[主题活动] 精英组 9月11日 NO.6-3-L阅读精析、讨论帖 [复制链接]

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发表于 2009-9-10 18:53:28 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

NO.6-A-L

The use of heat pumps has been held back largely by skepticism about advertisers’ claims that heat pumps can provide as many as two units of thermal energy for each unit of electrical energy used, thus apparently contradicting the principle of energy conservation
（结构句）

Heat pumps circulate a fluid refrigerant that cycles alternatively from its liquid phase to its vapor phase in a closed loop. （结构句）The refrigerant, starting as a low-temperature, low-pressure vapor, enters a compressor driven by an electric motor. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot, dense vapor and flows through a heat exchanger called the condenser, which transfers heat from the refrigerant to a body of air. Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled. It then passes through a second heat exchanger, the evaporator, which transfers heat from the air to the refrigerant, reducing the temperature of this second body of air. Of the two heat exchangers, one is located inside, and the other one outside the house, so each is in contact with a different body of
air: room air and outside air, respectively.
The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves. When the refrigerant flow is reversed, the heat exchangers switch function. This flow-reversal capability allows heat pumps either to heat or cool room air. Now, if under certain conditions a heat pump puts out more thermal energy than it consumes in electrical energy, has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.（TS）
Unfortunately, there is one real problem. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as the outdoor temperature falls. The drop in capacity is caused by the lessening amount of refrigerant mass moved through the compressor at one time. The heating capacity is proportional to this mass flow rate: the less the mass of refrigerant being compressed, the less the thermal load it can transfer through the heat-pump cycle. The volume flow rate of refrigerant vapor through the single-speed rotary compressor
used in heat pumps is approximately constant. But cold refrigerant vapor entering a compressor is at lower pressure than warmer vapor. Therefore,
the mass of cold refrigerant—and thus the thermal energy it carries—is less than if the refrigerant vapor were warmer before compression.
Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates—where the most heat is needed—heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.

文章类型：现象解释型
TS: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.
17.
The primary purpose of the passage is to(主旨题，定位于TS和SE，首先提出问题，然后解释其工作原理，最后给出其缺陷)
(A) explain the differences in the working of a heat pump when the outdoor temperature changes（片面）
(B) contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat pumps（与原文相反）
(C) describe heat pumps, their use, and factors affecting their use
(D) advocate the more widespread use of heat pumps（未提）（C）
(E) expose extravagant claims about heat pumps as false（相反）
答案：C
18.
The author resolves the question of whether heat pumps run counter to the principle of energy conservation by（细节题）
(A) carefully qualifying the meaning of that principle（未提）
(B) pointing out a factual error in the statement that gives rise to this question（未提）
(C) supplying additional relevant facts（第二段解释工作原理）
(D) denying the relevance of that principle to heat pumps（未提）（C）
(E) explaining that heat pumps can cool, as well as heat, room air（片面）
答案：C
19.
It can be inferred from the passage that, in the course of a heating season, the heating capacity of a heat pump is greatest when定位最后一段取非Here, then, lies a genuine drawback of heat pumps: in extremely cold climates—where the most heat is needed—heat pumps are least able to supply enough heat.
(A) heating is least essential
(B) electricity rates are lowest
(C) its compressor runs the fastest
(D) outdoor temperatures hold steady（A）
(E) the heating demand surges
答案：A
20.
If the author’s assessment of the use of heat pumps (lines 1-6) is correct, which of the following best expresses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case?（推理题，定位TS，顾客之所以怀疑，是因为对heat pump的工作机理不了解）
(A) Do not make exaggerated claims about the products you are trying to promote.（没有夸大）
(B) Focus your advertising campaign on vague analogies and veiled implications instead of on facts.（不是问题的根源）
(C) Do not use facts in your advertising that will strain the prospective client’s ability to believe.
(D) Do not assume in your advertising that the prospective clients know even the most elementary scientific principles.（顾客知道能量守恒，但不知道heat pump的具体工作机理，从而导致怀疑）（C）
(E) Concentrate your advertising firmly on financially relevant issues such as price discounts and efficiency of operation.（未提）
答案：E
21.
The passage suggests that heat pumps would be used more widely if
缺陷题，定位TS，题目问的是热泵如何能够被更广泛的应用？热泵为什么没有广泛应用？第三段has the law of energy conservation been challenged? No, not even remotely: the additional input of thermal energy into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator accounts for the difference in the energy equation.因此，当人们了解evaporator在能量公式中的作用，就不会觉得热泵违背能量定律了，从而推导热泵可以广泛应用。
(A) they could also be used as air conditioners （未提）
(B) they could b e moved around to supply heat where it is most needed (问题的关键不是heat pumps的缺陷，而是人们怀疑广告）
(C) their heat output could be thermostatically controlled（只是热泵的一个缺陷而已，即使提高了，人们还是怀疑热泵的工作机理，一样不会使用热泵。）0 `* P i4 X& `: f& d0 T6 K
(D) models with truly superior cooling capacity were advertised more effectively（未提）（E）
(E) people appreciated the role of the evaporator in the energy equation
答案：E
22.
According to the passage, the role of the flow restriction (lines 16-17) in a heat pump is to（给定行数进行定位，Now the refrigerant, as a high-pressure, cooled liquid, confronts a flow restriction which causes the pressure to drop. As the pressure falls, the refrigerant expands and partially vaporizes, becoming chilled.）
(A) measure accurately the flow rate of the refrigerant mass at that point（文章未提）
(B) compress and heat the refrigerant vapor
(C) bring about the evaporation and cooling of refrigerant
(D) exchange heat between the refrigerant and the air at that point（需回文中判断，不是flow restriction的作用）（C）
(E) reverse the direction of refrigerant flow when needed（回文中，The flow direction of refrigerant through a heat pump is controlled by valves.）
答案：C
23.
The author regards the notion that heat pumps have a genuine drawback as a（态度题，定位Unfortunately, there is one real problem）
(A) cause for regret
(B) sign of premature defeatism
(C) welcome challenge
(D) case of sloppy thinking（A）
(E) focus for an educational campaign
答案：A

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fiefuyt
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沙发

发表于 2009-9-10 18:55:53 |只看该作者

NO.6-B-L
In the early 1950’s, historians who studied preindustrial Europe (which we may define here as Europe in the period from roughly 1300 to 1800) began, for the first time in large numbers, to investigate more of the preindustrial European population than the 2 or 3 percent who comprised the political and social elite: the kings, generals, judges, nobles, bishops, and local magnates who had hitherto usually filled history books. One difficulty, however, was that few of the remaining 97 percent recorded their thoughts or had them chronicled by contemporaries. Faced with this situation, many historians based their investigations on the only records that seemed to exist: birth, marriage, and death records. As a result, much of the early work on the nonelite was aridly statistical in nature; reducing the vast majority of the population to a set of numbers was hardly more enlightening than ignoring them altogether. Historians still did not know what these people thought or felt.
One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the nonelite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants.（TS）
These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.” Historians such as Le Roy Ladurie have used the documents to extract case histories, which have illuminated the attitudes of different social groups (these attitudes include, but are not confined to, attitudes toward crime and the law) and have revealed how the authorities administered justice. It has been societies that have had a developed police system and practiced Roman law (Roman law: n.罗马法the legal system of the ancient Romans that includes written and unwritten law, is based on the traditional law and the legislation of the city of Rome, and in form comprises legislation of the assemblies, resolves of the senate, enactments of the emperors, edicts of the praetors, writings of the jurisconsults, and the codes of the later emperors), with its written depositions, whose court records have yielded the most data to historians. In Anglo-Saxon countries hardly any of these benefits obtain, but it has still been possible to glean information from the study of legal documents.
The extraction of case histories is not, however, the only use to which court records may be put. Historians who study preindustrial Europe have used the records to establish a series of categories of crime and to quantify indictments that were issued over a given number of years. This use of the records does yield some information about the nonelite, but this information gives us little insight into the mental lives of the nonelite. We also know that the number of indictments in preindustrial Europe bears little relation to the number of actual criminal acts, and we strongly suspect that the relationship has varied widely over time. In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the preindustrial period with rates in another decade. Given these inadequacies, it is clear why the case history use of court records is to be preferred.

21.
The author suggests that, before the early 1950’s, most historians who studied preindustrial Europe did which of the following?
定位在L1-9，文章开头说是in the early 1950’s，所以答案取非就可以了
(A) Failed to make distinctions among members of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
(B) Used investigatory methods that were almost exclusively statistical in nature.
(C) Inaccurately estimated the influence of the preindustrial European political and social elite.
(D) Confined their work to a narrow range of the preindustrial European population.（D）
(E) Tended to rely heavily on birth, marriage, and death records.
答案：D
22.
According to the passage, the case histories extracted by historians have （细节题，定位标记人名，Le Roy Ladurie该句）
(A) scarcely illuminated the attitudes of the political and social elite（文中未提）
(B) indicated the manner in which those in power apportioned justice
(C) focused almost entirely on the thoughts and feelings of different social groups toward crime and the law（文中未提）
(D) been considered the first kind of historical writing that utilized the records of legal courts（文中未提）（B）
(E) been based for the most part on the trial testimony of police and other legal authorities. (文中未提)
答案：B
23.
It can be inferred from the passage that much of the early work by historians on the European nonelite of the preindustrial period might have been more illuminating if these historians had（改进取非，定位TS句）
(A) used different methods of statistical analysis to investigate the nonelite
(B) been more successful in identifying the attitudes of civil authorities, especially those who administered justice, toward the nonelite
(C) been able to draw on more accounts, written by contemporaries of the nonelite, that described what this nonelite thought
(D) relied more heavily on the personal records left by members of the European political and social elite who lived during the period in question（C）
(E) been more willing to base their research on the birth, marriage, and death records of the nonelite
答案:C
24.
The author mentions Le Roy Ladurie (line 26) in order to(给定行数进行定位, One way out of this dilemma was to turn to the records of legal courts, for here the voices of the nonelite can most often be heard, as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants.（TS） These documents have acted as “a point of entry into the mental world of the poor.”
(A) give an example of a historian who has made one kind of use of court records
(B) cite a historian who has based case histories on the birth, marriage, and death records of the nonelite(与原文相反)
(C) identify the author of the quotation cited in the previous sentence（后面说不能深入到穷人精神世界）
(D) gain authoritative support for the view that the case history approach is the most fruitful approach to court records（未提）（A）
(E) point out the first historian to realize the value of court records in illuminating the beliefs and values of the nonelite（未提）
答案：A
25.
According to the passage, which of the following is true of indictments for crime in Europe in the preindustrial period?（细节题，定位: We also know that the number of indictments in preindustrial Europe bears litter relation to the number of actual criminal acts）
(A) They have, in terms of their numbers, remained relatively constant over time.(未提)
(B) They give the historian important information about the mental lives of those indicted.（未提）
(C) They are not a particularly accurate indication of the extent of actual criminal activity
(D) Their importance to historians of the nonelite has been generally overestimated. .（未提）
(E) Their problematic relationship to actual crime has not been acknowledged by most historians. （相反）（C）
26.
It can be inferred from the passage that a historian who wished to compare crime rates per thousand in a European city in one decade of the fifteenth century with crime rates in another decade of that century would probably be most aided by better information about which of the following?（推断题，定位：In addition, aggregate population estimates are very shaky, which makes it difficult for historians to compare rates of crime per thousand in one decade of the preindustrial period with rates in another decade.）
(A) The causes of unrest in the city during the two decades
(B) The aggregate number of indictments in the city nearest to the city under investigation during the two decades
(C) The number of people who lived in the city during each of the decades under investigation
(D) The mental attitudes of criminals in the city, including their feelings about authority, during each of the decades under investigation（C）
(E) The possibilities for a member of the city’s nonelite to become a member of the political and social elite during the two decades
答案：C
27.
The passage would be most likely to appear as part of（推理题，全文是关于历史研究方法的描述）
(A) a book review summarizing the achievements of historians of the European aristocracy（与原文相反）
(B) an essay describing trends in the practice of writing history
(C) a textbook on the application of statistical methods in the social sciences（不含文章内容）
(D) a report to the historical profession on the work of early-twentieth-century historians（时间不对）（B）
(E) an article urging the adoption of historical methods by the legal profession（文中未提）

答案：B

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