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- 2006-7-22
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楼主
发表于 2007-2-1 11:24
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Argument提纲帖
Arg1
1人们关注健康未必会买NW的健康食品,可能采取多运动等方式;再说,这是一贯的经验,未必适用于P,应为是否购买NW以健康食品为代表的产品还取决于当地的经济、文化传统等。
2 证明人们关注健康的证据不足。
先讲商人,商人的报告未必准确,或者买鞋子和运动衣的未必真的是关注健康,可能运动衣便宜;而且,商人的生意好也就给NW增加竞争。
另一方面,俱乐部的“一夜暴富”未必因为人们突然关注健康了,也许是广告宣传、潮流等,再说,报名了未必会去,去了也不一定真是在做运动,也许人们觉得这是一种社交手段。
3 学生要求参加××活动未必会成为潜在的消费群体。学生是required才参加这一活动,很可能毕业后就立刻停止这些规定行为。
Arg2
1 七年前的经验未必适用于现在,七年中可能已经发生了很多事情。例如有新的法案通过,禁止妨碍人们对自己地产做处置的自由,这个措施可能在今天根本不能实施。(大概有点夸张了)
2 作者假设是这些规定是地价上升,其实可能有其他的因素。例如,B的移民剧增,人口增加,对房子需求大。经济和商业发展是物价上涨,包括地价;B地有inflation。
3 即使B的这种措施真的有效,未必在DA适用(false analogy)。DA的居民可能不喜欢限制装饰房子的自由,而B地居民可能不太在意;另外,B地未必真的有人遵守了这个规定。
Arg3
1 大公司招毕业生的人数减少,未必仅仅因为工作满意度,还有其他因素被忽略了。
可能毕业生人数剧增,速度超过大公司招工人数的增加速度,所以虽然百分数在下降,但是绝对数字实际在上升;另外就是大公司因为财政紧张或反展需要而裁员,降低招工的人数,使毕业生不得不去小公司。
2 证据可疑。Leading law school的学生,未必代表绝大多数人民群众的前进方向。First year, 不代表毕业生的择业观点,而且一年级未必知道自己的未来发展方向。这种调查方法未必严谨,如果是选择题的话,未必有学生心目中的选项供选择。
3 没说学生对benefits和incentive,工作时间不满意。
Arg4
1 错误假设。agent多未必好,也许agent太多工作效率低、交流意见和达成一致意见的时间要很久。Part-time不意味着工作效率就会低。
2 错误假设。收入高和卖房收入高未必是公司的工作效率高。可能是房子的地理位置等因素决定其本身就比较贵,也许价钱反比与相似条件的房子低。二来总收入高可能就是因为agent 数目多,平均每个agent的收入未必高于Fitch
3 不可靠的个人经验。十年啊,沧海桑田!Inflation,经济发展,宣传手段的发展。
而且可比性,两个房子的地理位置、价值都决定快慢。
Arg5
1 假设专利过期后,其他药厂生产便宜的代替品或影响Xe的销量。忽略其他因素,选择药物未必只依赖价格,还有质量、信誉。而且专利过期后,B不用支付专利费,也会降价
2 Xy未必更好。Most extreme 有效未必对普通病症的有效,而且重病的一般只占小比例。可能的副作用。
3 就算Xy真的疗效好,未必营利。B也许能开发更好的新药。人们未必选择Xy,Xy的价钱合理可能更贵。Xy的宣传等可能花费大,未必能营利。
Arg6
First, the author assumes that C Note could dominate the market in Monroe lacking of competitors. However, the assumption is logically flawed on several aspects.
Second, the mere facts that over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer and several famous jazz musicians live in Monroe fail to prove that jazz is popular among residents of Monroe.
Third, the author assumes that residents would attend jazz club to enjoy music there because the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is about jazz.
Finally, the author cites the result of a nationwide survey that a typical jazz fan spends large sum of money on jazz entertainment each year. However, unless the local fans in Monroe typify the jazz fans in the nationwide study, I doubt whether the residents will spend money that high on jazz.
Arg7
1 The argument relies on the threshold premise that the environmental problems are getting worse, which is highly incredible based on a series of weak evidences.
2 Even assuming that the environmental problems are increasingly serious, the author unfairly blames the Clearview town council for inefficient protection of environment.
3 The author unfairly assumes that Frank Braun does not protect the environment simply because he belongs to the Clearview town council while Ann Green is likely to do so as she is a member of the Good Earth Coalition.
4 Even if the two candidates are both concerning on environmental problems and have the capacities to solve the problems, it does not make them good mayors.
Arg8
1 The mere fact that Mesa was popular in a small region hardly suffices to prove the nationwide popularity. 也许当地的人喜欢这种口味,或者当地人偏爱这种口味。但是全国未必会受欢迎。
2 The author ignores that the increase in profits of Mesa last year might be accounted to an aberrant while the profits were constantly declining prior to last year.可能这种食物的一贯销量不好,去年因为广告等特殊原因增长。未必今后这种增长趋势会保持。
3 Even assuming that Mesa, especially Diabolique Salsa, is enjoying increasing popularity, no evidence shows that they are popular among 14-to-25 year olds.
Arg9
1 The dean is too hasty to conclude that the grades are inflated because of the student evaluation of teachers while he might take other factors into account that might lead to higher grades.
例如老师的教学水平提高了,学生素质提高等。
2 Even if the grades of Omega graduates are inflated, the dean fails to prove that the potential employers refuse to offer positions because of the inflated grades. 雇主未必会因为分数来录取毕业生,雇主判断标准往往还有学生的管理能力、交流能力等。
3 The dean assumes that Alpha graduates had better performance in job markets than that of Omega because Alpha did not adopt student evaluation of professors.
A是否也有相同的评价方法和相同的问题,而且就算O的分数高了,未必比A的学生高。
而且,可能A校学生的素质高或者专业好,容易找工作。
Arg 10
1 The author fails to consider that the increasing price of milk at the local Excello Food Market might not represent the trend of Batavia. 当地的价钱高可能因为经济增长等原因。或者所有物价都在上涨,相比之下牛奶的增幅不如其他。
2 Even assuming that the retail milk prices are increasing, the author provides absolutely no evidence that the farmers are receiving excessive profit.
成本会不会上涨更快,甚至提高了价钱也不能获得利润。
3 Moreover, although the number of dairy farms is greater than a decade ago, it does not necessarily imply sufficient supply of milk for consumers.
也许牛奶生产出来都出口了,或者农场多但是养的牛少了,或者疾病等因素是牛奶产量少,部分造成需求增加,导致价格上涨,这样的话即使降价也不能保证足够的供应。 |
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