自由贸易、援助发展中国家
The collapse of trade negotiations in Canc in mid-September triggered much anguished commentary. In the run-up to this crucial World Trade Organization meeting, expectations had risen sharply. Many expected a deal to reduce Western agriculture subsidies and to lower barriers to greater food trade. Free traders, World Bank officials, and even NGOs seemed all to agree that this combination of measures would help combat the rural poverty plaguing much of the developing world. Cutting subsidies would help level the playing field for farmers from the global South. Greater agricultural exports would then boost farmers? Incomes.
Is liberalized trade a tonic that eliminates the need for more foreign aid? No doubt, some hope that it is. Foreign aid has declined in the 1990s, from about $73 billion in 1992 to $57 billion in 2002. This is far from the lofty 1970s goal of providing the equivalent of 0.7 percent of GDP in aid money. Most of the rich nations never even came close to that target. Today, only about 0.2 percent of GNP is made available; the United States finds itself at the bottom of the league with a mere 0.1 percent.
The decline actually came on the heels of fresh promises made at the 1992 Rio Earth summit. Donor governments made new commitments to increasing their official development assistance at the International Conference on Financing for Development in Monterrey, Mexico, in March 2002. But even if these promises are fulfilled big if they would still leave aid flows below the 1992 level of 0.33 percent.
Free trade and lowered subsidies to the rescue? The lobby for unencumbered trade has traditionally proven far stronger than the forces in favor of slashing subsidies. In the post-World War II era, successive rounds of trade talks lowered tariffs and tore down more and more impediments to trade. The establishment of the World Trade Organization in 1995 signaled that trade promotion took precedence over other global concerns such as labor rights and environmental stability.
What is the likely consequence of liberalized trade under such conditions? Agribusiness is able to dump products at prices far below the cost of production, as is evident from the consequences of the NAFTA agreement. Mexico faces a flood of artificially cheap U.S. corn, which may be good news for urban consumers, but has devastating effects in rural areas.
A handful of big farmers in developing nations may well manage to compete on the world market. But millions of small farmers will be displaced. Rural upheaval will trigger greater migration to cities (and more illegal migrants to the United States and other industrial countries). But many cities are already unable to provide adequate social services to their burgeoning populations. The lack of jobs, in particular, may well contribute to growing instability and may nourish violent conflict.
But an intelligent aid policy that addresses urgent needs, particularly in education and health, can make a huge difference. Think what adequate funding of efforts to combat AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis mong the biggest killers in the world could do. Eliminating illiteracy and boosting women抯 rights will be far more liberalism liberating? Than tearing down trade barriers can ever be. Imagine the benefits of providing clean drinking water, halting soil erosion, and sharing renewable energy technologies. Such programs could easily be financed by a reduction in subsidies and military expenditures that together claim close to $2 trillion each year.
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