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[经验] 简单的说些写作中容易被忽视的语法 [复制链接]

hyacinth
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电梯直达

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发表于 2009-5-29 10:59:42 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

本帖最后由 hyacinth 于 2009-5-29 11:01 编辑

前些日子偶然得知一本关于英语写作的书,看了以后收获颇多,再联想到去年这个时候在版上改作文的一些经历,于是把看到的和版友常犯的一些写作问题结合起来,有了以下这么些文字.

此外，也经常有版友问我如何修改自己的文章。在文章结构不是问题的情况下，可以按照以下各条逐一对照，然后举一反三，相信作文势必会有质的飞跃。

(英文部分以及例子全来自于William Strunk, Jr. 的 The Elements of Style)

1) ELEMENTARY RULES OF USAGE

1.       Form the possessive singular of nouns by adding ‘s.
Charles's friend
somebody else's umbrella

2.       In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last.
red, white, and blue gold, silver, or copper
He opened the letter, read it, and made a note of its contents.

3.       Enclose parenthetic expressions between commas.
主要是关于逗号的一些用法具体的可以参考下面的附件

4,5 两条在我改作文的过程中经常遇到. 可以说写作时稍有不慎,句子就会变成run-on sentence.

4.       Place a comma before a conjunction introducing an independent clause.
The situation is perilous, but there is still one chance of escape.
The situation is perilous, but if we are prepare to act promptly, there is still one chance of escape.

5.       Do not join independent clauses with a comma.
If two or more clauses grammatically complete and not joined by a conjunction are to form a single compund sentence, the proper mark of punctuation is a semicolon. “ ;”

Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining; they are full of engaging ideas.
We could also apply Rule 4 here.
Mary Shelley’s works are entertaining, for they are full of engaging ideas.

6-10都是比较熟悉的基础语法具体例子可以参考附件
6.       Do not break sentences in two.
7.       Use a colon after an independent clause to introduce a list of particulars, an appositive, an amplification, or an illustrative quotation.
8.       Use a dash to set off an abrupt break or interruption and to announce a long appositive or summary.
9.       The number of the subject determines the number of the verb.
10.       Use the proper case of pronoun.

11.       A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject
这一条我想单独拿出来说一下。我自己的语法本身不是特别好, 念高中的时候教的各种从句以及其它英语里各种高深的结构,我基本上从来都不去记用法完全是凭语感... 所以第11条,我也不知道国内的教科书上具体的称谓是什么,但我个人觉得特别实用, 因为直接体现了常规的英文指代方法. 我自己熟悉了这条规则以后,在阅读iBT文章的时候就很少会犯指代的错误. 而在我改作文的过程中也经常发现板油犯这个错误.

WRONG:Walking slowly down the road, he saw a woman accompanied by two children.

The word walking refers to the subject of the sentence, not to the woman.To make it refer to the woman, the writer must recast the sentence.

RIGHT: He saw a woman, accompanied by two children, walking slowly down the road.

WRONG:Yound and inexperienced, the task seemed easy to me.
RIGHT:Yound and inexperienced, I thought the task easy.

2) ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION

12.       Choose a suitable design and hold to it.
13.       Make the paragraph the unit of composition.

14.       Use the active voice.

The active voice is usually more direct and vigorous than the passive.

I shall always remember my first visit to Boston.

This is much better than

My first visit to Boston will always be remembered by me.

The latter sentence is less direct, less bold, and less concise. If the writer tries to make it more concise by omitting “By me,”
My first visit to Boston will always be remembered,
It becomes indefinite: is it the writer or some undisclosed person or the world at large that will always remember this visit?

This rule does not, of course, mean that the writer should entirely discard the passive voice, which is frequently convenient and sometimes necessary.
这里我顺带想提一下的是, 适当的变换主动,被动语态可以增加iBT写作的句型变化.

15.       Put statements in positive form.

a) He was not very often on time.
b) He usually came later.

a) She did not think that studying Latin was a sensible want to use one’s time.
b) She thought the study of Latin a waste of time.

在这里很明显两组的句子b要比a肯定很多。

Statements qualified with unnecessary auxiliaries or conditionals sound irresolute.

同样的在这里，句子b语气要强很多。
a)       Applicants can make a good impression by being neat and punctual.
b)       Applicants will make a good impression if they are neat and punctual.

a) Plath may be ranked among those modern poets who died young.
b) Plath was one of those modern poets who died young.

If every sentence admits a doubt, your writing will lack authority. Save the auxiliaries would, should, could,may, might, and can for situations involving real uncertainty.

我个人觉得了解这个有个什么好处呢。在阅读的过程中，我们可以有效的判断哪些句子是作者在推断的，哪些是事实；在做题的时候也可以以此为依据。同样在写作过程中，也可以通过这部分助动词来对句式做相应的调整。类似的结构还有might(not) be able to. 还有一些词语如probably, possibly,likely, unlikely也可以起类似的效果。

16.       Use definite, specific, concrete language.
17.       Omit needless words.
18.       Avoid a succession of loose sentences. (字面上不是特别好理解参考附件吧 ; ) )

19.       Express coordinate ideas in similar form.
主要强调的是平行结构的用法  还有一些agreement上的用法也是板油作文里常见的错误
简单的举几个例子具体的参考附件里的文章内容
Blessed are the poor in spirit: for theirs is the kingdom of heaven.
Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted.

WRONG: It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.
RIGHT: The ceremony was both long and tedious.

WRONG: A time not for words but action.
RIGHT: A time not for words but for action.

20.       Keep related words together.

这个也有好几种情况，具体可以参考附件，这里只简单的举两个例子。
熟悉这条规则的好处，除了可以避免自己在写作时犯类似的错误，在阅读时也可以帮助自己有效的理解原文，尤其是在指代上。

NOT CLEAR:The grandson of William Henry Harrison, who
CLEAR: William Henry Harrison's grandson, Benjamin Harrison, who...

NOT CLEAR:There was a stir in the audience that suggested disapproval.
CLEAR:A stir that suggested disapproval swept the audience.

21.       In summaries, keep to one tense.
22.       Place the emphatic words of a sentence at the end.

书中还有两部分是 3) A Few Matters of Form 和4) Words and Expressions Commonly Misused
第四部分个人觉得非常好。尤其是于想用一些难词但又把握不好其准确意思的板油来说是很有帮助的。详细内容可以参考附件我在此不再赘述。

5)An Approach to Style (With a List of Reminders)
最后一个部分一共有21条  挑了5条出来都是我改作文时印象比较深的板油容易犯的

8.Avoid the use of qualifiers.-- Rather, very, little, pretty 具体原因可以参考附件

10. Use orthodox spelling  拼写是再怎么强调都不为过的了

12.Do not construct awkward adverbs.  不确定的词考试中能不用就不用  免得贻笑大方切忌自己造词

He climbed tiredly to bed.    ---> He climbed wearily to bed.
The lamp cord lay tangledly beneath her chair.  ---> The lamp cord lay in tangles beneath her chair.

19.Do not take shortcuts at the cost of clarity.

我以前改作文的时候遇到有的缩写还是很郁闷的还要我自己去google。。。其实用缩写完全省不了多少时间嘛。。。>_<

Do not use intials for the names of organizations or movements unless you are certain the initials will be readily understood. WRITE THINGS OUT.
However, a good rule is to start your article by writing out names in full, and then, later, when your readers have got their bearings, to shorten them.

20.Avoid foreign language.

The writer will occassionally find it convenient or necessary to borrow from other languages.
WRITE IN ENGLISH.

看到这一条, 我想说说关于iBT作文举例. 经常有版友问,是用中国的例子好呢,还是用美国的例子好呢.  其实不管你用哪里的例子,都要fit/support你的argument,这样的例子才是好例子.  而且不能assume你的reader都对你的例子都很熟悉了, 尤其是用中国的例子的时候, 对于那些评分的老外,可能你用的典故都很陌生,再加上解释的不够到位,以及语言上的一些欠缺, 通常情况下, 他们都会不知道你在说什么,这就直接影响作文的分数.  so, the bottomline is... 1) 慎用含有丰富中国文化内涵的例子，比如我以前就见过用西游记的。。。 2) 如果实在想不出别的例子,最好言简意赅的解释下例子的来龙去脉。写完后，可以再过一遍思路，比如，假设自己是个完全没听过自己举的这个例子的读者，自己是否能看懂例子的前因后果。

最后希望大家都能有个好成绩。多总结多思考是王道。。。

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沙发

发表于 2009-5-29 18:10:51 |只看该作者

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板凳

发表于 2009-5-29 18:14:25 |只看该作者

支持楼上两位,严重辛苦

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平生太湖上，短棹几经过，于今重到何事？愁比水云多。拟把匣中长剑，换取扁舟一叶，归去老渔蓑。银艾非吾事，丘壑已蹉跎。
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地板

发表于 2009-5-29 19:05:44 |只看该作者

zan ge
chao hao di

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5楼

发表于 2009-5-29 21:35:40 |只看该作者

很不错啊。总结的真好。

Saavedro's series of preeminent essays for Cracking GRE and TOEFL-iBT
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【Saavedro】——Authentic Guide For TOEFL-iBT [听说读写完整版] (Version 2.00) （2010年 3月5日）

Saavedro简谈如何有效提升GRE-AW写作语言表达（2009年 2月17日）
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