estonia - European Council - Guatemala - Latvia - Lithuania - Macedonia - Manitoba - Ontario - New Mexico - Paraguay - Netherlands - Wales - Quebec - Romania - Slovakia - Sweden - Yukon
Valorization of the Official Language Policies
A policy favoring the official language is a policy of unilingualism. Sometimes, it favors the national language, sometime it favors a colonial language with a strong influence internationally. In some cases, such policies are accompanied by measures recognizing and protecting minority languages.
States that have such a policy:
Aland - Albania - Algeria - Andorra - Azerbaijan - California - Cambodia - Cyprus - Colombia - North Korea - South Korea - Croatia - Egypt - Spain - Estonia - United States - Greece - Iran - Iceland - Italy - Japan - Kuwait - Latvia - Lebanon - Lithuania - Macedonia - Madagascar - Morocco - Mexico - Moldova - Montenegro - Nepal - Uzbekistan - Peru - Quebec - Romania - Serbia - Saint-Pierre and Miquelon - Slovakia - Somalia - Tunisia - Vietnam - Voivodina
Sectorial Policies
Bilingualism or Trilingualism Policies
A policy favoring the two official languages is a policy of bilingualism. There are many different ways in which these policies can be applied.
Based on non-territorialized individual rights
A policy of bilingualism based on non-territorialized individual rights recognizes the same rights to all members of a community whatever their location on the national territory.
South Africa - Belarus - Belgium - Burundi - Canada - Central African Republic - Djibouti - Guam - Hong Kong - Ireland - Kenya - Kiribati - Malta - Nauru - Norway - New Brunswick - New Zealand - Nunavut - Rwanda - Western Samoa - Tanzania - Chad - Northwest Territories - Tonga - Tuvalu
Based on territorialized individual rights
A language policy based on territorialized individual rights recognizes the same rights to all members of a community within a specific region.
Anglo-Norman Iles - Balearic Islands - Bolzano - Brandebourg - Catalonia - Scotland - Faroe - Finland - Galice - Hawaii - Northern Ireland - Man Island - Micronesia - Navarre - Nicaragua - Basque Country - Wales - Valencian Country - Sind - Aoste Valley
Based on territorial rights
Belgium - Bern - Cameroun - Freiburg - Grisons - Switzerland - Tessin - Valais
Strategic Multilingualism Policies
Linguistic Internationalization Policies
Mixed Linguistic Policies
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