【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers
本帖最后由 草木也知愁 于 2009-3-23 07:56 编辑【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲 汇总贴 要被打了。。。这么久还没有开始正题，一直在做前期的东西。。。
今天冒风险再做一个前期的闷骚介绍
这个问题大家都会遇到的
用电脑写作 所有人开始都不适应 或多或少会产生抵触心理
所以
我就唠唠叨叨贴这个啦~
看看保证你有收获
里面有些不是针对考试的，但是对大家以后的生活学习很有用的东西，也要好好看啦
Writing With Computers
Using word processing software on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.
Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:
Planning
freewriting
If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.
writing an e-mail message
As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.
making an outline
Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.
planning visually
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.
keeping a journal
If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.
Drafting
creating a scrapfile
As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.
splitting screens
If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.
adding notes
As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.
Organizing
mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences
Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.
checking your outline
Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.
staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
Revising
starting at the beginning of the file
Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.
renaming a file
Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
saving copies of material to cut and paste
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.
printing out hard copies to read
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.
resisting the neat appearance of a printout
If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.
using page or print view to check paragraphs
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?
highlighting sentence length
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
Editing and Proofreading
using online tools
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
changing the appearance of key features of your writing
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
editing on hard copy
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.
资源来源地http://owl.english.purdue.edu/
推荐大家可以去看看
恩...要是想省事呢，呵呵，我每次做的都是一个帮大家整理分析的过程啦 本帖最后由 米饭袜子 于 2009-4-21 23:28 编辑
（5）Writing With Computers学习笔记5
Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't)（这句好，饿稀饭）, a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.
Planning
freewriting
If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type（？？？）. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.
writing an e-mail message（这个现在都用Q咧。。。。。。）
As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.
making an outline
Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.
planning visually（两种图示法，不错，）
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles).（？？？）Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas.（圈圈法） To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.（树形图法）
keeping a journal（老大让开日志贴的正解？？。。。。。。好吧，饿滴日志全跑河里游泳了）
If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.
Drafting
creating a scrapfile（这个不错，还能从自个儿文章里掏点金子，不错）
As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.（不甚理解）
splitting screens（屏幕上铺满各种files来cut&paste&remind，米饭试过，感觉很好很壮观）
If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.
adding notes（嗯，阅读的好习惯，八过饿对括号里那个比较感兴趣~不妨一试）
As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.
Organizing
mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences（把写好的段落句子打乱排序，很有意思~）
Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.
checking your outline
Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.
staying on topic in every paragraph（TS,TS,TS）
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
Revising
starting at the beginning of the file
Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.
renaming a file（这个好，不然老是不记得上次看到哪个。。。。。）
Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
saving copies of material to cut and paste
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.
printing out hard copies to read（这个和下面那个可以尝试一哈，是不是了AW后期复习自己习作的时候效果会很好？）
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.
resisting the neat appearance of a printout
If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.
using page or print view to check paragraphs（饿要试这个~看来英文写作也是讲究外观美の）
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?
highlighting sentence length（这个方法检查句子也很奇特也~不过觉得会小费时）
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
Editing and Proofreading
using online tools
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
changing the appearance of key features of your writing
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
editing on hard copy
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again. 我感觉有些水……看了五天了 说实在的这个收获不大。。。 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computershttps://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-932417-1-1.html薇薇vivi阅读笔记这篇文章叙写了电脑写作的好处及如何利用电脑独特的优点，高效写作。Writing With Computers
Using word processing software on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.
Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:
Planning
freewriting
If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.
writing an e-mail message
As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.
making an outline
Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.
planning visually
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.
在圆圈中间写入主题词，围绕圆圈的是有关联的词。用线连接这些词。
其实是教你如何扩展，联想更多的东西。
keeping a journal
If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.这个对我们做科研也是如此，记录下自己的想法和完成的步骤。
Drafting
creating a scrapfile
As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.
splitting screens
If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.可以多窗口地显示有关的资料。
adding notes
As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.
Organizing
mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences
Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.
checking your outline
Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.
staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
Revising
starting at the beginning of the file
Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.
renaming a file
Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
saving copies of material to cut and paste
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.
printing out hard copies to read
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.
resisting the neat appearance of a printout
If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.
using page or print view to check paragraphs
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?
highlighting sentence length
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?句式上要有变化。
Editing and Proofreading
using online tools
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
changing the appearance of key features of your writing
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
editing on hard copy
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again. 【Fundamental Course of Writing】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-932417-1-1.html
KG阅读笔记
Writing With Computers
--an efficient way
delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype行文思路并不是在开始一确定就不变了。有可能写着写着作者会反对之前的想法，因此，现在在的delete/revise/cut/paste显得比较重要!
--Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process (convenience与aid对d在大多数人都有效！).
--But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. （做备份一般是有益无害，毕竟电脑也只是机器，机器就不能避免故障）
Planning
freewriting
If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can freewrite more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while freewriting.
writing an e-mail message(以e-mail方式写文章，作者可能在写作的过程中会考虑到对方的实际情况，避免出现浮夸的语言)
As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.
making an outline
Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper(在写作的过程中，每时每刻都需要记住headings/subheadings/sub-points).
planning visually
思路图形化显示，一目了然
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.
keeping a journal
If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas（阅读中的灵感要记下） that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.
Drafting
creating a scrapfile
写作时打开两个文档A和B：A写作；B保存暂时没有用的信息
As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.
splitting screens
分栏显示：提纲+素材+暂时无用信息方便文档间查看与信息交换
If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.
adding notes
笔记很重要，同时注意笔记的外观要简明，便于增删
As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.
Organizing
mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences
（尝试不同的文章组织结构，找到最佳组合方式）
Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.
checking your outline
（写了文章后，需要再次审查headings，确保它们之间的关系，以及与全文的关系）
Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.
staying on topic in every paragraph
（时刻提醒自己：我的各段主旨句是XXX）
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
Revising
starting at the beginning of the file
Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working（每次修改时，从前至后地顺读文章至修改处，好处如下：回忆之前的写作思路）. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.
renaming a file
（每次修改都需要“另存为”，以保证最新版本一目了然）
Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
saving copies of material to cut and paste
（做任何手术前，请备份，并标注即将修改的地方）
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.
printing out hard copies to read
（如果自己觉得写得差不多了，可以打印出来读，可能会发现需要改进的地方）
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.
resisting the neat appearance of a printout
If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.
using page or print view to check paragraphs
（页面预览或打印预览，确保每一部分与自己设想的一致）
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?
highlighting sentence length
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
Editing and Proofreading
（拼写错误；避免某些词的大量重复使用）
using online tools
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
changing the appearance of key features of your writing
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement（这里说到的方法，可能比较通用，需要在阅读与写作在好好地运用）, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words（通过不同外表的比较，可以方便地看出各类用语是否平衡）.
editing on hard copy
（打印、阅读，做修改标记）
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.
本期讲解可广泛应用于各类写作中，值得反复阅读，并运用于实际操作中！！！ 本帖最后由 xiguan_33 于 2009-11-12 20:33 编辑
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers笔记
Writing With Computers
Using word processing software on a computer is an efficient way to write. You can delete, revise, and cut and paste with great ease and speed, without having to retype, and you will find your drafts easier to read as you revise. Even if you cannot type well (and many successful computer users can't), a computer can be both a convenience and an aid throughout the writing process. But remember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.
Word processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:【真贴心。。】
Planning
Free writing
If free writing or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed. Some writers find that they can free write more easily by turning down the computer screen, so they cannot see what they type. You may also want to create separate files for different topics discovered while free writing.【free writing对我来说比较困难 没有个题目给我很难让我自己主动写点东西出来 这可能与我尤其讨厌两个中国人互相说英文以及动不动写东西就带出点英语词有关 英语并不是目前在国内的我们需要用来交流的工具 更不应该用来表达我们的感情 中文多好 呃 跑题了。。】
writing an e-mail message
As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.【找几个G友作文互该比这个来的更直接更有效吧】
making an outline
Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper. Some word processing programs either outline for you or permit you to indicate the outline headings in a way that allows you to go back and forth between a screen showing only the headings and screens showing the detailed material within sections.
planning visually
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.【在前期练习的时候用来积累素材我觉得很有用】
keeping a journal
If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.【这是我在我小本上干的事 这个不光用在准备作文上 平常怕自己忘事也把各种“to do”都列在上面 做完一个划掉一个】
Drafting
creating a scrapfile
As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.
splitting screens
If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.
adding notes
As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.
Organizing
mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences
Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.【个人觉得这一步在前面列提纲时就应该已经做好了】
checking your outline
Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.
staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
Revising
starting at the beginning of the file
Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.【有时觉得有一堆要说的但又不知如何下笔的时候就可以先不管顺序先顺着把自己想到的都写出来 然后再慢慢梳理】
renaming a file
Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
saving copies of material to cut and paste
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.
printing out hard copies to read
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.
resisting the neat appearance of a printout
If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.【？？】
using page or print view to check paragraphs
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?
highlighting sentence length
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?【作文老师告诉我们 作文中句子要适度复杂 多变】
Editing and Proofreading
using online tools
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
changing the appearance of key features of your writing
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
editing on hard copy
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.
【我觉得我现在就是功利性很强的在学习 对于那些较长线的方法会比较不感冒。。如果能从容不迫的学习 真正只是为了提升自己而学习是个多么美好的事情啊~】 5) Writing With Computers
关于这个，我本身就是电脑写作支持者！
1方便携带(U盘、笔记本、ipod)
2方便修改
3方便隔一段时间再看、产生陌生感以更好地修改而不被自己熟悉的笔迹所蒙骗。
当然，备份非常重要。。建议大家使用一个软件，叫GoodSync，非常适合备份，且有同步功能，可以多台电脑使用，自动发现修改过的文件并以最新日期的文件为主，如果两份都修改过的还会提示你冲突让你自己选择要那份，几个按键就搞定不用去担心哪部电脑上的文件是最新的
writing an e-mail message 好方法，可以联系英语老师、外国朋友，就当做各FREETALK
As you think about your assignment or topic, try writing an e-mail message to a friend, to someone in your class, or to a Writing Lab tutor . Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.
（记下一笔）
keeping a journal、creating a scrapfile、adding notes
这三个都说明，写作和生活方法都是通的，我一直在用“TO-DO”，GET THINGS DONE。
对于作文的想法、素材，我通常是一听到或阅读到对于作文有帮助的材料或想法时，赶紧记进TOUCH的TODO里，回头开电脑时都会看TODO list，然后将其写进相关的提纲中，将来待用。
（不过一个月没碰作文了，提纲忘光，下周浴火重生，还剩一个月）
creating a scrapfile
This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments.
这就是我电脑里的“INBOX”？ 有趣的想法或语句我都会存起来，定期去看看清理一下看别的题目能不能用。其实就是TODO的储存版。很好~~
Add notes
通常我先记进TODO里，回头放电脑提纲中或INBOX中。
对于提纲或文章内暂时多余的内容，通常我都将它放到提纲最下面，名叫【素材】之下，将来可能用到。
splitting screens
以前我也经常这样做，但现在觉得对模考不适合。我的做法通常是事前会看看提纲，留个印象。第二天早上起来模考时拿出纸笔，模拟考试时列提纲的情形，通常先BRAINSTOME把想法写下，然后按破题思路再想一次，然后把所有想法按THESIS,MAINIDEAS,REASONS AND EVIDENCE一层一层往外扩，连接。把有用的想法圈出来。避免看着提纲写作文，有助于培养考试感觉
staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
TOPIC SENTENCE非常重要，我明白。可惜ARGUMENT的TS我总是写不好，如何抽象出来，又不同于首段提到的情况，有待练习，这里记下一下笔。以后注意（记下一笔） 查看EW(7)段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
saving copies of material to cut and paste
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. if you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.
哇~这个重要，大规模内容移动时，记得备份一下。模考时，应注意 CUT 后 PASTE到最下面备份一个，然后再PASTE到所需地方。 发生什么意外时及时按撤销，好像撤销只能撤销上次动作，所以控制出错时要谨慎，马上停手，思索一下再决定下一步动作，不然撤销都没办法用！ 我就试过不小心弄错，欲哭无泪，大段大段的文章没了。。。（记下一笔）
highlighting sentence length （记下一笔）Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
大赞！！！！句子可以通过这个技巧来“发现”并“变化”，激动。。轻易看出句子是否需要做变化，一段话中的每个句子长短不一、形式不同，能够缓解考官的视觉疲劳。
比如说，一直都是Sb. does something.每一句都是这样很闷。
句子变化有很多种，除了正常的主谓宾外，可以尝试作以下句式变化。
It is adj. that…(强调某个形容词)
There is/are something that （强调某事/物）
As```, begin with, When..,if （一些状语从句提前）
（以上为随笔，稍迟会总结句式，这可能是个弱项，记下一笔。。。以后再补充句式变化的手法
using online tools （我有好建议）
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropraite advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a styke checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
关于语法拼写检查，每次模考留3~5分钟，再黏到WORD里。程式化的动作。。留意拼写错误，改习惯
关于词语变化，每次模考时我都会注意将重复较多的词打在文章最下部，模考结束后通过Ctrl+F查看这个词是否用得较多，然后通过同义词词典查词替换，并将同义词另开一个EXCEL收集起来，已经小有规模。可惜，还没背过，这里记下一笔，安排到复习形成力。写作的同义词也是要背的，不然查了也会忘。
即，建立两个EXCEL表， 一个存放拼写错误，一个存放同义词
changing the appearance of key features of your writing(记下一笔)
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
不错，不过这个方法修改作文也蛮累人的，试试。
“动词大写，被动斜体，形容词大字号，主题下划线”
通过这种方法，概观全文样貌，能够具体到句子提醒自己哪里做的不好，值得一试。估计我是描述性的词语做的不好，那么实操中可以通过补充的方式，体会到修饰的方法。记下一笔，值得一试。
editing on hard copy
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again.
利用WORD 2007的批注、修改功能可以轻易实现，话说2007真是好。
因为可以清楚统计出自己范了什么错误、哪些词语可以换成同义词。也是一种好的总结方法。
可是我只有头几篇有这个耐心，后面得文章都直接改了。
通常在互改时会用到，能让对方容易看出哪里修改并对照原文。但自己改自己的就不考虑那么多，决定了改大多数情况是改后的内容较好，似乎就不需要弄得文章七零八乱。而在修改时将同义词、或拼写错误统一集中到不同的EXCEL中，方便查看。
（不过收集了那么多，我也还没看这些拼写错误和同义词。要安排进复习进程中，记下一笔。） 本帖最后由 miki7cat 于 2009-11-22 19:15 编辑
lRemember to save your files often and make a backup copy of the file, even when you've carefully saved it. Disks can fail and not open, and files can be deleted or lost.
lPlanning
nfreewriting---
If freewriting or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software. You can then cut and paste parts of those planning notes into a draft as needed.
nwriting an e-mail message---
Use that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. Encourage the person who receives the e-mail to ask you questions that help you clarify your ideas.
nmaking an outline---
Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper.
nplanning visually---
Use a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). Use lines to connect these ideas to the main idea or to other sub-ideas. To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.
nkeeping a journal---
If keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing. Include a plan for how you will proceed through the assignment, and if there are stages or steps to complete, write a "to do" list. Include phrases and ideas that occur to you and that may fit into the paper later with some cutting and pasting from one file to another. You may want to insert page breaks for different sections or thoughts.
lDrafting
ncreating a scrap file---
As you start an assignment, make two separate files, one for the assignment itself and the other for scraps of writing that you will be collecting. As you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. You may also want a separate file for keywords, words that come to mind and that can be used when needed or phrases that may come in handy as section headings in your paper.
nsplitting screens---
If you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another. One box on the screen can display your outline or visual planning while another can display your draft. Or, you can keep your scrap file visible while writing a draft. Remember that you can cut, copy, and paste between files.
nadding notes---
As you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. For example, put parentheses around material that might not stay in a later draft, or use bold lettering, or make use of a word processing feature that permits you to store material as notes. Be sure to delete this material when you are sure you no longer want it.
lOrganizing
nmixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences---
Make a new copy of your file. Then, in the new file, use the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using. Do the same with sentences within paragraphs.
nchecking your outline---
Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.
n(!!!)staying on topic in every paragraph---
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
lRevising
nstarting at the beginning of the file---
Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working. That rereading has several advantages for you. It helps you get back into the flow of thought, and it permits you to review what you've written so that you can revise as you read forward. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.
nrenaming a file---
Each time you open your file, save it as a different file so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
nsaving copies of material to cut and paste---
When you are moving large blocks of text, highlight what you are going to move and make a copy for your clipboard before moving. If you lose the portion you are moving, you still have a copy available.
nprinting out hard copies to read---
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.
nresisting the neat appearance of a printout---
If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.
nusing page or print view to check paragraphs---
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?
nhighlighting sentence length---
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
lEditing and Proofreading
nusing online tools---
A number of online tools exist, such as spell checkers, grammar checkers and style analyzers, but grammar and style checkers are not effective. Distinguishing between appropriate advice and inappropriate advice is difficult and a style checker relies on rules you may not be familiar with. Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
n(!!!)changing the appearance of key features of your writing---
Change active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on. By changing the appearance of these features, you may see that you have too many passives or that you don't have many descriptive words.
nediting on hard copy---
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do, put marks in the margins to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again. NUNULONG笔记(五)：
此篇仍然是围绕BrainStorm，看来头脑风暴的重要性值得关注了。由于工作的性质，一直与客户进行邮件往来，虽然文体简单，词汇量少，但仍可以学到不少地道表达，看似简单，但要用好确实需要一些功夫。
看到大家的笔记都是基于文章本身来做记号或是作评论，我还是习惯写点东西，这次讲座还是老生常谈，通过通篇阅读，也可锻炼阅读能力，同时学习一些好的句型句式，一举两得。
To try branching, another visual planning strategy, put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas underneath the main idea with related points for each sub-idea branching off.
同位语的运用，同时有方位的描述，the top，underneath，很细致。
hit the return key，敲击键盘用hit，我还以为是press或是knock，文章中还用了好多词汇替换，如underline和highlight，以后可以用在文章中了，我只会用stress，emphasize，比起前两个词就成了小儿科了。眼皮开始打架了，昨晚睡得有点晚，工作后感觉时间不够用啊，明天继续奋战吧！ I find this is the one is hard than that before , and I read it twice .In fact , I learnt more the last time when I read it .Thank you , moderator.
五．Writing With Computers
(一) planning
1. freewritting
Like brainstorming （using E-mail etc. with your friends or just talk with them）
2. making an outline
a. Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters .Then fill in each one with specific materials.
b. planning visually
put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas
c. keeping a journal
start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing.
(二) drafting
1. creating a scrapfile
2. adding notes (like bold lettering)
(三) Organizing
1. mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences
To reach a better organizing principle.
2. checking your outline
reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.
3. staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
4. Revising
starting at the beginning of the file
Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.
5. renaming a file
save your file in a different name so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
6. saving copies of material to cut and paste
make a copy in case of losing materials.
7. printing out hard copies to read
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.
8. resisting the neat appearance of a printout
If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.
9. using page or print view to check paragraphs
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?
10. highlighting sentence length
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
(四) Editing and Proofreading
1. using online tools
Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
2. changing the appearance of key features of your writing (for further examination)
3. editing on hard copy
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do , put marks to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again. I find that this one is more abundant than those of the past.I did not know the general meaning until I read this one for twice.Thank you , moderator.
五．Writing With Computers
(一) planning
1. freewritting
Like brainstorming （using E-mail etc. with your friends or just talk with them）
2. making an outline
a. Set up headings for an outline in large bold letters .Then fill in each one with specific materials.
b. planning visually
put the main idea at the top of the page and then list sub-ideas
c. keeping a journal
start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing.
(二) drafting
1. creating a scrapfile
2. adding notes (like bold lettering)
(三) Organizing
1. mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences
To reach a better organizing principle.
2. checking your outline
reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.
3. staying on topic in every paragraph
Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.
4. Revising
starting at the beginning of the file
Each time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. But be careful not to get caught up in endless revising of the beginning of the paper, especially if like some writers, you find that you need to write the whole paper before you can write the introduction.
5. renaming a file
save your file in a different name so that you always know which is the most recent version you've worked on. If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II.
6. saving copies of material to cut and paste
make a copy in case of losing materials.
7. printing out hard copies to read
It may help you to look at a printed copy of your paper as you revise, so you can see the paper's development and organization.
8. resisting the neat appearance of a printout
If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.
9. using page or print view to check paragraphs
Switch to the page or print view so that you can see the whole view of each page on screen. Do the paragraphs look to be about the same length? Does one look noticeably shorter than the others? Does it need more development? Is there a paragraph that seems to be disproportionately long?
10. highlighting sentence length
Make a copy of your main file and, using that copy, hit the return key after each sentence so that each looks like a separate paragraph. Are all of your sentences the same length? Do they all start the same way and need some variety?
(四) Editing and Proofreading
1. using online tools
Some word processing programs include a thesaurus which is useful for looking up synonyms for words you've been using too much or for finding more specific words than the ones you have used.
2. changing the appearance of key features of your writing (for further examination)
3. editing on hard copy
It may be easier for you to print out a draft and mark it for editing changes. If you do , put marks to indicate lines where changes are to be made, so you can easily find them again. rushtosummer的学习笔记（5）writing with computerWord processing software can aid your efforts in all aspects of the writing process:·
Planning1. Free writingIf free writing or brainstorming is a useful invention strategy for you, do either invention strategy on a computer using word processing software.愿意尝试这种做法2. Writing an e-mail messageUse that e-mail message to test ideas as you would in a conversation with peer group members or a tutor. 本质就是让他人帮你理清思路3. Making an outlineSet up headings for an outline in large bold letters. Later, as you go back and fill in the subheadings and sub points, you will be able to see the larger structure of the paper.这算是用电脑写作的方便之处了 4. Planning visuallyUse a drawing or painting program to do some visual planning. To do some clustering, put a topic word or phrase in a circle in the middle of the page and then surround that circle with clusters of related ideas (also in circles). 这个操作起来有点困难，不过可以用纸笔进行5. Keeping a journalIf keeping a journal helps you, start a journal file for each assignment and include thoughts and questions that occur to you as you proceed through the writing.对于我们的作文，我觉得可以把每天写的东西放在一起，或者至少放在同一个文件夹，方便查阅和找出弱点和规律·
Drafting1. Creating a scrap fileAs you write (or plan) use the scrap file to cut and paste anything that doesn't seem to fit in as you write. This scrap file can be a very useful storage space for material that should be deleted from the paper you are writing now but that may be useful for other writing assignments. 这是一个收集素材的不错的方法2. Splitting screensIf you are using a Macintosh or Windows, you can have multiple files visible on your screen at the same time. Consider this strategy if it helps you to look at one bit of information while trying to create another.将提纲和正在写的正文同时展现，这样思路会更明确，也不容易跑题 3. Adding notesAs you gather material from your reading (or want to save comments to yourself about something you've written), develop a method to store this kind of material that you may or may not use. 在阅读过程中搜集资料，也可以记下自己的想法·
Organizing 1. Mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentencesuse the cut-and-paste feature to move paragraphs. You may see a better organizing principle than the principle you had been using.帮你找到最适合的段落表达顺序 2. Checking your outline Look again at the bold-lettered headings of the outline you made during planning (or create one now), and reassess whether that outline is adequate or well organized.在提纲和文章之间相互修订 3. Staying on topic in every paragraph Put your topic sentence at the top of each paragraph to keep the sentence in mind and not lose track of your topic.防止跑题·
Revising1. Starting at the beginning of the fileEach time you open a file, you are at the beginning of the draft. Start there when you are drafting and revising and read until you come to a section where you will be working.每次写的时候都从头读一遍，可以整理思路，并检查出问题 2. Renaming a file If your first draft is Draft I, the next time you open that file, save it as Draft II. 保持最新的更新 3. Saving copies of material to cut and paste防止移动过程中丢失信息4. Printing out hard copies to read5. Resisting the neat appearance of a printout If you print out a draft of your paper, resist the temptation to hand in that draft because it looks neat and seems to have a finished appearance.不要想让文本保持清洁就不去修改6. Using page or print view to check paragraphs检查各个段落的长度，避免不平衡7. Highlighting sentence length检查句子长短，尽量使句子错落有致·
Editing and Proofreading 1. Using online tools2. Changing the appearance of key features of your writingChange active verbs to bold letters, put passive constructions in italics, use larger fonts for descriptive words, underline your thesis statement, and so on.分析自己的句子使用是否单一3. Editing on hard copy 顶
好的习惯 这个还好吧，大家都会体验的
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