吃苹果理论---第一弹
[i=s] 本帖最后由 睡到自然醒 于 2010-10-5 13:24 编辑 [/i]吃苹果理论---第一弹
---GRE Subject Test---序
长久以来，GRE SUBJECT TEST作为ETS举办的面向专业的考试对众多的中国考生来说，
都很陌生，在网上也难觅比较有针对性的资料。
我，荣幸的作为gter的第一任GRE SUBJECT TEST版的板主，希望为大家做一点有意义的事
情．
尽我所能的将有关这项考试的所有涉及到的内容整理、编辑，制作成电子书，供以后的同学
使用。
我也算不上什么虾什么的，只是把自己搜集的资料共享给大家。
使大家不至于走太多的弯路。
有什么不妥之处请大家提出。
这份文档将陆续在GTER上贴出，最终将形成一份电子书。
欢迎大家如果有什么资料请发给我，以便我更好的总结整理。
本来是想在杀机成功后做这件事情。
但是由于ETS 卑鄙下流，给了我aavq的顺序，使我也无力回天。最近的斗志不高，过几个月
要再战ETS。
但是答应大家的这份东西正好趁这段时间完成。
本文档在不停更新中，敬请大家关注。
[b]imong注：完整版吃苹果理论电子书下载地址：[/b]
[url=http://www.gter.net/sub/download/gter-sub-handbook.exe][color=blue][u]吃苹果理论电子书[/u][/color][/url]
[url=http://www.gter.net/sub/download/SUB_zhenti.exe][color=blue][u]真题附录[/u][/color][/url]
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[color=red]睡到自然醒注：上述链接因更换服务器原因，已经失效[/color]
[color=red]吃苹果理论电子书下载地址：[/color][url=http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1157877&highlight][color=red]http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1157877&highlight[/color][/url][color=red]=[/color]
[color=#ff0000]2010.10.5[/color]
吃苹果理论---第二弹
吃苹果理论---第二弹---GRE Subject Test---综述
首先确定一个问题GRE Subject Test是美国教育考试服务处所举办的针对各个专项的考试,
考试是笔试的形式,每年在全球举行4次,但在中国大陆只有每年的11月在全国的各大考试中
心进行.
考试中心与GRE General Test是不同的.
不是所有的想申请美国大学的人都需要考它,是否要考要视你所要申请的学校而定.
根据专业的不同,数学、物理、化学、计算机的专业最好是考一下，有好多大学都要求
提供GRE Subject成绩，或者是Strongly Recommended提供成绩。
再就是考试的难度，他的考试不在于考知识的深度，而是考知识的广度。
需要掌握的知识点较多，但是不需要你有很深刻的理解。
再就是考试内容，按照他的Bulletin给的考试大纲，基本上不会出那里面的范围。
但是单单是那些内容其实每一小项就包含了较多的知识点，所以准备起来比较麻烦。
所以推荐大家最好在学过自己的专业课以后再去考，否则自己要学习的东西很多。
本人是学 cs 的，就是在大三上学期考的，费了很大的劲才勉强通过。
还有就是最最重要的，他的历年考试真题，由于考的人数比较少，所以真题很少，
现在可以轻易找到的题目都不是真正的真题，别的我不敢说，CS的考试题每年的
和过去几年的考试题目重复率在50％－80％左右，甚至可能出现就是重复前几年的某一次
完完全全的题目。所以这个是非常重要的。
如果大家团结起来，把每年的真题回忆出来，那么sub就会变得很简单。
吃苹果理论---第三弹
吃苹果理论---第三弹---GRE Subject Test---考试报名与注册
考试日期
GRE Subject Test在全球每年共举行四次，在中国大陆只有在每年的11月进行，具体考试中
心可以在 Bulletin里找到。
填表
根据本人从清华BBS上看到的有关填表的问答，他们说报名表的
本科学校一项（undergraduate college，好像是第11项）可以不填。
后面第四页的白天电话（daytime phone）也可以不填，因为位数根本不够。
只要把姓名、生日、通讯地址填明确就达到目的了。
报名
1. 要GRE Bulletin. 方式: 1) [url]www.51test.com[/url] 索取或者电话索取
2) [url]www.gre.org[/url] 索取
2. 填表. GRE Bulletin中央的SUB考试信封, 按照要求填好表格.
3. 办理美圆汇票. 按Bulletin要求, 在中国银行办理GRE Advanced 汇票.
与GRE Advanced Test Registry Form 放一起寄ETS.
4. 大约在9月初能接到ETS签发的Admission Ticket,请详细核对,如果有错
误, 请讲更正stub寄回ETS.
还有一种报名方式,就是通过Online方式,不过需要Visa/Master/American Express
信用卡. 地址: [url]www.gre.org[/url]
GRE Subject考试，是要e-mail给ets或者到51test去索要Bulletin 2001-2002
要注意是2001-2002,然后填好registration form，再办150美元汇票，连同RF一起寄给ETS
然后等准考证就好了，GRE Subject每年一次，在十一月
现在再ets的网站可以下载2001-2002的Bulletin了，大家可以下载一个看一下，
51test今天开始升级了，估计升级好了，就可以索要了。
大家要尽快，要来回美国两次，很费时间的。
最好51test和ets都索要，哪个先到用哪个。
好了，最近在期末考试，很忙。只能深夜和中午一点时间上网。
最后，很荣幸第一个在GRE Subject Broad发文.
索取报名表在ets,最好是发e-mail,那样会快一点,ets会在一周内与你联系的。
索取报名表在51test,再先填写申请表或者打电话都可以。
还有就是寄美元汇票和报名表的时候信的邮寄形式有3种，
平信5－6元（不推荐，容易遗失而且慢）
国际挂号10－20元（安全，推荐）
国际特快专递180元（既安全又快速，推荐）
还有就是信用卡，国内的牡丹卡等visa card,master card,american express
的合作卡是不行的，一定要是用美元结算的真正的visa/master/american express card。
为此我给北京的考试中心发过e-mail，他们说sub考试不同于其它考试，一定要填好
Bulletin然后再寄走。
下载好像不行。
开汇票和邮寄场景
中国银行场景：
1。携带150刀和100圆人民币到中国银行。
2。从咨询台上拿中国银行汇款申请书。该表格包括一张申请书和两张汇款回单。
在两张复写纸垫在三张表格中间。
3。填写表格。在咨询台上应该有样表可以参考。在左上角的汇款方式中选择票汇。
4。到指定窗口（不是所有窗口都办汇款业务）递交表格、150刀和55圆人民币手续费。
如果你在中行有美元储蓄，需要先填写取款单并在相应窗口取款后，才能在汇款窗口
办理汇款。
5。银行职员收取你的这些材料了，给你一个有号的小牌。你可以等待，他们办完后
会叫你。
6。银行职员叫号，你到指定窗口领取你的汇票、找钱、收费凭证和汇款回单。
邮局场景：
1。将汇票放入报名表的信封中。粘好封口，在信封正面注意标记期望的考试日期，
在背面填写你的通讯地址。
2。以国际挂信的形式寄出，大约花费12。9圆，据邮局职员说信件可在10-15天内到达
另外，保存好挂号信的邮件收据。
需要说明的是中国银行的汇款业务在下午3：30以后停止，而且办一笔业务耗时约30分
钟，
所以大家注意时间掌握。
注意事项
索取的Bulletin一定要是当年的考试年度的，ETS的考试年度是每年的10月初到次年的九月
末。
所以比如说你要参加2002年的考试就要索要2002－2003考试年度的Bulletin,而不是2001－
2002
年度的，因为他是无效的。
吃苹果理论---第四弹
吃苹果理论---第四弹---GRE Subject Test---考试的范围（中文版)
在中国大陆只有11月一次GRE SUB考试。11月的专项考试没有economics, engineering,
geology。需要自己直接向ETS寄报名表和考
试费来申请。
注：从ETS考试中心获悉Economics, Engineering, Geology, and Music Subject Tests
will be discontinued after April 2001.
ETS在我国提供14个学科领域的GRE专业考试，包括有数学、物理学、生物学、 化学、生物
化学、细胞与分子生物学、计算机科学、
工程学、经济学、地质学、历史学、英国文学、音乐、心理学。
(1) 数学类(M67──Mathematics) 约66题。试题主要是针对希望攻读数学专业研究生的考
生，侧重于数学专业的知识和技巧。除了基本
的微积分运算外，还包括线性代数、数学分析等， 要求考生能够举一反三。大约有1/4的试
题涉及到复变分析、拓扑学、数论等方面的
知识。
(2) 物理类(P77──Physics)
约100题，其内容主要涉及大学的物理课程。其中经典力学约占20%，电磁基础约占18%，原
子物理约占10%，物理光学及波动现象约
占9% ，流体力学及统计力学约占10%，量子力学约占12%， 狭义相对论约占6%，实验方法约
占6%;其余9%主要涉及近代物理学的
内容，包括有拉格朗日和哈密尔顿力学、原子和质子物理、低温物理及空间物理。
(3) 化学类(C27──Chemistry) 约150题，涉及大学化学课程的主要内容。其中，分析化学
约占15%，无机化学约占25%，有机化学约占
30%，物理化学约占30%。
(4) 计算机科学类(C29──Computer Science) 约80题，涉及大学电子工程专业和计算机专
业的课程内容。其中，
软件系统及方法约占35%，计算机与结构约占20%，计算机理论约占20%，计算数学约占20%;
其他如数学横型与模拟约占5%。
(5) 生物学类(B24──Biology) 约205题，总共分成三个部分: a)细胞与分子生物学; b)有
机生物学; c)人体生物学，包括生态学与进化论。
(6) 工程类(E37──Engineering) 约有140题，涉及大学基础及专业基础课程，内容包括机
械学、传热学、电子及电子线路、热力学、材
料特性等。在个别试题中也可能涉及化学、工程评价、光学、声学、计算方法、工程经济、
流体力学、液压原理等。约有50 题涉及到
数学的应用，其中有一类试题是从研究数学模型到通过工程应用以完成操作;另一类试题是
从研究直观数学概念，求出最佳方法，再应
用到工程实践中去。
(7)经济类(E31──Economics) 共有130题。其中，微观经济和宏观经济分析试题约占60%，
包括公共财政、金融、数量经济与国际贸易
;7%的试题为统计基本知识;其余33% 的试题包括经济学的其他领域。
(8) 教育学(E34──Education) 约有200题，要分成以下五个部分: a)教育目标; b)学校管
理及监督; c)课程安排; d)教学与学习; e)教育评估
及研究。
(9) 生物化学、细胞与分子生物学(B22---Biochemistvy， Cell and Molecular Biology)
参加这门学科考试的学生来自以下专业，即生物
化学、细胞生物学、 分子生物学以及其有关学科，例如微生物学、遗传学。该学科约180
题，其试题内容涉及到三个领域，其中生物
化学(36%)，细胞生物学(28%)，分子生物学与遗传学(36%)。
(10) 地质学(G47──Geology) 约195题，共分成三个部分: a)地层学、沉积学、古生物
学、地貌学和海洋学; b)地质结构与地球物理学、
大地构造学、重力学、磁力学、地震及地震学、热电特性; c)矿物学、岩石学、地球化学、
同位素地质及经济资源等。
(11) 英国文学类(L64──Literature in English) 约230题，其内容集中在重大事件、社
会活动、著名作家等方面。 主要侧重于大学课程的
知识，例如辨认作家、作品，概述并讨论历史事件，复述某篇名作的章节;还有一类试题侧
重于学生阅读诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文的能
力。 后一类试题往往要求考生使用规定的结构、形式、文学技巧和风格进行作文。
(12) 文学类（L64-Literature in English）:约230题，其内容集中在重大事件，社会活
动，著名作家等方面。主要侧重于大学课程的知
识，例如辨认作家，作品，概述并讨论历史事件，复述某篇名作的章节；还有一类试题侧重
于学生阅读诗歌，戏剧，小说，散文的能
力。后一类试题往往要求考生使用规定的结构，形式，文学技巧和风格进行作文。
(13) 音乐类(M72──REVISED Music) 约200题，共包括三个方面内容: a)音乐理论，其中
有基本规则、和声、时位、节奏、形式、配器
及管弦乐; b)音乐史(中世纪变态乐); c)音乐史(20世纪古典音乐)。 试题侧重于人们熟悉
的基本概念与原理，作品的分析和讲解，包括风
格、构成和历史时期。
(14) 心理学类(P81──Psychology) 这类试题约220题，共分为三个部分:
a)记忆、思维、知觉、人文学、比较心理学、生理学等，约占43%; b)个性、临诊、变态心
理、心理发展和社会心理学等，约占43%;
c)历史心理学与应用心理学、心理测量、心理统计，约占14%。
另附英文版详细考试大纲：
见第五弹
吃苹果理论---第五弹
吃苹果理论---第五弹---GRE Subject Test---考试的范围（ 英文详细版)
Section 1 GRE Subject Test for Computer Science
I. SOFTWARE SYSTEMS AND METHODOLOGY
(35%)
A. Data organization
1. Data types
2. Data structures and implementation
techniques
3. File organization (e.g., sequential, indexed,
multilevel)
B. Program control
1. Iteration and recursion
2. Functions, procedures, and exception
handlers
3. Communication and synchronization
C. Programming languages and notation
1. Constructs for data organization and program
control
2. Scope, binding, and parameter passing
3. Expression evaluation
D. Systems
1. Compilers and interpreters
2. Operating systems, including resource
management and protection/security
3. Networking and distributed systems
4. System development tools
5. System performance
II. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE (20%)
A. Logic design
1. Implementation of combinational and
sequential circuits
2. Functional properties of digital integrated
circuits
B. Processors and control units
1. Instruction sets
2. Register and ALU organization
3. Number representation
4. Control sequencing
5. Data paths
C. Memories and their hierarchies
1. Speed, capacity, cost, allocation
2. Cache, main, secondary storage
3. Virtual memory, paging, segmentation
D. Communication
1. Bus, switch, and network structures and
protocols
2. I/O
3. Synchronization
Individuals who currently
serve or have recently served
on the Committee of
E. High-performance architectures
1. Pipelining super-scalar and out-of-order
execution processors
2. Parallel computing
3. Distributed computing
III. THEORY (25%)
A. Automata and language theory
1. Models of computation (finite automata,
pushdown automata, Turing machines)
2. Formal languages (regular languages,
context-free languages)
3. Decidability
B. Design and analysis of algorithms and
computational complexity
1. Exact or asymptotic analysis of the best,
worst, or average case for the time and space
complexity of specific algorithms
2. Algorithmic design techniques (greedy,
dynamic programming, divide and conquer)
3. Upper and lower bounds on the complexity
of specific problems
4. NP-completeness
C. Correctness of programs
1. Formal specifications and assertions
2.Verification techniques
IV. MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND (15%)
A. Discrete structures
1. Mathematical logic
2. Elementary combinatorics, including graph
theory and counting arguments
3. Elementary discrete mathematics, including
number theory, discrete probability,
recurrence relations
B. Numerical mathematics
1. Computer arithmetic, including number
representations, roundoff, overflow and
underflow
2. Classical numerical algorithms
3. Linear algebra
V. ADVANCED TOPICS (5%)
Topics including modeling and simulation,
information retrieval, artificial intelligence,
computer graphics, data communications,
databases, VLSI, logic programming.
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Section 2 GRE Subject Test for Biochemistry
BIOCHEMISTRY 36%
A. Chemical and Physical Foundations
Thermodynamics and kinetics
Redox states
Water, pH, acid-base reactions,
and buffers
Solutions and equilibria
Solute-solvent interactions
Chemical interactions and bonding
Chemical reaction mechanisms
B. Biomolecules: Structure, Assembly,Organization, and Dynamics
Small molecules
Macromolecules (for example,nucleic acids, polysaccharides,proteins, and
complex lipids)
Supramolecular complexes(for example, membranes,ribosomes, and multienzyme
complexes)
C. Catalysis and Binding
Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics
Ligand-protein interaction(for example, hormone receptors,
substrates and effectors, transport proteins, and antigen-antibody interactions)
D. Major Metabolic Pathways
Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur
assimilation
Anabolism
Catabolism
Synthesis and degradation of
macromolecules
E. Bioenergetics (including respiration and photosynthesis)
Energy transformations at the substrate level
Electron transport
Proton and chemical gradients
Energy coupling (phosphorylation and transport)
F. Regulation and Integration of Metabolism
Covalent modification of enzymes
Allosteric regulation
Compartmentation
Hormones
G. Methodology
Spectroscopy
Isotopes
Separation techniques (for example, centrifugation,chromatography, and
electrophoresis)
Immunotechniques
II. CELL BIOLOGY 28%
A. Cellular Compartments of Prokaryotes
and Eukaryotes: Organization,
Dynamics, and Functions
Cellular membrane systems
(structure and transport)
Nucleus (envelope and matrix)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts(including biogenesis and evolution)
B. Cell Surface and Communication
Extracellular matrix (including cell walls)
Cell adhesion and junctions
Signal transduction
Receptor function
Excitable membrane systems
C. Cytoskeleton, Motility, and Shape
Actin-based systems (including muscle contraction)
Microtubule-based systems
Intermediate filaments
Prokaryotic systems
D. Protein Synthesis and Processing
Regulation of translation
Posttranslational modification
Intracellular trafficking
Secretion and endocytosis
E. Cell Division, Differentiation, and
Development
Bacterial division
Meiosis and gametogenesis
Eukaryotic cell cycles, mitosis,and cytokinesis
Fertilization and early embryonic
development (including positional information,homeotic genes, tissue-specific
expression, nuclear and cytoplasmic interactions, growth factors and induction,
environment, and polarity)
III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 36%
AND GENETICS
A. Genetic Foundations
Mendelian and non-Mendelian
inheritance
Transformation, transduction, and conjugation
Recombination and
complementation
Mutational analysis
Genetic mapping and linkage analysis
B. Chromatin and Chromosomes
Karyotypes
Translocations, inversions,
deletions, and duplications
Aneuploidy and polyploidy
Structure
C. Genomics
Genome structure
Physical mapping
Repeated DNA and gene families
Gene identification
Transposable elements
D. Genome Maintenance
DNA replication
DNA damage and repair
DNA modification
DNA recombination and gene conversion
E. Gene Expression
The genetic code
Transcription
RNA processing
Translation
F. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes
Positive and negative control of the operon
Promoter recognition by
RNA polymerases
Attenuation and antitermination
G. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes
Cis-acting regulatory elements
Trans-acting regulatory factors
Gene rearrangements and amplifications
H. Bacteriophages and Animal and Plant Viruses
Genome replication and regulation
Virus assembly
Virus-host interactions
I. Methodology
Restriction maps
Nucleic acid blotting
and hybridization
DNA cloning in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Sequencing and analysis
Protein-nucleic acid interaction
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Section 3 GRE Subject Test for Biology
I. Cellular and Molecular Biology 33-34%
Fundamentals of cellular biology, genetics, and
molecular biology are addressed. Major topics in
cellular structure and function include metabolic
pathways and their regulation, membrane dynamics,
cell surfaces, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle.
Major areas in genetics and molecular biology include
chromatin and chromosomal structure, genomic
organization and maintenance, and the regulation of
gene expression. The cellular basis of immunity, the
mechanisms of antigen-antibody interactions, and
cell-pathogen interactions are included. Distinctions
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are considered
where appropriate. Attention is also given to
experimental methodology.
A. Cellular Structure and Function 16-17%
1. Biological compounds
Macromolecular structure and bonding
Abiotic origin of biological molecules
2. Enzyme activity, receptor binding, and regulation
3. Major metabolic pathways and regulation
Respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis
Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules
Hormonal control and intracellular messengers
4. Membrane dynamics and cell surfaces
Transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
Electrical potentials and neurotransmitters
Mechanisms of cell recognition, cell junctions,
and plasmodesmata
Cell wall and extracellular matrix
5. Organelles: structure, function, and targeting
6. Cytoskeleton, motility, and shape
Actin-based systems
Microtubule-based systems
Intermediate filaments
Bacterial flagella and movement
7. Cell cycle, growth, division, and regulation
B. Genetics and Molecular Biology 16-17%
1. Genetic foundations
Mendelian inheritance; Pedigree analysis
Prokaryotic genetics (transformation,
transduction, and conjugation)
Genetic mapping
2. Chromatin and chromosomes
Nucleosomes
Karyotypes
Chromosomal aberrations
Polytene chromosomes
3. Genome sequence organization
Introns and exons; Single-copy and
repetitive DNA
Transposable elements
4. Genome maintenance
DNA replication; DNA mutation and repair
5. Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: mechanisms
The operon; Promoters and enhancers;
Transcription factors; RNA and protein
synthesis; Processing and modifications of both RNA and protein
6. Gene expression and regulation: effects
Control of normal development; Cancer and oncogenes
Signaling mechanisms in cells
7. Immunobiology
Cellular basis of immunity; Antibody
diversity and synthesis
Antigen-antibody interactions
8. Bacteriophages, animal viruses, and plant viruses
Viral genomes, replication, and assembly
Virus-host cell interactions
9. Recombinant DNA methodology
Restriction endonucleases; Blotting and hybridization
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms;
DNA cloning, sequencing, and analysis;
Polymerase chain reaction
II. Organismal Biology 33-34%
The structure, physiology, behavior, and development
of plants and animals are addressed. Topics
covered include nutrient procurement and processing,
gas exchange, internal transport, regulation of fluids,
control mechanisms and effectors, and reproduction in
autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Examples of
developmental phemonena range from fertilization
through differentiation and morphogenesis. Perceptions
and responses to environmental stimuli are
examined as they pertain to both plants and animals.
Major distinguishing characteristics and phylogenetic
relationships of selected groups from the various
kingdoms are also covered.
A. Animal Structure, Function, and
Organization 9-10%
1. Exchange with environment
Nutrient, salt, and water exchange
Gas exchange; Energy
2. Internal transport and exchange
Circulatory, gastrovascular, and digestive systems
3. Support and movement
Support systems (external, internal,and hydrostatic)
Movement systems (flagellar, ciliary,and muscular)
4. Integration and control mechanisms
Nervous and endocrine systems
5. Behavior (communication, orientation,learning, and instinct)
6. Metabolic rates (temperature, body size, and activity)
B. Animal Reproduction and Development 5-6%
1. Reproductive structures
2. Meiosis, gametogenesis, and fertilization
3. Early development (e.g., polarity, cleavage,and gastrulation)
4. Developmental processes (e.g., induction,determination, differentiation,
morphogenesis,and metamorphosis)
5. External control mechanisms (e.g., photoperiod)
C. Plant Structure, Function, and Organization,with Emphasis on Flowering
Plants 6-7%
1. Tissues, tissue systems, and organs
2. Water transport, including absorption and
transpiration
3. Phloem transport and storage
4. Mineral nutrition
5. Plant energetics (e.g., respiration and
photosynthesis)
D. Plant Reproduction, Growth, and Development,
with Emphasis on Flowering Plants 4-5%
1. Reproductive structures
2. Meiosis and sporogenesis
3. Gametogenesis and fertilization
4. Embryogeny and seed development
5. Meristems, growth, morphogenesis, and
differentiation
6. Control mechanisms (e.g., hormones, photoperiod,and tropisms)
E. Diversity of Life 6-7%
1. Archaebacteria
Morphology, physiology, and identification
2. Eubacteria (including cyanobacteria)
Morphology, physiology, pathology, and identification
3. Protista
Protozoa, other heterotrophic Protista
(slime molds and Oomycota), and autotrophic Protista
Major distinguishing characteristics
Phylogenetic relationships
Importance (e.g., eutrophication, disease)
4. Fungi
Distinctive features of major phyla
(vegetative, asexual, and sexual reproduction)
Generalized life cycles
Importance (e.g., decomposition, biodegradation, antibiotics, and pathogenicity)
Lichens
5. Animalia with emphasis on major phyla
Major distinguishing characteristics
Phylogenetic relationships
6. Plantae with emphasis on major phyla
Alternation of generations
Major distinguishing characteristics
Phylogenetic relationships
III. Ecology and Evolution 33-34%
This section deals with the interactions of organisms
and their environment, emphasizing biological
principles at levels above the individual. Ecological
and evolutionary topics are given equal weight.
Ecological questions range from physiological adaptations
to the functioning of ecosystems. Although
principles are emphasized, some questions may
consider applications to current environmental
problems. Questions in evolution range from its
genetic foundations through evolutionary processes
to their consequences. Evolution is considered at the
molecular, individual, population, and higher levels.
Principles of ecology, genetics, and evolution are
interrelated in many questions. Some questions may
require quantitative skills, including the interpretation
of simple mathematical models.
A. Ecology 16-17%
1. Environment/organism interaction
Biogeographic patterns; Adaptations to environment; Temporal patterns
2. Behavioral ecology
Habitat selection; Mating systems;
Social systems; Resource acquisition
3. Population structure and function
Population dynamics/regulation;
Demography and life history strategies
4. Communities
Interspecific relationships;
Community structure and diversity;
Change and succession
5. Ecosystems
Productivity and energy flow; Chemical cycling
B. Evolution 16-17%
1. Genetic variability
Origins (mutations, linkage, recombination, and chromosomal alterations)
Levels (e.g., polymorphism and heritability)
Spatial patterns (e.g., clines and ecotypes)
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
2. Evolutionary processes
Gene flow and genetic drift; Natural
selection; Levels of selection (e.g., individual and group)
3. Evolutionary consequences
Fitness and adaptation; Speciation;
Systematics and phylogeny; Convergence,divergence, and extinction
4. History of life
Origin of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Fossil record
Paleontology and paleoecology
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Section 4 GRE Subject Test for Chemistry
I. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY — 15%
A. Data Acquisition and Use of Statistics —
Errors, statistical considerations
B. Solutions and Standardization —
Concentration terms, primary standards
C. Homogeneous Equilibria — Acid-base,oxidation-reduction, complexometry
D. Heterogeneous Equilibria — Gravimetric
analysis, solubility, precipitation titrations,
chemical separations
E. Instrumental Methods — Electrochemical
methods, spectroscopic methods,
chromatographic methods, thermal
methods, calibration of instruments
F. Environmental Applications
G. Radiochemical Methods — Detectors,
applications
II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 25%
A. General Chemistry — Periodic trends,
oxidation states, nuclear chemistry
B. Ionic Substances — Lattice geometries,
lattice energies, ionic radii and radius/
ratio effects
C. Covalent Molecular Substances — Lewis
diagrams, molecular point groups,
VSEPR concept, valence bond description
and hybridization, molecular orbital
description, bond energies, covalent and
van der Waals radii of the elements,
intermolecular forces
D. Metals and Semiconductors — Structure,
band theory, physical and chemical
consequences of band theory
E. Concepts of Acids and Bases — Brønsted-
Lowry approaches, Lewis theory, solvent
system approaches
F. Chemistry of the Main Group Elements —
Electronic structures, occurrences and
recovery, physical and chemical properties
of the elements and their compounds
G. Chemistry of the Transition Elements —
Electronic structures, occurrences and
recovery, physical and chemical properties
of the elements and their compounds, coordination
chemistry
H. Special Topics — Organometallic chemistry,
catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry, applied
solid-state chemistry, environmental
chemistry
III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY — 30%
A. Structure, Bonding, and Nomenclature —
Lewis structures, orbital hybridization,
configuration and stereochemical notation,
conformational analysis, systematic IUPAC
nomenclature, spectroscopy (IR and 1H and
13 C NMR)
B. Functional Groups — Preparation, reactions,
and interconversions of alkanes, alkenes,
alkynes, dienes, alkyl halides, alcohols,
ethers, epoxides, sulfides, thiols, aromatic
compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic
acids and their derivatives, amines
C. Reaction Mechanisms — Nucleophilic
displacements and addition, nucleophilic
aromatic substitution, electrophilic
additions, electrophilic aromatic
substitutions, eliminations, Diels-Alder
and other cycloadditions
D. Reactive Intermediates — Chemistry and
nature of carbocations, carbanions,
free radicals, carbenes, benzynes, enols
E. Organometallics — Preparation and reactions
of Grignard and organolithium reagents,
lithium organocuprates, and other modern
main group and transition metal reagents
and catalysts
F. Special Topics — Resonance, molecular
orbital theory, catalysis, acid-base theory,
carbon acidity, aromaticity, antiaromaticity,
macromolecules, lipids, amino acids, peptides,
carbohydrates, nucleic acids, terpenes,
asymmetric synthesis, orbital symmetry,
polymers
IV. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY — 30%
A. Thermodynamics — First, second, and
third laws, thermochemistry, ideal and
real gases and solutions, Gibbs and Helmholtz
energy, chemical potential, chemical
equilibria, phase equilibria, colligative
properties, statistical thermodynamics
B. Quantum Chemistry and Applications
to Spectroscopy — Classical experiments,
principles of quantum mechanics,
atomic and molecular structure, molecular
spectroscopy
C. Dynamics — Experimental and theoretical
chemical kinetics, solution and liquid
dynamics, photochemistry
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Section 5 GRE Subject Test for MATHEMATICS
Calculus — 50%
Material learned in the usual sequence of elementary
calculus courses — differential and integral calculus
of one and of several variables — including calculusbased
applications and connections with coordinate
geometry, trigonometry, differential equations, and
other branches of mathematics
Algebra — 25%
Elementary algebra: basic algebraic techniques and
manipulations acquired in high school and used
throughout mathematics
Linear algebra: matrix algebra, systems of linear
equations, vector spaces, linear transformations, characteristic
polynomials, eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Abstract algebra and number theory: elementary
topics from group theory, the theory of rings and
modules, field theory, and number theory
Additional Topics — 25%
Introductory real analysis: sequences and series of
numbers and functions, continuity, differentiability
and integrability, elementary topology of R and Rn
Discrete mathematics: logic, set theory, combinatorics,
graph theory, and algorithms
Other topics: general topology, geometry, complex
variables, probability and statistics, and numerical analysis
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Section 6 GRE Subject Test for LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
Literature in English Test
test-taking strategies
I. Literary Analysis 40-55%
Questions that call on an ability to interpret given
passages of prose and poetry. Such questions may
involve recognition of conventions and genres,
allusions and references, meaning and tone,
grammatical structures and rhetorical strategies,
and literary techniques.
II. Identification 15-20%
Recognition of date, author, or work by style and/
or content (for literary theory identifications see
IV below).
III. Cultural and Historical Contexts 20-25%
Questions on literary, cultural, and intellectual
history, as well as identification of author or work
through a critical statement or biographical
information. Also identification of details of
character, plot, or setting of a work.
IV. History and Theory of Literary Criticism 10-15%
Identification and analysis of the characteristics
and methods of various critical and theoretical
approaches.
The literary-historical scope of the test follows the
distribution below.
1. Continental, Classical, and Comparative
Literature through 1925 5-10%
2. British Literature to 1660
(including Milton) 25-30%
3. British Literature 1660-1925 30-35%
4. American Literature through 1925 15-25%
5. American, British, and World
Literatures after 1925 20-25%
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Section 6 GRE Subject Test for PSYCHOLOGY
1. Experimental or natural science oriented (about
40 percent of the questions), including learning,
language, memory, thinking, sensation and
perception, physiological psychology, ethology,
and comparative psychology. They contribute to
the experimental psychology subscore and the
total score.
2. Social or social science oriented (about 43
percent of the questions). These questions are
distributed among the fields of clinical and
abnormal, developmental, personality, and
social psychology. They contribute to the social
psychology subscore and the total score.
3. General (about 17 percent of the questions),
including the history of psychology, applied
psychology, measurement, research designs,
and statistics. They contribute to the total
score only.
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Section 7 GRE Subject Test for PSYCHOLOGY
1. CLASSICAL MECHANICS (20%)
(such as kinematics, Newton’s laws, work and
energy, oscillatory motion, rotational
motion about a fixed axis, dynamics of
systems of particles, central forces and
celestial mechanics, three-dimensional
particle dynamics, Lagrangian and
Hamiltonian formalism, non-inertial
reference frames, elementary topics in
fluid dynamics)
2. ELECTROMAGNETISM (18%)
(such as electrostatics, currents and DC circuits,
magnetic fields in free space, Lorentz force,
induction, Maxwell’s equations and their
applications, electromagnetic waves, AC
circuits, magnetic and electric fields in
matter)
3. OPTICS AND WAVE PHENOMENA (9%)
(such as wave properties, superposition,
interference, diffraction, geometrical optics,
polarization, Doppler effect)
4. THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL
MECHANICS (10%)
(such as the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamic processes,
equations of state, ideal gases,
kinetic theory, ensembles, statistical
concepts and calculation of thermodynamic
quantities, thermal expansion and heat
transfer)
5. QUANTUM MECHANICS (12%)
(such as fundamental concepts, solutions of the
Schrödinger equation (including square
wells, harmonic oscillators, and hydrogenic
atoms), spin, angular momentum, wave
function symmetry, elementary perturbation
theory)
serve or have recently served
on the Committee of
Examiners include:
6. ATOMIC PHYSICS (10%)
(such as properties of electrons, Bohr model, energy
quantization, atomic structure, atomic
spectra, selection rules, black-body
radiation, x-rays, atoms in electric and
magnetic fields)
7. SPECIAL RELATIVITY (6%)
(such as introductory concepts, time dilation, length
contraction, simultaneity, energy and
momentum, four-vectors and Lorentz
transformation, velocity addition)
8. LABORATORY METHODS (6%)
(such as data and error analysis, electronics,
instrumentation, radiation detection,
counting statistics, interaction of charged
particles with matter, lasers and optical
interferometers, dimensional analysis,
fundamental applications of probability
and statistics)
9. SPECIALIZED TOPICS (9%) Nuclear and Particle physics
(such as nuclear properties,radioactive decay, fission and fusion,
reactions, fundamental properties of
elementary particles), Condensed Matter
(such as crystal structure, x-ray diffraction,
thermal properties, electron theory of
metals, semiconductors, superconductors),
Miscellaneous (such as astrophysics,
mathematical methods, computer
applications)
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以上只是收集了比较常考的几门考试的考试范围，其他比较生僻的考试科目，请大家到
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更新同时发生在GTER和我的论坛
吃苹果理论---第六弹
吃苹果理论---第六弹---GRE Subject Test---考试过程
Section 1 考试过程叙述
考试要求携带你的两个有效证件包括一个有照片的ID Card或护照。
考试前一天应该去踩一下点，因为考试中心的位置都很恶（我在上海考的，在华师大的文史
楼）。而且，一般考试前应该给考试中心
打一个电话（我是说当地的考试中心），问清地点，然后提前一天去，看一下自己的考场位
置。像在华师大是在文史楼底楼贴的考场
分配。
考试时间是3个小时，一般从8点多开始，靠到将近12点。而且考试的时候他是把教室里的表
不管快慢调到9点，所以大家要注意，看表
的时候剩余时间应该以他的表为准，而不是自己的表，以免发生错误。
考试的中间允许去洗手间，但是时间不会增加。考试要自带铅笔、橡皮等文具。
不允许携带任何纸质用品。
考试没有草稿纸（不对，好像是发了一小张），但是可以在试题册上写。
考试全部是客观性试题。
还有就是sub考试的成绩送达学校是在报名的时候就报上去的，所以不需要你在考试的时候
填写太多的内容，但是诸如签名、生日、
地址什么的还是要添的，请大家自己到考场上去看，很简单的。
考试很累，连续三个小时的运转会令你感到很疲惫。但是你要做好心理准备。我记得考试的
时候是不允许带任何食品和饮料进去的（
有点忘了）。
考好以后交卷子，回家。
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Section 2 转自太傻网的文章
主题 笑敖浆糊曲－小计SUB BIOCHEM考试 taisha.org 2002-04-22 16:30:56
人神合一 2001-11-11 22:35:50
笑敖浆糊曲
还是现说说考试：
题目难易的程度是要看个人对专业的熟悉程度，所以不要盲目听信别人说怎么怎么难或者怎
么怎么容易，此难兵法大忌。还是要提高
自己的实力，有实力做基础，SUB真是小菜一叠。专业方面的实力要依靠自己努力来提高，
复习方法我就不多说什么了，至于参考书
前人已经有很多总结了，过几天我会把一些关于买书的可靠消息发个帖子综合一下。下面我
主要谈谈非实力因素：
1.体力问题：
早饭一定要吃饱！！！真的，考试从8点多开始签到，知道9点才开始！一直要靠到12点，而
且中间没有任何休息，这是T,G都不曾有的
，我是很早起床，肯了几口馒头就出发还骑了40分钟自行车，所以9点开始考试我就有点饿
了。体力分配很重要，SUB考试好比长跑，
除非你很牛，否则坚持3个小时的高速运转确实有点累，这次考试开始我状态正好，所以做
的很生猛，可是到了100题就有点做不动了
，这时候很容易开小差～。所以平时一定要多训练训练自己长时间做题的能力，提高自己的
体力和耐力。
2.时间问题：
做过模考的同学对于题型应该已经比较了解，我估计ETS今后变化也不大。基本上是180个
题，前120题是一般选择题，120－145是名
词解释选择题，145－180是实验设计题选择题（题型名称是我自己瞎编的，估计ETS大致是
这个思路）。其中名词解释比较简单些，
基本是告诉一些概念和特性让你选名词，熟练的话需要的时间也比较短。而最后35题则是11
～12个试验题，相对难度大一些，阅读量
也高，还有大量的图表，有点像GRE数学里的图表题，考你的观察能力，分析能力和解决能
力。这种题目费时费力，不好对付，特别
是到考到这个份上体力毅力都有些跟不上了，做这种题就更困难一些。所以也许你可以考虑
先拿下后面的题。
我想谈谈时间分配，我认为做题一定要匀速进行，某个题目不懂或是知识点没见过就放过，
不要担心这时候你要告诉自己错一题没关
系，千万不要在一个题目上浪费太多时间，因为你不知道的东西想破了头也没用，但是考场
上却很容易这样，也许只是对自己没有自
信的一种表现。保持稳定的高速度，越做越有信心。争取前120题用100min拿下，另外给自
己留60min的时间做试验题，生下时间就做
名词解释和检查（如果你真的牛到还多处很多时间）。
3.做题技巧问题：
建议直接图到答题纸上，不要先在卷子上写，然后再抄上去，因为可能时间不够，到时候一
慌张就抄错了，毕竟有180个选项。另外尽
量不要空格，遇到不会的题就猜一个，然后做个记号，不然你很容易答错顺序。考试途中我
就见到边上那位大面积的涂改答案2次，估
计是写错顺序了。这么做其实对提高信心也很有帮助，如果你前面空了一大堆，后面又没时
间来不及做了。我前面那位就是这里那里
空了很多（嘿嘿害的我都没机会小抄一把），而且做的巨慢无比，最后至少有40个题来不
及，看得我毫无信心（当然是对她）。
另一个平时要练习的是长时间阅读专业内容的文章，因为没有这方面训练，我相信考试时你
会很不适应3个小时满眼的E文。
4.考试时间选择问题：
国内只有11月一次SUB，我感觉最好是大三或者大四的同学先考SUB再考GT，因为刚学过考过
生化分子细胞遗传等，印象深刻。如果
你先弄GT并荒废了专业到时候再弄SUB有点事倍功半的感觉。在上这些课的同学不妨一边看
中文教材一边看外文教材，我相信提高满
大的（那位愿意试验一下？呵呵）。
生逢11月10日
每逢考试我必能很早起床，迷迷糊糊看到时钟指到了7点，咬咬牙翻身下床乱肯了几口馒头
就匆匆上路了。考点在杭州商学院，离家里
有点远，以为是8点开考的，
前一天去查看考场，没能找到有效信息（觉得自己有点没用），于是安慰自己考试时会贴出
大幅标语指明，没想到考试当天果然有提
示指明，不过是一张16开的贴在门口的说明纸，上明写“GRE考试笔直向前”，我顺着它的
指示，没走几步就被高楼挡住去路，我faint
，幸好我冷静，决定一个一个教学大楼找过来，不过过了8点还没找到考场，难道要出师未
杰身先死？心里暗暗摩念GOD SAVE ME!俗
话说得道多助也，就在我晕头转向时，救星伶俐果出现了～，后事不用我多说，终于在一个
偏僻的地方找到了大部队， 今天杭州考场
大约100人左右（真是少的可怜）。
看看门口贴的表格，只有不到10人的BIOCHEM，考心理的更是只有1（这哥们结果还是没来～
此乃后话），倒是隔壁考场一屋子的CS
，真是羡慕大帮派啊。进入考场很慢，都是一个一个验明真身才放，效率很低，监考弱智无
比（毕竟上了年纪），而且是按照学科先
后进场，BIOCHEM放在最后……
考试前伶俐果还想尝试寻找SUBIO上的哥们，我提醒它如果大喊“我是伶俐果”，怕有人会
应“我还是林彪呢！”于是放弃，不知道windfl
ower和Alexandrite有没有碰面？（该死SEVER偏偏考前D掉）。终于进入考场，已经快9点
了，2个长的太奇怪监考的老师（简称太监
吧），一个是东方不败类型的（就叫东太监），满阴柔的，另一个是胖头陀模样的（是主
考，是太监中的老大，很牛，东太监说的东
西都被他否决了，我就叫牛太监吧）～我比较受不了是东太监了，无论你和他进行了什么样
的交流，他都会用“谢谢你”来作为结束语
。晕倒。后来还发生东太监趣事N起引得我狂吐N次。这也大大影响考试心情，以后太监这一
场外因素也要考虑进去。
考试坐位是分开的，而且专业也大致分开，感觉没有分部规律，所以想作弊估计没戏。我旁
边是几个数学和物理的。考试途中我还纳
闷，考物理数学居然不需要草稿纸？（太监不发，而且也不让用！）算了，我是门外汉还是
别多想做题吧。考试的时候心里总在想要
记住点题目回来给大家，结果拼命纪，到后来都记不动了，就忘光了。呜呜呜呜。不过不知
道明年ETS是否还会公布SUB真题，而且
我也觉得一点SUB题对于考试帮助不大，了解SUB考试而已。
题目还是生化和分子的比较多，所以POB有时间一定要看，遗传题好像也不少，也许是我这
方面看得少，所以影响深，不过不超出中
文教材，不难。细胞的东西感觉不明显，很多都融合在一起考的。
3个小时过得很快，出来时已是正午时分，心想奏一曲笑敖浆糊曲，是放松的时候了……
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吃苹果理论---第七弹
吃苹果理论---第七弹---GRE Subject Test---生化篇( Biochemistry)
Section 1 复习
实在是找不到相关资料，也不是本人的专业，请有资料的大虾帮忙。
发资料到我的讨论区，或发电邮治我的信箱。谢谢。
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Section 1 回忆题
转自太傻网
题目还是生化和分子的比较多，所以POB有时间一定要看，遗传题好像也不少，也许是我这
方面看得少，所以影响深，不过不超出中
文教材，不难。细胞的东西感觉不明显，很多都融合在一起考的。
3个小时过得很快，出来时已是正午时分，心想奏一曲笑敖浆糊曲，是放松的时候了……
以上都是我的胡言乱语，我本无资格谈论SUB考试，只不过刚参加完一场SUB，记录了一些有
用没用的东西，告诉后来者：不要怕，
你是牛人，连GRE都被你拿下了，小小SUB算什么！
以下是我记住了几道比较简单的题，其他的题目和选项实在太长，专业单词不太记得清楚
了。
1.说有2个loci，A & B 是linked，AA/BB×Aa/Bb 有20%的recombination,问子代为AA/Bb的
概率
2.一到巨傻题，0.1M的NAOH PH值
3.有一题是关于Vmax 和Kmax的公式，知道公式就没问题。
4.E coli里有EDFG4个GENE，其中E会 reduce F,D的EXPRESSION, 但对于G不会，问4个GENE
的顺序。
5.下列拿一个增加了the affirnity of hemoglobin for oxygen in virto,选项考场上还记
得，出来就忘了。
6.问4个碱基编码一个AA，最多可编码几个AA， 4*4*4*4=256
7.有一题说HIV protease 需要下列那个process，选项好像是……又忘了，那位同仁记
得？
8.一个性状叫eb，一个是se，全无：80；eb：18；sb：20；eb＋sb：78；好像问eb,se地map
距离。
9.脂肪酸和葡萄糖的第一个中间代谢产物是
10.问了一个ras GENE的功能。
11.有一题原题好像是：P responsible for antitermination in bacteriophage lamba
12.the atternuation of expression if the trp operon is the result of :
我要强调的是以上都是SUB考试中比较简单而且题目比较短的题，不要麻痹大意喔！关键还
是实力～！
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Section 2 转自中科大bbs
1.RuBP+CO2->的反应的那个酶（考简称Rubi..）催化的反应是?
就是前面的反应
2.果糖和葡萄糖分子量的和与蔗糖相差多少?
18(只有一个18,没有-18)
3.如果一个细胞不能表达己糖易够酶,在糖酵解中与正常细胞相比,产生的ATP数目之差是?
-2?
4.retro转座子下列正确的有?
记不住选项了.
5.F0-F1ATPase在膜和用尿素处理过后F1的性质。
6.尿素循环下列不对的是.
考的遗传比较多,尤其是交叉,重排的分析。
7.桥式染色体不稳定的原因:
?
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Section 3 ETS官方试题
提供于以下链接：
[url]http://dsny_gao.myetang.com/sub/BiochemistryandBioligy.pdf[/url]
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Section 4 说明
资料不全，更新期待中......
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附注
文中部分情况因时间推移而有所变化 请参见sub版最新的说明
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