flyinfei543 发表于 2007-7-20 10:21:52

过渡词汇 连接词语 超级重要

本帖最后由 tesolchina 于 2014-12-23 08:38 编辑

过渡,衔接和结构性词语总结
一、 举例论证:
1. for example/for instance后面直接论述你自己的例子。(当然,如果有更好的说法,“尽量避免在文章中使用for example, such as, take……for example,因为口语化”―――援引自leoyy发布在太傻上的文字。但是,根据Peter对ETS官方同主题范文的研究,实际上很多的6分的范文也在继续使用着for example,和such as)
例如:(1)For example, team relay races consist of four people running around an oval track passing a baton to each other.(ISSUE6-Benchmark5)(2)The wise "over looker" will ignore his or her spouse's failings after making a considered judgment that these are outweighed, in the long run, by greater and more significant strengths.  for example, what wise or reasonable person would destroy a marriage solely because an otherwise faithful, kind, generous, intelligent and prosperous partner occasionally tosses socks on the floor?(ISSUE8-Benchmark6)-另外可以看到,表达his or her是可以被高分作文所接受的。
(3)For example, there was once a court edict in the early 1900's that no more than 3 women should reside in the same house together. (ISSUE9-Benchmark6)
(4)For example, if the Forestville region's driving population is 1 million people, and the traffic accidents for a 6-month period before the speed increase totaled 100, then the 15% increase would amount to an additional 16 traffic accidents, or 116 total.
(5) For instance, people who brush their teeth more than twice a day might be those who are prone to the need to have their teeth capped.(ISSUE10-Benchmark6)
(6) A better plow meant easier farming, more food, longer lives, and more free time to pursue other things such as art.(ISSUE1-Benchmark6)
这样证明,for example, for instance和such as可以在AW里自由使用!(不论是ISSUE还是ARGUMENT)
这里说一点感想,就是大家总结自己的写作经验的时候,一定要自己再去官方的范文里去求证一下,不要光凭个人经验或者印象。2. a variety of scientist/philosophy/cases  illustrate this point/issue/phenomenon(well)
使用:对于核心词汇,illustrate的使用,特别是用在举例中,
它的意思是:to make clear by giving or by serving as an example or instance,可以看出,illustrate本身就必须和examples联系起来。
注意以下几个例句:
(1)A single example will serve to illustrate the point.
只举一个例子就可以把问题说清楚了。
(注意,serve to和illustrate结合使用)
(2)To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis.
  为说明我的观点,我做了对比分析。
(3)Could you illustrate this question with some examples?
  你能举些实例来说明这个问题吗?
(4)  I think this can serve to illustrate New Democracy.
  我想这可以比喻新民主主义。   
3. sb./sth. /serves/can be used as/ a /typical/representative/ /example/illustration/.
4. a case in point is that……
5. as to the realm of ……(填入某一领域), the case of……(你所要举的例子)serves as a good example to illustrate.
6. While such examples are rear, the do occur occasionally, for example……(填入你的举例)
7. Paragons such as……, respectively, come immediately to my mind.
8. /History/The society/ /is replete with/abound in/brim over with/ examples of ……或者改写为There is abundant examples of…… in our life.
9. take a case of …… as an example
10. such as……
还有一些词和短语表达的虽然不完全是举例,但是是可以用来引出一段论证或例子的,也罗列在下面:
11. namely,adv.即, 也就是(用于具体举例):
例如:(1)Only one person can do the job, namely you.
    只有一个人能做这项工作,那就是你。
12.regarding……(短语,因为本身是介词=about)
(1)He knew nothing regarding the case.
   关于这件事他一无所知。
13.as regards……(短语)
(1) As regards the second point in your letter...
       关于你信中的第二点...  
(2)As regards economic issues, he agreed with our view.
   在经济问题上,他同意我们的看法。
(3)As regards that matter I'm quite of your opinion.
    关于那件事,我很同意你的意见。  
14.as to whether ……(句子)
(1)They are divided as to whether it is worth doing.
   这事是否值得做,他们看法不一致。  
(2)He's very uncertain as to whether it's the right job for him.
    这件工作对他是否合适,他毫无把握。
(3)She was in a dilemma as to whether to stay at school or get a job.
   她进退两难,不知该留在学校读书还是找份工作做。  
15.in terms of……(加短语)
(1)To perceive in terms of past experiences.
     凭借以往经验来察觉
(2)wealth reckoned in terms of money.
   以钱币形式表现的财富。
16.in respect of……(加短语)
(1)Her work is good in respect of quality but bad in respect of quantity.
    她的工作质量好但是数量差。
17.with respect to……(短语)
(1)To be like with respect to specified qualities.
   相当在某些具体特质上与…相似  
二、 引用:
(一) 引用的对象:
可以是名人名言,也可以是大众的话-用别人的嘴说出自己想说的话。
(二) 如何引用:
1. As sb. once said(and I paraphrase)
2. according to sb.,……(插入语,对这个sb.进行介绍), once said……(名言),which is to say……(自己的论证)
3. (先引用名言)接下来说:Although I’m not a /student/specialist/ of ……(某行业/专业), my understanding is that……(对名言的解释)
三、 引申论证:
四、 反证法:
五、 论证中的转折过渡:
1.……(正面说)however, as universally acknowledged, any good thing will become bad if going to its extreme,……(反面说)
2. …… serves as a two edged sword……
3./overextended/undue/ …… serves to be counterproductive or even harmful.
4.as a coin has two sides,……
5…… however, like anything /inchoate/incipient/……(说明弊端)此句用于说明新生事物的缺点

六、逻辑连接词:
(一)表示先后次序:
1. at this time
2. to begin with…… to sum up/in sum
3. previously
4. for one thing…… for another 用于说一个事物的两个方面
5. firstly……secondly……finally  其中finally也可以单独使用,表示最后一点的论述
6. simultaneously=at the same time
7. eventually=in the end=at last
8. last but not least
9. following this
10. proceeding this
(二)表因果关系:
1. being that:因为(写作中尽量少使用,因为是方言性质的词汇)
2. owing to=due to: because of, as a result of(是比较正规的表示“由于、因为”含义的词汇,建议多用due to因为出现的时间较晚,比较贴近现实)
3. for the reason that
4. in the view of=in regard to  : in consideration of 考虑到,由于。
5. therefore
6. consequently=as a consequence=in consequence
7. hence : because of a preceding fact or premise=THEREFORE
8. accordingly=so=consequently
9. thereupon=whereupon=consequently
10. whereupon
11. because=because of
12. since
13. so
14. thus
(三)表转折关系:
1. yet=but
2. nevertheless=nonetheless: in spite of that=however(nonetheless出现的比nevertheless出现的晚)
3. however
4. despite that=in spite of
5. regardless of=in spite of(regardless of比in spite of 出现晚)
6. and yet
7. but yet(6,7类似于yet)
在议论文中常见的是在让步后加以转折,使文章显得更有条理,更有说服力,所以,下面顺带来说说表示让步的连接词:
1. naturally :(当然) according to the usual course of things  : as might be expected 例句: We naturally dislike being hurt。
2. granted=granting that(假定……, 就算……)例句:Granted that you have some progress, you should not be conceited. 翻译:即使你有了一些进步,也不该骄傲。
3. of course
4. admittedly 例句: Admittedly, we took a chance. 翻译:必须承认,我们有投机心理。
5. provided=on conditions that
6. while it is true that……
(四)并列关系:
1. and
2. as well as
3. both……and……
4. either……or……
5. neither……nor……
6. again
7. also
(注意:借用表达同时含义的词也可以表达并列关系,如:at the same time, simultaneously)
(五)递进关系:
1. furthermore=besides : in addition to what precedes
2. moreover=besides=what is more
3. not……but……
4. in addition
5. additionally=furthermore
6. on one hand……on the other hand……(此词组也可以表示年个里并列、对比的含义)
7. not only……but also……
8. ……meanwhile……=meantime
9. likewise
10.further
(六)表类比关系:
之一:比较相同点:
1. in like manner
2. in comparison with
3. compared with
4. likewise=in like manner=similarly
5. in the same way
6. similarly
7. equally
8. just as
之二:比较不同点:
1. while
2. notwithstanding 例句:notwithstanding their inexperience, they were an immediate success
3. rather=instead 例句:It was no better but rather grew worse
4. rather than
5. on the contrary
6. whereas(而、却、反之) 例句:He is ill, whereas I am only a little tired.
7. in contrast=on the contrary

(七)表示强调:
1. in fact(其实,事实上)
2. especially(在后面直接跟上你要强调的内容)
3. particularly
4. in particular=specifically
5. moreover
6. in reality(实际上,事实上)
7. what is more important
8. indeed=in reality
9. not to mention(更不用说)
10. undoubtedly(毫无疑问的)
11. no doubt
12. without doubt
13. certainly
14. absolutely
(八)表示条件关系:
1. once…… :一旦 例句:If one once losses confidence, he can never expect to do his work well. 翻译:一旦失去信心,就别想做好工作。
2. unless…… :如果不,除非 例句:We shall not call the meeting unless absolutely possible. 翻译:除非绝对必要,我们将不召开会议。
3. if……(这个词我们太熟悉了,我就不举例子了)
4. lest……: for fear that 用法:often used after an expression denoting fear or apprehension 例句I was worried lest she should be late.
             I hesitant to speak out lest he be fired.
5. provided (that)…… 例句:provided that circumstances permit 翻译:如果条件允许的话
6. if possible……(如果可能的话)
7. if so……(如果这样的话)
(九)表示总结:
1. to sum up
2. in sum
3. on the whole: 1) : in view of all the circumstances or conditions  : all things considered 2) : in general  : in most instances  : TYPICALLY
4. in short: by way of summary=briefly
5. therefore
6. consequently
7. in brief
8. in conclusion
9. in summary
10. to conclude
11. in conclusion
12. at length : 1) : FULLY, COMPREHENSIVELY 2) : at last  : FINALLY
13.to summarize
14. to put it in a nutshell
15. all in all
16. in all

sosfos 发表于 2007-7-20 10:25:46

谢谢 真的很有用

jennifer928428 发表于 2007-7-20 11:23:19

davidsenwise 发表于 2007-7-20 11:38:52

我正苦恼于连接词汇的匮乏,呵呵...
好东西,谢谢分享!
GOOD LUCK!:)

sxz1069 发表于 2007-7-20 12:27:27

好东东啊。

夜雨微蓝 发表于 2007-7-20 12:42:56

顶下 好用的
lz整理成word吧

simon_xin 发表于 2007-7-20 13:29:33

很有用

nxzz12345 发表于 2008-2-2 18:52:24

:) :) :) xiexie

michael_1984 发表于 2008-2-2 20:22:26

thanks for sharing!

clayderman123 发表于 2008-2-2 20:26:47

zan

赞这位lz:handshake

dula55 发表于 2013-9-2 03:41:50

非常感谢

ceceday 发表于 2014-12-22 23:52:50

这个有帮助 谢谢分享

jonke 发表于 2014-12-30 23:26:53

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