0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【 同主题写作】第十期 ISSUE48 emphasis of history study
本帖最后由 草木也知愁 于 2009-7-23 14:56 编辑ISSUE48
The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.
前言
原定的每周两期同主题计划因为前段时间人员问题搁浅了一段时间，在接下来的一两周呢，将会加速补齐，重点带大家把ISSUE历史总高频前30以及ARGUMENT有代表性的题目予以详细分析。力求帮助大家把题目吃透弄懂，举一反三。
目录
一、单词释义
二、题目拆解
三、题目归类
四、思维展开
五、题目讨论
六、相关素材
一、单词释义
注意：审题之前千万要对词意有准确理解，万万不可看到中文简单释义就去入手分析，否则会确实单词准确释义，同时加入了中文思维，在后期审题过程中就会一错再错。
词意解释原则：选取韦氏字典中commonly-accepted的解释，注意不要从选取词意上就剑走偏锋选择生僻意，那样反倒会聪明反被聪明误
同时通过查词，大家还可以找到这次的详细用法以及同反义词，对在实际写作的过程中有很大的好处
以下是我认为大家仅仅通过中文意思会存在理解偏差的词汇：
emphasis n.
1 a : force or intensity of expression that gives impressiveness or importance to something b : a particular prominence given in reading or speaking to one or more words or syllables
2 : special consideration of or stress or insistence on something
individual n.
1 a : a particular being or thing as distinguished from a class, species, or collection: as (1) : a single human being as contrasted with a social group or institution <a teacher who works with individuals> (2) : a single organism as distinguished from a group b : a particular person <are you the individual I spoke with on the telephone?>
2 : an indivisible entity
3 : the reference of a name or variable of the lowest logical type in a calculus
significant adj.
1 : having meaning especially : SUGGESTIVE <a significant glance>
2 a : having or likely to have influence or effect : IMPORTANT <a significant piece of legislation> also : of a noticeably or measurably large amount <a significant number of layoffs> <producing significant profits> b : probably caused by something other than mere chance <statistically significant correlation between vitamin deficiency and disease>
event n.
1 a archaic : OUTCOME b : the final outcome or determination of a legal action c : a postulated outcome, condition, or eventuality <in the event that I am not there, call the house>
2 a : something that happens : OCCURRENCE b : a noteworthy happening c : a social occasion or activity d : an adverse or damaging medical occurrence <a heart attack or other cardiac event>
3 : any of the contests in a program of sports
4 : the fundamental entity of observed physical reality represented by a point designated by three coordinates of place and one of time in the space-time continuum postulated by the theory of relativity
5 : a subset of the possible outcomes of an experiment
synonyms see OCCURRENCE
–eventless
–at all events : in any case
–in any event : in any case
–in the event
trend n.
1 : a line of general direction or movement <the trend of the coast turned toward the west>
2 a : a prevailing tendency or inclination : DRIFT <current trends in education> b : a general movement : SWING <the trend toward suburban living> c : a current style or preference : VOGUE <new fashion trends> d : a line of development : APPROACH
3 : the general movement over time of a statistically detectable change also : a statistical curve reflecting such a change
synonyms see TENDENCY
identity n.
1 a : sameness of essential or generic character in different instances b : sameness in all that constitutes the objective reality of a thing : ONENESS
2 a : the distinguishing character or personality of an individual : INDIVIDUALITY b : the relation established by psychological identification
3 : the condition of being the same with something described or asserted <establish the identity of stolen goods>
4 : an equation that is satisfied for all values of the symbols
5 : IDENTITY ELEMENT
二、题目拆解
PART ONE
The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals.
[主] The study of history
[谓] places（限定：too much）
[宾] emphasis（限定：on individuals）
[作用]做判断，属于纯命题
命题平衡点：too much（由此或同意或反对，对命题做区分）
PART TWO
The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten.
[主] events and trends （限定：The most significant、in history）
[系] were made（限定：possible）
[宾一] not by the famous few
[宾二] but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten
宾语分作两个对立面；Famous few对应第一句individuals；同forgotten groups形成对立关系
[作用]对第一句的命题做进一步具体阐述
三、题目归类——“1+1”型（追星剑分类法）
对于“1+1”题目请务必注意前后两个句子之间的衔接和逻辑关系
“1 + 1”类型的题目虽然可以写的内容多，但是也正因为内容多了，各部分之间的衔接就显得格外重要。例如这题，如何在写作中把两句话的内容紧密的联系在一起，也是文章能否得到高分的一个关键
引用追星剑原创作者imong的话：
“+1这类题目的魅力就在于，前后两部分交叉起来，可能的论点总是花样儿层出不穷的”
“所以说，这类题目实际上相当的好写。实际上我认为这类题目除了前后均同意原题的时候可能展开还略费心神之外，只要前后出现一处反对或者拆分关键字，那就根本不愁展开了，明确论点例证（或理证）支持一篇文章很轻松就能出来。”
详细内容请看：
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=201436&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Dtype%26amp%3Btypeid%3D50
[注]做题目归类，一则是为帮助大家通过一个题目去掌握更通用的思路技巧，另一个是为了帮助大家在处理一个题目的同时做好其他题目的熟悉工作
1+1题目众多，而且多是容易跑题，同学们在分析的时候会出错的题目
在下面列出一些：
28"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little."
40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
41. "Such non-mainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."
70"In any profession—business, politics, education, government—those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
99"In any realm of life—whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options."
93. "The concept of 'individual responsibility' is a necessary fiction. Although societies must hold individuals accountable for their own actions, people's behavior is largely determined by forces not of their own making."
98. "Colleges and universities should offer more courses on popular music, film, advertising, and television because contemporary culture has much greater relevance for students than do arts and literature of the past."
130"How children are socialized today determines the destiny of society. Unfortunately, we have not yet learned how to raise children who can help bring about a better society."
153"Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study. They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively."
196. "Technology creates more problems than it solves, and may threaten or damage the quality of life."
208"The way people look, dress, and act reveals their attitudes and interests. You can tell much about a society's ideas and values by observing the appearance and behavior of its people."
226. "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."
235"Most people are taught that loyalty is a virtue. But loyalty—whether to one's friends, to one's school or place of employment, or to any institution—is all too often a destructive rather than a positive force."
四、思维展开
拿到题目之后自己去用下面这20个问题过一遍，灵感思路会迅速找到很多
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
详细内容请看：
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）
对forgotten groups：
（1）forgotten groups是否直接或者间接参与了创造历史的进程？
（2）如果参与了，他们的贡献有多大？
（3）如果参与了，他们在哪些方面的贡献比较突出？
（4）注意这句话中加了下划线的“most significant”，如果forgotten groups参与了创造历史的进程，那么对于这些事关历史进程的最重大的事情上，他们的贡献程度又是如何呢？
对famous few：
（1）famous few是否直接或者间接参与了创造历史的进程？
（2）如果参与了，他们的贡献有多大？
（3）如果参与了，他们在哪些方面的贡献比较突出？
（4）注意这句话中加了下划线的“most significant”，如果famous few参与了创造历史的进程，那么对于这些事关历史进程的最重大的事情上，他们的贡献程度又是如何呢？
详细内容请看：
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=618074&highlight=
以为前辈“G猫“曾经拿这道题目去请教她在美国的朋友。虽然当时她问的问题主要是针对issue开头的写法问题，但是她朋友的回复中，也加入了对这道题的看法，所以贴上来，希望对大家能有所帮助。
G猫提的问题：
Now I have question about the beginning of the issue. I feel that it is impossible for me to write an good beginning in such a short time. there may be two choices. one is to prepare a template, which is full of junk words; the other is the simplest beginning, just state my theme with very simple words (seems very ugly).
I give you two examples:
(1)template:
In a modern society, people always face the dilemma to choose whether AA
A or BBB. This problem is the much debated one in that it affects every
body in their daily lives. People may prefer one to another although so
me may have no opinions about it at all. Before rendering my opinion, I
think it is necessary to take a glance at the arguments of both sides.
(2)the very simple beginning:
In the history study, placing much emphasis on individuals is necessary and now this emphasis is not too much. In addition, the study of history does not forget the role of groups of people in the significant historical events and tends.
回复：
I think the template is better than the theme. I think that the review books recommend that you . The problem with the template introduction, however, is that it will force you to present both sides of the argument. I think that this is , and your score will depend only on how well you present one single opinion. So for example, if the statement is "The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten," [下面是构思的方法, 大家可以参考, 我觉得很有用] first think of the viewpoint you will write about. It does not really matter whether you agree or disagree with the statement, but how well you argue your opinion. So usually I will take about 2-3 minutes to think about which opinion I can think of more arguments and I will write them down. For example:
Emphasis of individuals good:
--easier for students to remember history
--allows students to appreciate specific characters and use them as role models
--educates students on important prominent figures in politics and history
Emphasis of individuals negative:
--does not acknowledge groups of individuals who were equally important
--ignores the importance of society's influences
--does not acknowledge the full extent of difficulty and conflict that occurred
In this case, I think that my arguments for agreeing with the statement that emphasis on indviduals is negative are better. So, I may write an introduction that acknowledges the other viewpoint, but mostly introduces my own opinion. For example:
"As the author of the statement indicates, the study of history often involves emphasizing the achievements of specific individuals who were important to specific historical movements or events. Pointing out specific individuals can be a positive tool in educating students in history. Central figures in history help students to remember specific events. In addition, they give students specific figures that can be emulated as role models. Even so, however, I agree with the author of the statement that there is too much emphasis on indiviuals and that groups of people who are equally important are forgotten. For example, Abraham Lincoln is often memorialized as the central figure in the Civil War and the emancipation of American slaves. Emphasizing Lincoln as a central figure in this large movement fails to acknowledge the actions of thousands of other individuals, including the slaves themselves, that was integral in the Civil War. In addition, placing emphasis on a single individual may cause students to ignore the importance of the history itself. They may remember Lincoln and his name, but fail to understand the gravity of the slave situation that occurred at that time."
[这种开头我在argument的6分范文里有看到过，觉得这种开头显得很有逻辑,而且接下来的文章层次也会很清晰.不过这段开头的长度赶的上body了.不过大家可以发现, 她在开头部分已经部分展开了,对于我们来说,我觉得这种开头的思想可以借鉴, 也是容易学习的,不过没必要像她一样在开头就对观点进行一定程度的展开, 这个至少对我来说很难, 本来就没多少例子好举,都放开头了, body干脆没话说了, 要么就是说来说去都是重复.
说到这里, 她这种举例的方式我们可以在body里借鉴. 就是怎么让一个general, vague的观点具体化, 并且focus on你的观点.举例说来, 从individual 具体到Lincoln, 从group of people 具体到slaves, central figure 对应too much emphasis, 而forgotten对应fail to acknowledge, 没有一句多余的话——这就是逻辑.
希望对大家能有帮助：）]
This kind of introduction may seem difficult to write, but as you can see, I simply took the short notes I wrote about each opinion and summarized them into an introduction paragraph. In addition, I used a specific example to illustrate the argument of my essay. I think if you practice this kind of introduction, it will become very easy very quickly.
详细内容请看：https://bbs.gter.net/viewthre ... BG%C3%A8&page=1
五：题目讨论
本次brainstorming不提前给出范例，我将去参加一个小组的brainstorming，记录稍后上传（以在本贴内第一个回帖的组长级ID所属小组为准）
请小组长按照此贴内容提前做好准备https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=973165&highlight
六、相关素材
Can individuals change history?
MOST HISTORY books treat historical change as the accomplishment of great men (and an occasional woman). According to this view, the movers and shakers in history are the Napoleons, Lincolns and FDRs of the world.
This view is also applied to revolutions. George Washington, Robespierre, Lenin--these men shaped history, and the actions of the masses of people in these revolutions were merely events scripted by their leaders.
The only difference between the treatment of Washington and Lenin as great men is that Washington, as a leader of the American Revolution, gets a plus sign in front of his name, whereas Lenin, a leader of a working-class revolution, gets a minus sign.
The opposite, though less popular, view is that history follows a path which no individual can influence--"great men" are merely agents for its realization. According to this view, individuals and their actions are purely products of historical conditions.
Had there been no Napoleon Bonaparte, another figure would have played the same role, because historical conditions in the period of the early 18th century demanded a "Napoleon." "We cannot make history," wrote Bismarck, taking this to its extreme. "We must wait while it is being made."
The first view serves as an ideological justification for the rule by a minority--"great" kings, presidents and leaders have special qualities that give them the ability to rule whereas the rest of the "herd" must follow. But the second view can also serve as a means to justify brutal exploitation and suffering. How can you fault a ruler whose actions are historically determined and therefore beyond his control?
Both of these ideas are mistaken, though they contain elements of truth. There are, for example, a few cases where different scientists working independently of each other made the same discovery--historical conditions were ripe for it.
Individuals do indeed make history. But they cannot influence society or history in any direction they so choose. Individuals cannot exert their will independently of the social conditions in which they find themselves. "Individuals can influence the fate of society," wrote the Russian Marxist George Plekhanov, "by virtue of definite traits in their nature. Their influence is sometimes very considerable, but the possibility of its being exercised and its extent are determined by society’s organization and the alignment of its forces.
"An individual’s character is a ‘factor’ in social development," concludes Plekhanov, "only where, when and to the extent that social relations permit it to be."
Many examples come to mind. It may, for example, have been possible for a philosopher in ancient Greece to dream of circumnavigating the globe, but the technology and knowledge for such a voyage did not exist until the 15th century.
An early Christian may have dreamed of a society free of exploitation where wealth is shared, but only with the development of modern capitalism have the material conditions been created which make such a world possible.
For ideas expressed by groups or individuals to become a material force that can affect the outcome of history, therefore, there must be both the objective conditions and the subjective conditions. To put it crudely: if there is not enough food to go around, then my dream of feeding everyone is not realizable. But if there is enough food to go around--and capitalist production has now made that a reality--there still must be the subjective conditions to make a world free of hunger possible.
There must be a level of consciousness and organization among a sufficient number of people to transform social relations and create a new system of production and distribution. In this scenario, the role of individuals can be decisive at certain key moments--but only if they are a link in a chain of other factors. I’ll come back to this in my next article.
文章转自：http://www.socialistworker.org/2 ... MakingHistory.shtml
在版面发完习作之后，来本贴发布一下自己的习作链接
不允许先占楼再发链接
凡在此帖参加同主题的版友，习作贴的统一格式为：
0910AW 同主题写作第十期 ISSUE48 by xxx
本贴互改顺序为：前一个改后一个（只包括作业链接楼层）
另外，改完后请在本贴里给你所改的习作的作者加分通知，一来让TA知道习作已被修改，二来方便统计。
针对于第一个参与的同学没有人改，将由一名版主去改
其余链接 大家互改
P.S.慎重发帖 发帖之前请参看https://bbs.gter.net/thread-962761-1-2.html 本帖最后由 草木也知愁 于 2009-7-23 15:04 编辑
SF!!!!!!!
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/php?item=threads&srchfid=2x3 ISSUE48 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=987490&extra= 本帖最后由 cixitom 于 2009-7-23 16:10 编辑
写得不好~~~大家快来拍死我
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=987497&extra= https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=987975&extra=
写的不好，希望高手指点一下、。、、 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-989699-1-1.html
外出公干，很久没写了，好不容易补上了，感觉写的不好，抄书了一段，没有什么特别的想法，请高人指点一二。 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=989889&extra=小弟处女作，先谢谢楼上了啊~ 这篇写得不好，求拍，谢谢
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=990316&page=1&extra= https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-990072-1-1.html https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-990072-1-1.html
尾羽 发表于 2009-7-30 23:39 https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/images/common/back.gif
成组内批改了 呵呵 副组长劳神
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-989926-1-1.html https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=990851&extra=
请楼上的拍，非常感谢~！ :) https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=990908&page=1#pid1773030622
谢谢~ https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=992964&extra=
非常感激~~
页:
[1]