Environment Econ的前沿问题
我写的一个关于environment econ前沿问题的文献，希望对大家申请的时候有用
This book is contrasted as the following:
First some basic consumption behavioral concepts are introduced in a view of more psychological than economics. And then two kinds of labeling, food labeling and environment labeling are defined and illustrated. Finally, some valuation methods rather than the traditional contingent valuation (CV) are employed.
In my view, the first several articles concerning about the psychology of consumers are most interesting. In the first paper, written by Briel and Dahlstrand, We can discern that many psychological factors contribute to the final choice. The value is fundamental. According to a widely cited paper by Schwartz, there are ten most basic values, namely universalism and benevolence (Self-transcendence); conformity and tradition (Conservation); security, power, hedonism and achievement (self-enhancement); and stimulation and self-direction (openness to change). While people have different value priorities, their choices, especially consumption choices discussed here, are more influenced by the habits than values, though the habits, equipped to simplify the movement by just repetition, are actually derived from the value. That means if the value of a person changes, say, more environmentally concerned, his/her old habit would continue to prevail if the consumer does not bother to change it. This inertia calls for some break from outside. This outside strength is to create attention, create position attitudes towards behavioral selection and transform positive attitudes into behavior (Thogersen et, al). This process can also be methopied as break the “frozening habits”, “building the new one” and then “frozening the new habit” (Dahlstrand, Briel).
Who will sever to break the inertia then? Many environment economists believe the environment labeling will take the responsibility, while others suspect. In the following chapters, some papers are presented. As an almost common practice, two goods are defined: public goods, consuming which may have only external benefits, and the private goods, consuming which may have internal benefits. A survey based on contingent value suggests consumers are more influenced by the private benefits, although they think they choose the environmental friendly products because of the public benefits, and public focuses more on the public effects (Wier, Andersen and Millock). Another paper by Nunes and Riganto believe for the private goods what government should do is just to set standard certification, while for the public goods, the government should have some guidance to both consumers and suppliers. However, the surveies in another papers seems to have different ideas about government and information provision. The first survery concerning the organic salmon reveals that the sampled consumers in six EU countries have little idea about the organic salmon. More surprisingly, most respondents in Germany give credit to the government if the government is chosen as the certification and standard supplier. The same concern is uncovered in US where consumers are value the Serial Club than EPA. The same paper, written by Crespi and Marette, though admits that labeling serves as both an insurance to environmental responsible consumers and a incentive for suppliers.
While most survey are conducted by CV, another method, Market Stall (MS), is presented. MS is conducted by adding more procedures and offering the responds more time to consider the decisions (Macmillan et, al.). The last paper, written by Nunes, illustrates that the CV may not necessarily lead to free rider. Instead, it may contribute to warm-glow.
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