[i=s] 本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-7-2 17:00 编辑 [/i]
【阅读+写作----The Economist 】---Jun 25th 2009
[b]Books on the credit crunch----First draft of history[/b]
[b]------The search is on for the ideal book about the financial crisis[/b]
[b]Chasing Alpha: How Reckless Growth and Unchecked Ambition Ruined the City’s Golden Decade.[/b] By Philip Augar.
[b]Fool's Gold: How the Bold Dream of a Small Tribe at J.P. Morgan Was Corrupted by Wall Street Greed and Unleashed a Catastrophe.[/b] By Gillian Tett.
[b]Lecturing Birds on Flying: Can Mathematical Theories Destroy the Financial Markets?[/b] By Pablo Triana.
[b]The Spectre at the Feast: Capitalist Crisis and the Politics of Recession.[/b] By Andrew Gamble.
[b]Restoring Financial Stability: How to Repair a Failed System. [/b]Edited by Viral V. Acharya and Matthew Richardson.
THE [color=red]credit crunch[/color] may have caused a [color=red]bust[/color] in the economy but it has created a boom in financial publishing. It [color=red]seems as if[/color] every journalist or academic who ever entered a bank has rushed to[color=red] bring his or her opinions into print[/color]. They have taken on a [color=red]Herculean task[/color].
我们要注意crunch本身有吱嘎作响的意思，但是在本文中
[b]crunch:[/b] a tight or critical situation: as a : a critical point in the buildup of pressure between opposing elements : SHOWDOWN b : a severe economic squeeze (as on credit) c : SHORTAGE *an energy crunch*
特别是credit crunch：信用恐慌
在GRE里面bust是半身雕像的意思，但是这里我们的意思如下，和boom相对
[b]bust: [/b]a : a complete failure : FLOP b : a business depression
[b]Herculean task[/b]:极为艰巨的工作
本段抛出了主题那就是经济危机下的金融出版业
The best financial books—“Barbarians at the Gate” or “The Smartest Guys in the Room”—have been built around specific deals or companies (the takeover of RJR Nabisco, the collapse of Enron). [u]The credit crunch has been much more [color=red]diffuse[/color], involving macroeconomic imbalances, greedy and incompetent bankers and fraudulent American homebuyers.[/u] [u]Try covering the lot and the book can seem rambling and shapeless; narrow your focus and you miss the broader picture.
[/u]The ideal book on the crisis would not only tell readers what happened during the crunch and why. It would also [color=red]look ahead[/color][color=red] at[/color] how the system will change. [u]And it would be accessible, even to readers who have not spent years studying the [color=red]minutiae[/color] of the financial markets.[/u]
划线的第一句首先定性的介绍一个东西，用一个形容词描述，然后用分词形式具体展开，这种地道的表达方式我们要学习。macroeconomic imbalances, incompetent bankers, fraudulent American homebuyers，这些我们要稍微记一下。
划线的第二句我们要好好的学一下：
一种对称的写法，并且这里的and的意思我们要学会运用。“怎么样就会怎么样，怎么样又会怎么样”这个的表达用分号对称连接，然后就会，又会就用and来表示。布局凌乱，结构混乱，就是rambling和shapeless。
划线的最后一句我们要学习的就是甚至对这样的对象我们也要顾及到这个意思。be accessible, even to sb who...
look ahead at:预测未来
minutiae：细节，细枝末节
Philip Augar’s “Chasing Alpha” [color=red]scores well on[/color] both historical explanation and readability.[color=red] In a sense[/color] this book is a [color=red]follow-up to[/color] “The Death of Gentlemanly Capitalism” (2000), in which he [color=red]dissected[/color] the takeover of the British financial sector by Americans and Europeans. “Chasing Alpha”, [color=red]again with a largely British bent,[/color] explains how the interplay between banks and investors ended up [color=red]in an orgy of[/color] risk-taking. The analysis is excellent. It is a shame, however, that Mr Augar [color=red]is let down[/color] by sloppy fact-checking. For example, Alan Greenspan’s “irrational exuberance” speech was given in 1996, not 2000. This is not the only error.
[b]score:[/b] to gain or have the advantage
score on就表示在某方面得分，言下之意就是在某方面有优势
again with a largely British bent:又一次带着（很大程度上是英国人的）爱好，这里的largely的含义我们要学会，副词，表很大程度上
in an orgy of:在什么的无节制的狂欢中
sb is let down by sth表示某人由于某事让人失望
Gillian Tett’s “Fools Gold” [color=red]is more narrowly focused on[/color] the world of credit derivatives, the alphabet soup of CDOs and SIVs that were at the heart of the crisis. The action is seen through the prism of the derivatives team at JPMorgan, which helped create the toxic products. While Ms Tett’s explanation of the technicalities is [color=red]first class[/color], the fact that JPMorgan survived the crisis better than most robs the book of some drama. One longs instead to have a similar inside view from Bear Stearns, Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch, the investment banks laid low by their exposure to dodgy American housing loans.
The alternative to the structure adopted by Mr Augar and Ms Tett is to take a thematic approach. Pablo Triana’s “Lecturing Birds on Flying” [color=red]laments[/color] the way that mathematicians and financial economists have appeared to [color=red]take over[/color] the markets. Economics is not a science like physics because humans are forever adapting their behaviour[color=red] in the light of[/color] others’ actions. The models devised by the [color=red]maths gurus[/color] were not just unlikely to work, he argues, they also gave bankers a false sense of security, leading them to take more risks.
Mr Triana [color=red]compares[/color] one widely used system, the value at risk (VAR) measure, [color=red]to[/color] a passenger airbag that works 95% of the time; unfortunately the other 5% includes the time when the driver has an accident. [u]Rather than rely on models which can never capture the complexity of human interaction, banks and investors should instead trust the judgment of experienced traders and managers.
[/u]The book [color=red]is fizzing with[/color] ideas but the reader has to [color=red]wade through[/color] Mr Triana’s verbose and convoluted prose, of which the final sentence is surely the most depressing example. “Deliciously paradoxically, the Nobel could end up diminishing, not fortifying, the qualifications-blindness and self-enslavement to equations-led dictums that, fifth-columnist style, pave the path for our sacrifice at the altar of misplaced concreteness.”
这里我们重点要学习的词汇就是lament：表达遗憾和悲痛；in the light of=according to; compare...to...:把什么比作什么；fizz: to show excitement or exhilaration；
wade through:辛苦的做完
还有我们要学习这里划线的表达---与其还不如
[color=red]Arguably[/color], all this focus on derivatives and risk models ultimately [color=red]misses the point[/color]. In the end, this financial catastrophe has been like every other; banks lent too much money during a property boom and now (together with the unfortunate taxpayers) they are paying the penalty. Andrew Gamble’s “The Spectre at the Feast” sees the downturn as the latest in a series of capitalist crises. And he uses the word crisis, not in the short-term sense of a tabloid headline, but as an historical turning point when the economic system is remade, just as the Great Depression led to the adoption of social safety nets.
Mr Gamble, professor of politics at Cambridge University, [color=red]offers a brisk tour of economic history[/color] over the past 30 years, and argues that the financial sector was the [color=red]chief beneficiary of[/color] the “neoliberal” policies introduced by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. The fact that governments have had to nationalise, or prop up, many of the leading banks suggests that a rethink is[color=red] in order[/color]. Unfortunately, the author does not produce any startling insight on what that rethink might involve.
[color=red]Of this pile[/color], the book that [color=red]best combines[/color] history, analysis and prescription is “Restoring Financial Stability”, a series of essays by academics at New York University’s Stern School of Business. The 60-page prologue [color=red]is packed with[/color] telling facts and sophisticated analysis, and[color=red] alone is worth the steep cover price[/color]. The individual chapters deal methodically with the myriad issues raised by the crunch, and the policy changes that will be needed, covering everything from the American mortgage market to the need for international co- operation in regulating finance.
The Stern book may [color=red]be careful to avoid[/color] academic gobbledygook and complex equations, but it cannot be described as a light read. That suggests it will not turn out to be the defining tome on this crisis. Producing that book may require a little more perspective. It is worth remembering that J.K. Galbraith’s [color=red]masterly [/color]work, “The Great Crash, 1929”, was not published until a quarter-century after the event.
今天我要重点推荐的句子就是：
[b][color=blue]Try covering the lot and the book can seem rambling and shapeless; narrow your focus and you miss the broader picture.[/color][/b]
In praise of William Cobbett[list][*]Editorial[/list][list][*][url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian][color=#005689]The Guardian[/color][/url], Wednesday 1 July 2009[/list]
[color=red]Two hundred years ago today[/color] William Cobbett published an article that had profound effects both for his own freedom (he was jailed for two years for [color=orange]seditious libel煽动诽谤罪[/color]) and for [color=red]the cause of free speech[/color] generally. On 1 July 1809 Cobbett's Political Register carried [color=red]a piece of[/color] [color=red]raging invective over[/color] the treatment of English soldiers who had been[color=red] flogged[/color] by foreign mercenaries. [color=red]Sued by the [u]attorney general（司法部长）[/u] of the day, Cobbett was financially ruined, but hardly silenced.[/color] He spent his two years in Newgate prison editing his newspaper - and [color=red]stoking up[/color] the anger that would make him a formidable conservative radical, or reactionary revolutionary. He spent much of the rest of his life[color=red] pushing at the boundaries of free speech[/color] - undaunted by further legal actions and a period in exile in America. Cobbett, the[color=red] polemical[/color] journalist, was admired by Chesterton and [color=red]is in a direct line to[/color] today's Private Eye (its former editor Richard Ingrams is a biographer). He was also a farmer, a soldier, a noted gardener, an orator and an MP. His political philosophy was less important than his [color=red]campaigning zeal[/color] and his literary style - attacking corruption, poor wages and unfair laws, and urging the reform of parliament. [u][color=red]Asked who the greatest Englishman was, the historian AJP Taylor unhesitatingly named Samuel Johnson. "Johnson was profound. He was moral. Above all he was human ... still I have a qualm. [color=blue]There comes to my mind not perhaps the greatest Englishman but certainly the runner-up. This is William Cobbett[/color]."[/color][/u]
“两百年前的今天”
“科贝特因此被当时的司法部长起诉；他在经济上遭到重大打击，却不愿保持沉默。”
“挑战言论自由的界限”
“直接影响”
当被问及谁是最伟大的英国人时，历史学家泰勒（AJP Taylor）毫不犹豫地提名萨缪尔·约翰逊（Samuel Johnson）：“约翰逊造诣深厚，有良好的品行，更重要的是他充满了人性的光辉……我还是有疑虑。我的脑子里闪现出另一个名字，他可能不是最伟大的英国人，但毫无疑问位居第二，这就是威廉·科贝特。”
【听写----SSS July 1, 2009 】
Why Didn't Earth Freeze Completely?
[b]Research published in the July 2 issue of [i]Nature[/i] reveals one reason our planet didn't succumb to an enveloping ice sheet during glacial ages.[/b]
[b]Christie Nicholson reports[/b]
[[i]The following is an exact transcript of this podcast.[/i]]
During the last ice age [color=red]our[/color] problem was too little carbon. [color=red]Unlike[/color] today [color=red]while[/color] too much carbon is causing [url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=global-warming-and-climate-change][color=#0aa1dd]global warming[/color][/url].
Past glacial ages [color=red]occurred partly[/color] because the weathering of rocks, over millions of years, pulls CO2 from the [color=red]atmosphere[/color], locking it in ocean[color=red] floor sediment[/color]. The rise of global mountain ranges during the last 25 million years should [color=red]have[/color] sucked all the CO2[color=red] from the atmosphere[/color], sending the Earth to an icy [color=red]death[/color].
But that never happened. CO2 levels [color=red]stabilized at about 250[/color] parts per million.
This week in the journal [i]Nature[/i], researchers announce one reason why this happened: plants.
[color=red]Leafy greens[/color] need CO2 to live, and when CO2 levels drop significantly they starve. Researchers say that the plant numbers decreased to a level [color=red]where[/color] volcanoes and other carbon-creating sources produced CO2 faster than the remaining plants could remove it. So the Earth remained [color=red]somewhat[/color] warm.
It may seem that [color=red]our leafy[/color] friends could [color=red]help us[/color] now, this time from overheating. But ultimately we’re producing too much CO2 too fast for natural weathering processes to remove it. Ultimately, we need a way to stop producing CO2 in the first place.
—Christie Nicholson
学习词汇：
weather：及物动词
1 : [u]to expose to the open air[/u] : subject to the action of the elements
2 : to bear up against and come safely through *weather a storm* *weather a crisis*
floor sediment；leafy greens；
sss 是什么？
[b] [url=http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=1772923463&ptid=977042]24#[/url] [i]Chelsea_CC[/i] [/b]
Scientific American’s 60” Science
[i=s] 本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-7-3 14:46 编辑 [/i]
【阅读+写作----scientific american---July 2, 2009】
[b]Some Species Rebound, But More Become Endangered[/b]
[b]---------Black-footed ferrets, Mongolian horses return; Japanese sea lion, Caribbean monk seal gone[/b]
The global crisis for endangered species is more serious than the financial meltdown, with numbers of imperiled animals and plants rising [color=red]at record rates[/color], scientists are warning in a report released today.
In its latest four-year assessment of endangered species, the [url=http://www.iucn.org/][color=#0aa1dd]International Union for Conservation of Nature[/color][/url] (IUCN) has added several new entries to the Red List of Threatened Species. [u][color=red]Judging from the list's expansion, the report warns, the world is unlikely to [color=blue]meet a goal[/color] of reversing a trend toward [color=blue]species depletion[/color] by 2010.
[/color][/u]The report, "[url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=wildlife][color=#0aa1dd]Wildlife[/color][/url] in a Changing World," estimates that 22 percent of known [url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=mammals][color=#0aa1dd]mammals[/color][/url] are either facing the [url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=one-quarter-of-worlds-mammals-face-extinction][color=#0aa1dd]threat of extinction[/color][/url] or are already extinct. It also found great [url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=stress][color=#0aa1dd]stress[/color][/url] for amphibians,[u][color=red] with more than 30 percent [color=blue]classified as threatened or extinct[/color].
[/color][/u]"We now know that nearly one quarter of the world's mammals, nearly one third of amphibians and more than 1 in 8 of all bird species are at risk of extinction," IUCN warns. [u][color=red]"This allows us to come to the [color=blue]stark conclusion[/color] that wildlife ... is in trouble."[/color][/u]
[u][color=red]
[/color][/u]The 2008 review covers 44,837 species, [color=red]up from[/color] 38,047 in 2004 and 16,507 in 2000. [color=red]Thus far（迄今）[/color], IUCN has recorded 869 separate cases of plant and animal extinctions, including 804 wiped out and 65 others considered extinct in the wild.
Scientists say the numbers of total recorded extinctions could rise to 1,159 if they add 290 or so critically endangered species now labeled "possibly extinct." There are insufficient data on another 5,561 species.
[color=red][u]Recent additions to the list of extinctions are large marine mammals.
[/u][/color]Last year's review led scientists to conclude that the Japanese sea lion, which was once abundant in northeast Asia, is now extinct. IUCN also believes the Caribbean monk seal is also gone, as none have been seen alive since the 1950s. [u][color=red]Hunting and stress from fishing fleets are believed to have eliminated both animals.[/color][/u] And in 2007, scientists determined that the Yangtze river dolphin was driven to extinction by pollution and development.
The newest report also includes assessments of 845 species of corals. [u][color=red]Already more than a quarter are considered threatened, with climate change added to the list of threats they face.[/color][/u] Still, IUCN cautions that the health of marine life could be worse than expected, as relatively little is known about [url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=biodiversity][color=#0aa1dd]biodiversity[/color][/url] in the oceans.
"The conservation status for most of the world's species remains poorly known, and there is a strong bias in those that have been assessed so far towards terrestrial vertebrates and plants and in particular those species found in biologically well-studied parts of the world," the report says.
[u][color=red]Though the overall picture is bleak, scientist also point to signs that conservation efforts are bringing back from the brink some animals previously facing annihilation.
[/color][/u]In North America, the [url=http://www.fws.gov/][color=#0aa1dd]Fish and Wildlife Service[/color][/url] is credited with probably saving the black-footed ferret from being classified as extinct in the wild to endangered after a 10-year effort to reintroduce the species to eight Western states and Mexico. A conservation effort to save a species of wild horse in Mongolia also saw that animal being bumped from from extinct in the wild to "critically endangered."
The Red List is used as a benchmark for several bilateral and U.N. treaties aimed at wildlife protection, including the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Data from the list are also used by scientists working under the U.N. Framework Convention on [url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=climate][color=#0aa1dd]Climate[/color][/url] Change to help them track how [url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=global-warming-and-climate-change][color=#0aa1dd]global warming[/color][/url] could be affecting wild flora and fauna.
The species assessment so far [u][color=red]is just [color=blue]the tip of the iceberg[/color] in terms of assessing global [/color][/u][url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=biodiversity][color=red]biodiversity[/color][/url][u][color=red].[/color][/u] In total, about 1.8 million separate species have been described; estimates of the total number in existence range from 2 million to 100 million.
【听写----SSS--July 2, 2009 】
[b]Rain Zone Moving North[/b]
-----An article in [i]Nature Geoscience[/i] predicts that the rainiest area on Earth, the intertropical convergence zone, is moving steadily north.
[[i]The following is an exact transcript of this podcast.[/i]]
If you[color=red]’ve[/color] spoken to anyone in New York City—where [i]Scientific American[/i]’s offices are—then you’ve heard about the rain, every day since mid-[color=red]June[/color].
Still, we’re not in the intertropical [color=red]convergence zone[/color], an area just[color=red] north of[/color] the equator stretching [color=red]across[/color] the [color=red]Pacific[/color] that builds rain clouds 30,000 feet thick releasing as much as 13 feet of rain annually.
But the[color=red] rainiest[/color] place on Earth might reach us, eventually. Researchers report in the journal [i]Nature[color=red] Geoscience[/color][/i] the zone is moving north at a rate of nearly a mile per year.
And it’s important because it [color=red]supplies[/color] freshwater to a billion people in the tropics.
Researchers studied Washington Island in the Pacific that gets 10 feet of rain annually. [color=red]Core[/color] samples revealed that it was desert-like only 400 years ago. A [color=red]similar[/color] situation was found in [color=red]Palau[/color], now in the heart of the [color=red]convergence zone[/color]. Also, the now [color=red]arid Galapagos[/color] Islands had a very wet [url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=climate][color=#0000ff]climate[/color][/url] about 400 years ago.
Researchers predict that this zone will be more than 75 miles [color=red]north of its current[/color] position as early as [color=red]midcentury[/color], having profound and economic cultural [color=red]implications for those who currently depend upon it.[/color]
—Christie Nicholson
你用它听写不？ 介不介意给个网址？:)听说不错的~
[b] [url=http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=1772928545&ptid=977042]28#[/url] [i]Chelsea_CC[/i] [/b]
我这不就在用它听写么，呵呵
普特上就有啊
[i=s] 本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-7-4 15:17 编辑 [/i]
【阅读+写作】
[b]Vitamins Found to Curb Exercise Benefits[/b]
If you exercise to improve your metabolism and prevent [url=http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/diabetes/overview.html?inline=nyt-classifier][color=#2e6ab1]diabetes[/color][/url], you may want to avoid antioxidants like [url=http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/nutrition/vitamins/overview.html?inline=nyt-classifier][color=#2e6ab1]vitamins[/color][/url] C and E.
这里我们要注意如果我们要翻译如下一句，你会怎么翻译：
“若你想通过[color=#335533]运动[/color]来提高新陈代谢且避免糖尿病，你可能需要避免摄入抗氧化剂，比如[color=#335533]维他命[/color]C和E。”
If you want to improve your metabolism and prevent diabetes by exercise, you may have to avoid intake of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E.
但是相比我们原文，就感觉少了一种地道。这里特别要注意的是两点：
第一点就是如果想要通过什么来实现什么这个表达，我们可以将by这种表达方式统统换为如原文的那种做什么去实现什么，第二点就是want这个词我们不要还是根深蒂固的只会用想要这个意思，而从来不会主动使用它的其他几个意思，比如表示“需要”: to have need of : REQUIRE *the motor wants a tune-up* ，这里原文就是使用了这个意思。
[u]That is the message of a surprising new look at the body’s reaction to exercise[/u], reported on Monday by researchers in Germany and Boston.
“这是一则令人惊讶的消息，重新审视了人体对[color=#335533]运动[/color]的反应。”
要是翻译这一句呢？This is a surprising piece of news, which leads to [color=red]a new look at[/color] the body's reaction to exercise.
Exercise is known to have many beneficial effects on health, including on the body’s sensitivity to insulin. [u]“Get more exercise” is often among the first recommendations given by doctors to people at risk of diabetes.[/u]
"“加强运动”经常是医生对有可能患糖尿病的群体的首要建议。"
这一句呢？看了原文就感觉真的很地道。我们自己翻的时候往往会把这个语序调整为医生经常给又可以患糖尿病的群体这样的建议。
But exercise makes the muscle cells metabolize glucose, by combining its carbon atoms with oxygen and extracting the energy that is released. In the process, some highly reactive oxygen molecules escape and make chemical [color=red]attacks on[/color] anything [color=red]in sight[/color].
但是[color=#335533]运动[/color]要进行肌肉细胞的葡萄糖的代谢，需通过碳原子结合氧并从中获得释放的能量。在这个过程中，一些高活性氧分子逃逸，使化学物质转而攻击可及的任何物质。
These reactive oxygen compounds [color=red]are known to[/color] damage the body’s tissues. [color=red]The amount[/color] of oxidative damage [color=red]increases with age[/color], and according to one theory of aging it is a major cause of the [color=red]body’s decline[/color].
这些活性氧化合物已查明对身体组织有害。因氧化造成的损害随年龄增长，且根据一个关于衰老的理论说这是人体衰退的主要因素。
The body has its own defense system for combating oxidative damage, but it does not always do enough. So antioxidants, which [color=red]mop up[/color] the reactive oxygen compounds, may [color=red]seem like a logical solution[/color].
人体自有一套应对氧化损害的防御系统，但是并不是一直工作得足够好。因此，清除活性氧化合物的抗氧化剂，可能看起来是合理的解决方案。
The researchers, led by Dr. Michael Ristow, a nutritionist at the University of Jena in Germany, tested this proposition by having young men exercise, giving half of them moderate doses of vitamins C and E and measuring sensitivity to insulin[color=red] as well as[/color] indicators of the body’s natural defenses to oxidative damage.
研究团队由Dr. Michael Ristow担纲，他是德国Jena大学的营养学家，并就这个提议在年轻人中做了测试。一半的测试者摄入适量的[color=#335533]维他命[/color]C和E，并对胰岛素敏感性和自身对氧化损害的防御进行了检测。
The Jena team found that in the group taking the vitamins there was [color=red]no improvement in[/color] insulin sensitivity and almost [color=red]no activation of[/color] the body’s natural defense mechanism against oxidative damage.
The reason, they suggest, is that the reactive oxygen compounds, [color=red]inevitable byproducts of exercise[/color], are a natural trigger for both of these responses. The vitamins, by efficiently destroying the reactive oxygen, [color=red]short-circuit[/color] the body’s natural response to exercise.
他们推断原因是活性氧化合物（[color=#335533]运动[/color]中不可避免的副产品），是上述两种反应的触发器[color=#335533]维他命[/color]有效摧毁了活性氧，因而使人体对运动产生的反应短路。
“If you exercise to promote health, you shouldn’t take large amounts of antioxidants,” Dr. Ristow said. A second message of the study, he said, “is that antioxidants in general cause certain effects that inhibit otherwise positive effects of exercise, dieting and other interventions.” The findings appear in this week’s issue of The [url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/p/proceedings_of_the_national_academy_of_sciences/index.html?inline=nyt-org][color=#2e6ab1]Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences[/color][/url].
The effect of vitamins on exercise and glucose metabolism “is really quite significant,” said Dr. C. Ronald Kahn of the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston, a co-author of the report. “If people are trying to exercise, this is blocking the effects of insulin on the metabolic response.”
The advice does not [color=red]apply to[/color] fruits and vegetables, Dr. Ristow said; even though they are high in antioxidants, the many other substances they contain [color=red]presumably outweigh[/color] any negative effect.
这条建议对水果和蔬菜并不适用，Dr. Ristow说；尽管他们富含抗氧化剂，所含的其余诸多物质想必比其负面影响更重要。
Dr. Kahn said it might be that reactive oxygen is beneficial in small doses, because it [color=red]touches off[/color] the body’s natural defense system, but harmful in higher doses.
Dr. Kahn说活性氧可能在少剂量摄入时有益处，因为其触发人体的自然防御系统，但在高剂量时则有害。
Andrew Shao of the Council for Responsible Nutrition, a trade association of [url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/dietarysupplementsandherbalremedies/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier][color=#2e6ab1]dietary supplement[/color][/url] makers, said the new study was well designed but was just one bit of evidence in a complex issue. Most available evidence [color=red]points to[/color] the opposite conclusion, that antioxidants benefit health by reducing oxidative stress, he said.
“I wouldn’t change recommendations for anyone based on one study,” he said. “This is one small piece of the puzzle.”
加油
[b] [url=http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=1772929383&ptid=977042]31#[/url] [i]catfield[/i] [/b]
来点实质性的奖励嘛，呵呵
[i=s] 本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-7-6 11:24 编辑 [/i]
【听力----SSS--July 3, 2009】
[b]Genetic Link For Perfect Pitch?[/b]
[b]Recent research claims to have found some evidence for a genetic link to perfect pitch. [/b]
[[i]The following is an exact transcript of this podcast.[/i]]
We might think perfect pitch is [color=red]an innate （这里有连读有略读，an中的n何后面的i连音，innate中的t的发音和后面的talent的t的发音一致，被略读，所以在这里听起来就只能听见ana）[/color]talent. [color=red]Well（听成了now）[/color], a study in the American Journal of Human [url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/topic.cfm?id=genetics][color=#0aa1dd]Genetics[/color][/url] is providing some evidence for that.
Perfect pitch, aka absolute pitch, is the [color=red]rare（听成real）[/color] ability to name or recreate musical notes like A [color=red]or（听成and）[/color] middle C without using any comparable reference.
Researchers [color=red]at（听成了in，确切的说是没听出来是什么，应该是in，但是因为他很缩，所以应该和前后的音有想象，所以应该是后后面的the中的th的发音类似，所以应该是at）[/color] the University of California San Francisco studied the results from [color=red]an online（这里真的很难听出来，连的略的很厉害，后来知道了答案听也不太能理解到底怎么发音的）[/color] test taken by over ten thousand people. Not surprisingly, individuals [color=red]tended to either（这里连的也很厉害来，也很不好听，因为他最后就类似于tend did这中感觉，事实上是tended只发ten to发成了d和后面的either连在一起就是deither听起来想did，th这个浊辅音听成了d这个浊辅音）[/color] have perfect pitch [color=red]or not（由于他和前面念得很分开，所以听起来像why not）[/color].
But in a closer study of 73 families researchers found a region of genes on [color=red]chromosome [/color]eight in those with perfect pitch and also they happen to be from [color=red]European（听成了your）[/color] ancestry. More study[color=red] is needed to（这里没听出来，应该是studies are needed actually）[/color] zero in on just which gene or[color=red] multiple[/color] genes might be responsible. And for [color=red]comparison[/color] they [color=red]intend to[/color] study individuals [color=red]without[/color] perfect pitch but with equivalent musical training.
There is some evidence that babies have [color=red]the[/color] ability for absolute pitch, so researchers for this study [color=red]theorize[/color] that maybe most lose this ability with age, but that what a so-called pitch gene does is [color=red]extend[/color] this talent through a crucial period in childhood.
—Christie Nicholson
注意：aka：[i]abbr.[/i] [color=#003399]also known as[/color]
[i=s] 本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-7-6 10:37 编辑 [/i]
【阅读+写作----[url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/][color=#005689]guardian.co.uk[/color][/url], Thursday 2 July 2009 08.00 BST 】
[b]Promises of immortality[/b]
An English scientist is on a one-man mission to eliminate mortality – but would you like to live in a society without death?
[color=red]Death is up there with sex on the euphemism scale.[/color] When someone [color=red]breathes their last[/color], they don't simply "die". They [color=red]pass away[/color], go to a better place, meet their maker, give up the ghost – and more colourfully, bite the dust, push up the daisies or, with a hangman's macabre wit, kick the bucket. Why do people have so much trouble mentioning that unmentionable state? [color=red]It is, as the morbidly glib never tire of reminding us, as natural as life.[/color] In fact, considering that we spend more time dead than alive – we may live to be 100 but we are classified as "dead" forever after – it is perhaps a more natural state.
[quote]死亡和性一样有很多委婉的说法。当一个人停止呼吸时，他不只是“死去”了——他离开了人世，去了一个更好的地方，见到了造物主，灵魂离开了肉体……还有更丰富多彩的说法：倒下，长眠地下，或者刽子手可怕的幽默——一命呜呼。为什么人们提起这件难以启齿的事时这么麻烦？正如那些能说会道者喋喋不休地提醒我们的，它就像生命一样自然。实际上，既然我们死去的时间远比活着的时间长——我们也许能活到一百岁，但在那之后就永远被归为“死去的”一类——死亡可能是一种更为自然的状态。[/quote]
[list][*]这里我们的第一句话就很好，什么东西和什么东西一样具有什么样的性质，可以表达为什么东西和什么东西同在什么样的天平上，意即两者关于这个是一样的。[color=blue][b]Sth. is up there with sth. on some scale。[/b][/color][*]push up(the) -sies [俚]葬在地下; [口]死 under the -sies [俚]葬在地下 daisy：雏菊[*]“正如那些能说会道者喋喋不休地提醒我们的，它就像生命一样自然。”这句话的翻译[color=#ff0000]It is, as the morbidly glib never tire of reminding us, as natural as life. [/color][color=black]其中never tire of doing sth, 是一个很好的表达。[/color][*]“我们死去的时间远比活着的时间长”we spend more time dead than alive[/list]
[u]In addition to the grief and the sense of loss death [color=red]conjures up[/color], we, as a species, are [color=red]scared to death[/color] of dying and so would rather not talk about it, in case that ancient superstition is true and we [color=red]tempt fate[/color] and draw the unwanted attentions of Death.[/u] Well, fingers crossed and hearts crescented that the Grim Reaper or [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azrael][color=#005689]Azrael[/color][/url] do not read the Guardian.
[quote]死亡不仅唤起我们的悲伤和失落感，我们作为一种生物还对死亡害怕得要命，因此不愿谈论它，生怕万一古老的迷信应验，我们的冒险招惹了死神的注意。好吧，食指和中指交叉（译注：一种祈求好运的手势），祈祷那个狰狞的持镰收割者（译注：指死神）或者死亡天使不要读到卫报吧。[/quote]
[list][*]第一个句子是显然的长句，我们在表达不仅而且的时候想到的往往是not only but also, 这里我们学到一个in addition to sth and sth, we do sth. 在表达唤起的时候我们除了想到arouse以外我们也要能想到conjure up. "对...怕得要命" be scared to death of sth. 我们因为什么所以什么的表达我们也可以这样简单的说，we are sth. so do sth. 要是我们还要同时表达出这是以防什么的意思的时候，后面就直接跟 in case that.... tempt:To provoke or to risk provoking: [i]Don't tempt fate.[/i][/list]
Our fear of and fascination with death have been the [color=red]lifeblood[/color] of religion [color=red]since time immemorial[/color], and have left us with some of human civilisation's most impressive monuments. Religion promises us that death is not the end, but the beginning of a life immortal – if we're good, we go to heaven or are reincarnated as a higher being, and if we're bad … then [color=red]hell hath no fury like a god scorned[/color]!
[quote][color=red]自古以来[/color]，我们对死亡的恐惧和神往就是宗教的命脉，而且留给我们一些人类文明中最伟大的古迹。宗教向我们承诺死亡并不是终点，而是不朽生命的起点——如果我们是好人，我们就会上天堂，或者转生为更高级的存在；如果我们是坏人……那么地狱里，没有什么比被上帝蔑视更可怕的狂怒了！[/quote]
[list][*]monument : a written legal document or record[*]hell has no fury like a god scorned[/list]
In the absence of faith, death takes on a whole other dimension. [color=red][u]I feel a strange sense of emptiness and humility that, one day, I will only "live on" in the consequences of my actions.[/u][/color] [color=royalblue][u]Without the prospect of heaven and just an endless, empty void to look forward to, life, at first sight, can seem like hell.[/u][/color] But since we're not going to [color=red]be sentient of[/color] it, it's actually a pretty good prospect, especially since we're all likely to suffer eternal damnation according to one religious tradition or another.
[quote]如果没有信仰，死亡的意义就完全不同了。想到有一天我将只能“继续活在”我做过的事情的结果里，我就有一种奇怪的空虚和卑微感。没有对天堂的期待，只有无穷无尽的空虚，这样乍一看，生命就像是地狱。但既然我们死后就不再有知觉，这实际上是一种相当好的前景，尤其是想到不管根据哪种宗教传统，我们死后都很可能遭到永恒的诅咒。[/quote]
[list][*]如果没有什么，将会怎么怎么样 这样的表达我们通常是if条件句，事实上这里的句式也很好，in the absence of sth,.... 这里我们要学习他的整句，也就是如果没有什么，什么就会变得完全不一样，那就是 [color=blue][b]in the absence of sth, sth takes on a whole other dimension.[/b][/color][*]“想到有一天我将只能“继续活在”我做过的事情的结果里，我就有一种奇怪的空虚和卑微感。”I feel a strange sense of emptiness and humility that, one day, I will only "live on" in the consequences of my actions. 这里的that用得很地道，我们要学。[*]“没有对天堂的期待，只有无穷无尽的空虚，这样乍一看，生命就像是地狱。”Without the prospect of heaven and just an endless, empty void to look forward to, life, at first sight, can seem like hell.[/list]
After killing God and condemning humanity to death after death, can science fill the heaven-sized void left[color=red] in our conscience[/color]? One scientist, [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubrey_de_grey][color=#005689]Aubrey de Grey[/color][/url], [color=red]is on a one-man mission[/color] to end the greying of the human condition and herald in the age of immortality. The secret to becoming immortal lies not in some mysterious [url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_of_life][color=#005689]elixir of life[/color][/url] but in the power of regenerative medicine. His "strategies for engineered negligible senescence" (SENS) are based on [color=red]rather the same concept as renovating or restoring an old house. [/color]Perhaps inspired by the religious significance of the number seven, De Grey has identified "seven deadly assassins" in our bodies – including our immune system – [color=red]which, if combated, will allow us to live indefinitely.[/color] Once a treatment for these seven deadly bodily sins has been developed, all that needs to occur is for a patient to spend a couple of months in hospital undergoing stem cell, gene therapies and vaccinations. Once they've checked out, a 60-year-old patient will have, say, the body of a 30-year-old, making them in theory immortal but not indestructible. This means that we would be left with the mind-boggling situation in which my mother could be physically younger than me.
[quote]在否认了上帝、宣判人死不能复生之后，科学能填补[color=red]我们心中[/color]和天堂一样大的空白吗？一位名叫奥布里·德·格雷（Aubrey de Grey）的科学家正在朝着结束人类衰老、迈进永生时代的目标[color=red]孤军奋战[/color]。永生的秘密不在于某种神秘的长生不老药，而在于再生医学的魔力。他的“人为的、可忽略的衰老策略”（strategies for engineered negligible senescence，SENS)的原理就和翻新或修复一座老房子差不多。也许是受到了数字7的宗教意义的启发，德·格雷指出了人体的“七个致命刺客”——其中包括我们的免疫系统——[color=red]如果战胜了它们，我们的生命就可以无限地延长。[/color]一旦研究出了对付这致命的七宗罪的治疗方法，病人就只需在医院里呆几个月，进行干细胞、基因治疗和接种疫苗。当他们出院时，一个60岁的病人也许将拥有30岁的身体，这使得他们在理论上是不朽的，但并非坚不可摧。这意味着可能出现令人难以置信的情形：我的母亲可以在生理上比我还年轻。[/quote]
[list][*]“这意味着可能出现令人难以置信的情形：我的母亲可以在生理上比我还年轻。”This means that we would be left with the [color=red]mind-boggling situation[/color] in which my mother could be physically younger than me.[/list]
Despite the eccentricity of his dream, De Grey is, in fact, not the first to [color=red]tread this path[/color]. In fact, a humble jellyfish seems to have discovered the keys to eternity. Like an underwater [url=http://www.benjaminbutton.com/][color=#005689]Benjamin Button[/color][/url], the [url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/4357829/Immortal-jellyfish-swarming-across-the-world.html][color=#005689]Turritopsis Nutricula[/color][/url] is able to turn back its body clock and become a juvenile once it mates. [u][color=red]So how long will it be before we can become jellyfish-like immortals? [/color][/u]According to De Grey, we will reach what he calls the "human longevity escape velocity" within 25 years. "We have at least a 10% chance that we'll not get there for another 100 years," he also cautioned in an interview with the BBC's Focus magazine. Not surprisingly, much of the scientific community is[color=red] not impressed with[/color] De Grey's pseudo-prophetic promises of immortality.
[quote]虽然德·格雷的梦想很离奇，但他其实并不是第一个走这条路的人。事实上，一种不起眼的水母似乎发现了长生不老的秘诀。就像水下的本杰明·巴顿，灯塔水母能够把自己的生物钟往回拨，在交配之后重新回到幼年期。我们还要过多久才能像水母那样长生不老？据德·格雷说，我们将在25年内达到他所谓的“人类寿命的逃逸速度”。但他在接受BBC的《焦点》杂志采访时谨慎地说：“至少有10%的概率，我们在100年内还达不到这一步。”并不令人吃惊的是，科学界大多对德·格雷伪预言式的永生承诺不以为然。[/quote]
[list][*]我们还要过多久才能像水母那样长生不老？[u][color=#ff0000]So how long will it be before we can become jellyfish-like immortals? [/color][/u][*]并不令人吃惊的是，科学界大多对德·格雷伪预言式的永生承诺不以为然。Not surprisingly, much of the scientific community is not impressed with De Grey's pseudo-prophetic promises of immortality.[/list]
Of course, there is a certain appeal to the idea of turning back your biological clock [color=red]for real[/color] and having a second stab at youth but with the experience of age. But even if it were possible, would such an "Everland" be a utopia or a dystopia? Well, at first, such expensive technology is only likely to be available to the very rich and will act as a futuristic substitute for Botox and cosmetic surgery. [u][color=red]Imagine what it would do to the class struggle if the more arrogant members of the upper crust not only acted like gods but lived like demigods?[/color][/u]
[quote]当然，如果真能把生物钟拨回去，重新经历一遍年轻时代，而又多了年龄带来的经验，这种前景是挺诱人的。但即使它有可能实现，这样一个“梦幻乐园”将成为乌托邦还是反乌托邦呢？首先，这种昂贵的技术只可能被非常富裕的人享用，而且它将在未来成为肉毒杆菌毒素和整容手术的替代品。想想吧，如果上流社会那些傲慢的家伙不仅行为举止像神，而且活得像半神半人，将给阶级斗争带来什么新动向？[/quote]
Even if such treatment eventually becomes available on the NHS, it raises profound questions. Should people's lives be extended indefinitely? If not, should society or the individual choose when to [color=red]pull the plug[/color]? Should a 250-year-old physical teen be treated as an adult and served alcohol or not? Would society take long-term threats, such as the environment, more seriously because people will actually live to see the consequences? Does living so long[color=red] rob future generations of their right to life[/color]? Would you like to live in a society without death?
[quote] 即使这样的治疗最终成为国民健康保险制度的一部分，它也会引发深远的问题。人的生命应该无限延长吗？如果不应该，是由社会还是个人来决定什么时候停止？一个250岁高龄但生理上只有十几岁的人能否被看作成人，能否买酒？社会是否会更严肃地对待长远的威胁（例如环境问题），因为人们能活到看到后果的时候？活这么长会不会剥夺子孙后代的生存权？你愿意生活在一个没有死亡的社会里吗？[/quote]
加油，偶明天也开始备考日志~
[b] [url=http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=1772934628&ptid=977042]34#[/url] [i]thatll[/i] [/b]
蜗牛兄，我上面两个你在我没有编辑之前就给分哈，真的是鼓励我去完成编辑哈，呵呵，继续鼓励我哦，哈哈
[i=s] 本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-7-6 16:21 编辑 [/i]
[size=6][color=magenta]最後の使徒[/color][/size]
[color=red][b]ISSUE破题策略（适合于T作文破题）[/b][/color]
[list][*][b][color=#ff0000]让步策略（平衡结构）[/color][/b][/list][quote]ISSUE中的让步点有着完全不一样的作用：
1、如之前所说，对于难以破题的题目，让步点几乎自动生成，所以一大作用是充实文章内容；
2、显示你思维的全面性，对问题多方面考虑。
首先第一条，因为为了保持题目的公平性和辨证性，所有ISSUE题目都是正反都能说的，不会象高考作文一样你不和谐就和谐掉你，而一个题目从正或反去考虑肯定有一到两个出发点是非常好想的，所以此时让步点就是从反面去想的一个最好象的点，因此在破题时跟正面主论点几乎同时生成，因此对快速破题有好处。很明显，第一条好处对拿高分没有什么帮助。
主要说第二条，思考全面的用来干什么的？用来支持你的论点。Issue的出发点要求develops a position on the issue with insightful reasons and/or persuasive examples, 也就是说你的所有原因和例证是用来支持position的。很让步点从反面出发点，怎么能用来支持正面观点？当然可以，它是用来堵反面出发点的。[/quote]
[color=blue]所以我们在使用让步策略的时候一定要注意一点，也是致命的一点那就是千万别使让步结构走样，变成半赞同半反对的生硬拼凑。我们的应对策略就是：[/color]
[color=blue]首先我们一定要明确我们的观点，因为这种观点肯定都能展开，T考察我们的就是如何有效的论证我们自己测观点，就跟辩论赛一样。所以我们确定了观点以后我们要做的就是先让步，提出缺点，但是紧接着我们必须通过一定的方式将其拉回来支持你自己的观点。比如说通过这些确定并不是必然的，而是认为的，是可以克服的等等。然后在提出自己的正面论据开展开论证。[/color]
[list][*][b][color=red]正面策略[/color][/b][/list][quote]一般而言，ETS出的ISSUE题目都是以社会、教育、政治、哲学这些很抽象很社会化的学科为话题的，因此所有的题目都能找到它的社会归属，[color=blue]我们的讨论出发点就也就可以大致分为三个方向：1、话题的本质，或者说内在逻辑，比如产生的根源；2、话题的作用，即外在逻辑，比如对社会的影响；3、话题的定义，即逻辑基本点，比如话题中某个关键词的定义。[/color]这三点是ISSUE破题发展分论点的出发点，也是决定我们在面对ISSUE是选择POSITION的根本原因，如何合理地选取出发点，做到结构清晰连贯、观点便于论证、论证严密强大是ISSUE破题的重中之重。
举个例子，还是ISSUE "Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student."
1、话题本质：个人兴趣与教育制度的契合度问题，可以产生的分论点：教育如何满足个人兴趣？怎样实施？
2、话题作用：教育制度适合个人兴趣后对我们带来的影响，可以产生的分论点：能否提高学生的积极性？对社会带来什么负担？对学生带来什么负面影响？
3、话题定义：题目中具有可讨论性关键词的定义，比如effective，可以产生的分论点：什么是effective？社会总体进步？个人价值实现？和谐社会？
可以看到1和2产生观点很容易重复，因为本质上讲这二者是一体的，在破一些实用性比较强而且用意很直接的题目时这二者区别不大。但明显第3点的立意比前2者抽象很多，这是涉及到价值观、世界观讨论的问题。
这也是我为什么极力推崇第3方向出发点的原因：深刻、本质化。
近代哲学将重点从一些形而上的世界本源话题转移到了语言学话题，提出以语言为架构来研究知识系统，这不是因为哲学发展到了尽头，而是因为研究语言能最好的揭示思维结构，从而为我们的发展提供指导意见。在ISSUE写作中采取对题目关键词进行剖析的手法，正是一种近代哲学的做法，它可以让你的文章具有自己的基石，形成根本性的讨论层面，从而在本质上强化文章的论证。这些的ISSUE题目有很多，比如ISSUE“Scandals—whether in politics, academia, or other areas—can be useful. They focus our attention on problems in ways that no speaker or reformer ever could. ”这里什么是useful就很值得讨论，而且之后一句的解释也是意在说明这个useful是怎么产生的，因此讨论useful的定义就显得很必要了。而对于这类关键词的讨论，则又是一个庞大的话题，我们一直所争论的“正义”“正确”“有用”“有利”“美好”“重要”这些带有主观判断的词汇都在其范畴之内，我会在以后的文章中针对这一话题进行细化的讨论。
采用话题定义出发点的破题，可以以讨论题目中某一关键词为BODY第一部分，进而展开全文写作。需要注意的是，关键词解释想要发挥作用，就一定要让它跟另外两点作为高同步率，即对关键词的解释可以直接对应到产生的影响和本质。以ISSUE"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."为例，讨论“just”的定义为符合人的天性”或者“保持人们的生活水平”就会对应到不同的影响，“人的天性”会自然想到违反不正义的法律即实现人的天性（自由友爱美德等），而后者则会联系到违反不正义的法律是为了社会发展生产力提高，因此得出的论证是不同的。
对于一些比较难的题目，1和2则容易产生很明确的区别，最典型的如ISSUE "The chief benefit of the study of history is to break down the illusion that people in one period of time are significantly different from people who lived at any other time in history."
很多人看到这道题第一眼连它说的是什么都不清楚，更别说破题了，此时就有必要从1话题本质来进行讨论——这个问题是如何产生的？这幻觉是哪来的？然后才能讨论这种幻觉带来的社会影响、作用、认识历史的目的等等问题。此时1和2的分工也比较明确，1解释题目，2说它对不对。之所以说难题才会有区别，是因为简单题根本不用解释，建个全球大学谁不知道怎么建、教育个性化谁不知道怎么弄……遇到这种题，问题的产生和它的影响是一致的。更准确的说，我这里说的“难题”和“简单题”也是以话题本质和话题影响是否容易分开为标准来划分的。
事实上我们大部分时候用的破题点都是属于影响范畴的，因为我们主要是为了讨论题目的说法对不对，而这个讨论的标准就是它的影响好不好，相比而言1和3更象是一种铺垫——把问题说明白了，再去判断它的对错就水到渠成。从这点而言，2是最必要的论证点，你可以不说题目的话题是怎么来的，也可以不解释题目中的关键词，但一定得讨论题目的话题有什么影响，否则就得不出一个position。但三者的区分也不是特别明确，因为在1和3中也可以贯穿选择position的理由。比如在论证illusion的时候，这个词本身就带有负评价，因此已经对立场有所判断了。
综上所述，我推荐在发展ISSUE分论点时适当考虑1和3的内容，即讨论话题产生的根源、社会原因和话题本身的定义，这样可以提高写作的立意，使之更具有深度。而社会影响方面则是ISSUE分论点的重点，适当的积累背景知识会对一块的提高有所帮助，比如ISSUE "Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served." 一般人知道历史建筑有审美价值、政治意义，而专业知识则能从建筑进化适应气候、环境陌生化带来社会成员心情变化、文脉缺失破坏文化个性等方面来解释问题。当然我是从我的专业背景来解释，大家都不是全能者，不可能哪道题都成专家，但对于高频题的背景知识适当了解是很必要的，因此推荐去看看同主题写作系列，平时多加关注社会新闻和社会评论也是有好处。
[/quote]
[list][*][b][color=red]分领域策略[/color][/b][/list][quote]分领域讨论的好处和让步类似，即简单快捷，由于在不同领域内你只需要考虑最基本的一到两个出发点，这样加在一起一个领域就一个，罗列起来便成了一篇完整的文章，可以很方便的发展出多个分论点，而且不愁论证内容重复、没有例子用。但这种分论点的缺点也很明显——不完全归纳。你可以说在两三个领域里这个立场成立，但不能以此为依据推出其它领域内立场也成立，由于不同领域要分析的背景又不一样，想要升华主题做到抽象化后便于推广到其它领域，等于又回到了之前的破题思路，难度反而变大，因此对于想拿高分特别是满分的考生我个人不是很推荐这种破题思路。[/quote]
【阅读+作文---ScienceDaily (Mar. 13, 2009)】
High IQ Linked To Reduced Risk Of Death — A study of one million Swedish men has revealed a strong link between cognitive ability and the risk of death, suggesting that government initiatives to increase education opportunities may also have health benefits.
Dr David Batty, a Wellcome Trust research fellow at the MRC Social and Public Health Sciences Unit in Glasgow, and colleagues, found that a lower IQ was strongly associated with a higher risk of death from causes such as accidents, coronary heart disease and suicide.
The researchers studied data from one million Swedish men [color=red]conscripted to[/color] the army at the age of 18. [u]After they had [color=red]taken into account[/color] whether a person had grown up in a safer, more affluent environment, they found that only education had an influence on the relationship between IQ and death.[/u]
这里我们要学会表达在考虑了某些因素以后，只有什么因素和某事物有关联的方式。
The researchers say the link between IQ and mortality could[color=red] be partially attributed to[/color] the healthier behaviours [color=red]displayed by[/color] those who score higher on IQ tests.
"People with higher IQ test scores [color=red]tend to be less likely[/color] to smoke or drink alcohol heavily, they eat better diets, and they are more[color=red] physically active[/color]. So they have [color=red]a range of[/color] better behaviours that may partly explain their lower mortality risk," says Dr Batty.
这里我们要学会运用这些词汇，像physically active就是积极锻炼身体的意思。
Previous studies have suggested that preschool education programmes and better nourishment can raise IQ scores. The study suggests this may also have [color=red]previously unforeseen[/color] health benefits,[color=red] further validating[/color] government efforts to improve living conditions and education.
Dr Batty suggests there may also be benefits from simplifying health information for the public.
"If you believe the association between IQ and mortality is at least partially explained by people with a lower IQ having worse behaviours - which is plausible - then [color=red]it might be that the messages used to change health behaviours are too complicated[/color]," he says.
这里之前什么样的行为在现在看来可能显得太复杂这样的自己表达，我们自己翻译的时候往往就直接来了，这里用it might be that显得比较地道。
"Messages about diet, including how much or what type of alcohol is beneficial, aren't simple, and the array of strategies available for quitting smoking are diverse and actually quite complicated. If you clarify the options available to people who want to, say, quit smoking, in the short term that may have an effect."
A second study, also co-authored by Dr Batty, used data from more than 4000 US soldiers and followed them for 15 years. The study found the same relationship between IQ scores and mortality, as well as a significant association between higher neuroticism and increased mortality risk.
支持一个~
恩 加油！
[i=s] 本帖最后由 thatll 于 2009-7-7 15:41 编辑 [/i]
【阅读+写作】
[b]The 10 Essential Rules for Slowing Down and Enjoying Life More[/b]
[u][color=red]It’s an irony of[/color] our modern lives that while technology is continually invented that saves us time, we use that time to do more and more things, and so our lives are more[color=red] fast-paced and hectic[/color] than ever.[/u]
这一句话我觉得我们在写作或者是口语中都可以常常出现，我记得在GRE的issue中就有这样的论题，我们的科技为我们节省了很多时间，但是我们却没有时间来享受生活。这个是值得我们反省的事情，那这句话就很好的很地道的表达了这个意思。
Life moves at such a fast pace that it seems to [color=red]pass us by[/color] before we can really enjoy it.
这句话我们可以翻译为：生活如此匆匆以至于在我们还没有来得及真正享受的时候，他就在我们身边溜走。
However, it doesn’t have to be this way. Let’s[color=red] rebel against a hectic lifestyle and slow down to enjoy life[/color].
A slower-paced life means[color=red] making time to[/color] enjoy your mornings, instead of [color=red]rushing off[/color] to work [color=red]in a frenzy[/color]. It means[color=red] taking time to[/color] enjoy whatever you’re doing, to appreciate the outdoors, to actually focus on whoever you’re talking to or spending time with — instead of always being connected to a Blackberry or iPhone or laptop, instead of always thinking about work tasks and emails.[u] It means single-tasking rather than switching between a multitude of tasks and focusing on none of them.[/u]
make time to do sth.腾出时间来干某事
这意味着什么而不是什么的表达方式，it means sth, rather than sth.
switch between a multitude of tasks
Slowing down is a [color=red]conscious choice[/color], and not always an easy one, but it leads to[color=red] a greater appreciation for life and a greater level of happiness[/color].
Here’s how to do it.
[b]1. Do less.[/b] It’s hard to slow down when you are trying to do a million things. Instead, make the conscious choice to do less. Focus on what’s really important, what really needs to be done, and [color=red]let go of the rest[/color]. [color=red]Put space between[/color] tasks and appointments, so you can move through your days at a more leisurely pace.
[b]2. Be present.[/b] It’s not enough to just slow down — you need to actually [color=red]be mindful of[/color] whatever you’re doing [color=red]at the moment[/color]. That means, when you find yourself thinking about something you need to do, or something that’s already happened, or something that might happen … gently bring yourself back to the present moment. Focus on what’s going on [color=red]right now[/color]. On your actions, on your environment, on others around you. [color=red]This takes practice but is essential.
[/color][b]3. Disconnect(脱离网络).[/b] Don’t always be connected. If you [color=red]carry around[/color] an iPhone or Blackberry or other mobile device, shut it off. Better yet, learn to leave it behind when possible. If you work on a computer most of the day, have times when you disconnect so you can focus on other things. Being connected all the time means we’re subject to interruptions, we’re constantly stressed about information coming in, we are [color=red]at the mercy of[/color] the demands of others. It’s hard to slow down when you’re always checking new messages coming in.
at the mercy of:任...摆布，在...前毫无办法
[b]4. Focus on people.[/b] [color=red]Too often[/color] we spend time with friends and family, or meet with colleagues, and we’re not really there with them. We talk to them but [color=red]are distracted by[/color] devices. We are there, but our minds are on things we need to do. We listen, but we’re really thinking about ourselves and what we want to say. None of us[color=red] are immune to[/color] this, but [color=red]with conscious effort[/color] you can shut off the outside world and just be present with the person you’re with. This means that just a little time spent with your family and friends can go a long way — a much more effective use of your time, by the way. It means we really connect with people rather than just meeting with them.
[b]5. Appreciate nature.[/b] Many of us [color=red]are shut in[/color] our homes and offices and cars and trains most of the time, and rarely do we get the chance to go outside. And often even when people are outside, they’re talking on their cell phones. Instead, take the time to go outside and really observe nature, take a deep breath of fresh air, [color=red][u]enjoy the serenity of water and greenery[/u][/color]. Exercise outdoors when you can, or find other outdoor activities to enjoy such as nature walks, hiking, swimming, etc. [u][color=red]Feel the sensations of water and wind and earth against your skin.[/color][/u] Try to do this daily — by yourself or with loved ones.
[b]6. Eat slower.[/b] Instead of [color=red]cramming food down our throats[/color] as quickly as possible — leading to overeating and a lack of enjoyment of our food — learn to eat slowly. Be mindful of each bite. [color=red]Appreciate the flavors and textures[/color]. Eating slowly has the double benefit of making you fuller on less food and making the food taste better. I suggest learning to eat more real food as well, with some great spices (instead of fat and salt and sugar and frying for flavor).
[b]7. Drive slower.[/b] Speedy driving is a pretty prevalent habit in our fast-paced world, but it’s also responsible for a lot of traffic accidents, stress, and wasted fuel. Instead, make it a habit to slow down when you drive. Appreciate your surroundings.[color=red][u] Make it a peaceful time to contemplate your life, and the things you’re passing. [/u][/color]Driving will be more enjoyable, and much safer. You’ll use less fuel too.
[b]8. Find pleasure in anything.[/b] [color=red][u]This is related to being present, but taking it a step farther.[/u][/color] Whatever you’re doing, be fully present … and also appreciate every aspect of it, and find the enjoyable aspects. For example, when washing dishes, instead of rushing through it as a boring chore to be finished quickly, really feel the sensations of the water, the suds, the dishes. It can really be an enjoyable task if you learn to see it that way. [color=red]The same applies to other chores[/color] — washing the car, sweeping, dusting, laundry — and anything you do, actually. Life can be so much more enjoyable if you learn this simple habit.
[b]9. Single-task.[/b] The opposite of multi-tasking. Focus on one thing at a time. When you feel the urge to switch to other tasks, pause, breathe, and pull yourself back.
[b]10. Breathe.[/b] When you find yourself speeding up and stressing out, pause, and take a deep breath. Take a couple more. Really feel the air coming into your body, and feel the stress going out. By fully focusing on each breath, you bring yourself back to the present, and slow yourself down. It’s also nice to take a deep breath or two — do it now and see what I mean. :)