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标题: research proposal
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Research Proposal (2): Qualitative orientation

Crystal Loh Wai Ying; M. Phil Proposal; Dept. of Sociology, HKU.

(I) Proposed Title
(II) Introduction
(III) Brief Literature Review

Environmental Variables and Crime
Rational Choice
Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED)
(IV) Methodology

Participant Observation
Individual Interviews
Community Observation
Analysis of Official/Unofficial Statistic
(V) Proposed Research Time-Table
(VI) References

(I) Proposed Title

The Relationship between Juvenile Delinquency
and Environmental Variables in New Town, Tuen Mun

(II) Introduction

The problem of juvenile delinquency in Tuen Mun's new town' has become more and
more alarming in recent years. According to recent police statistics, the figure
of 662 recorded juvenile arrests in Tuen Mun was the highest among all police d
istricts in the territory in the first half of 1996. Such figures raise public c
oncern about the occurrence of juvenile delinquency in the context of planned ho
using in the new towns. A number of questions arise, such as: " Why does Tuen Mu
n suffer more Juvenile Delinquency than other places? " ; " Is the environment o
f Tuen Mun more favorable for Juvenile Delinquency than other places? " and " Ho
w far do the environmental features influence the chances of delinquency occurri
ng? ". Hence, the following hypothesis will be examined in my proposed study:

" The environment of Tuen Mun's new town invites and provides more opportunities
for juveniles to commit delinquency than other new towns and urban areas of HK.
"

I will compare juvenile delinquency in Tuen Mun's new town with two other areas
in order to make the study more interesting. The first area, also a new town, is
Tseung Kwan O, which has similar environmental features to Tuen Mun. The second
area, Kowloon City, is an urban district and has different characteristics to T
uen Mun.

I will employ the "environmental perspective" in my study in order to attempt to
explain the nature of juvenile delinquency. In addition, the related "situation
al crime prevention" approach which focuses on the "rational choice" of offender
s will also be critically used to supplement an understanding of the factors inv
olved in juvenile delinquency.

The following proposal presents the "What" and "How" of my study. Using the "env
ironmental" approach to study juvenile delinquency is a novel attempt in Hong Ko
ng; therefore, I will rely on the ideas and methods developed in the west by, fo
r example, Newman(1972), the Brantingham(1990) and Clarke and Felson(1993).

(III) Brief Literature Review

Environmental Variables and Crime

The work of the pre-world war II Chicago researchers Shaw and Mcay made a major
contribution to criminology by developing the "Ecological" approach to the under
standing of the interaction between society and environment in crime causation.
They theorized about social relations, urban social structure and their relation
ship with crime. Their study "Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas"(1942) showed
that high crime areas usually straddled the industrial zone which was character
ized by very high rates of residential turnover and low rates of home ownership.
Shaw and McKay explained this phenomenon by the theory of "social disorganizati
on". In short, they argued that differences in delinquency rates between areas w
as correlated with environmental variables like housing conditions, demographic
stability and ethnic/social status.

Later, a geographer Davidson (1981) tried to give a full explanation for the rel
ationship between environmental variables and crime. He classified environment i
nto two categories-- physical environment and social environment. Physical envir
onment referred to the structure and design of an area. For example, parks, leis
ure grounds, street patterns, commercial complexes and centers are the basic com
ponents of the physical environment. Social environment referred to a set of con
texts which form the basis for social interaction outside the home such as schoo
l, recreation and neighborhood. Davidson's study suggested how both the social a
nd physical environment provide opportunities for delinquency.

The latest studies about physical environment and crime by Taylor and Harrell (1
996) show how physical features like housing design or block layout, land use, t
erritorial features, and physical deterioration relate to crime risk. My study w
ill attempt to define and examine the pattern of such environmental variables in
Tuen Mun, Tseung Kwan O and Kowloon City. Differences in the kinds of environme
ntal factors found in the three study areas may provide hypothetically an explan
ation for differences in juvenile crime in Hong Kong.

Rational Choice

Clarke (1983, 1993) has applied the "rational choice" perspective to a range of
crimes. His studies examined how offenders think about a crime situation and how
they choose the most "suitable" environment and opportunity to operate in or ta
rget to select. It suggests that the environmental features of a place will prob
ably affect a potential offender's perceptions about a possible crime site, thei
r evaluations of the likelihood of success and the availability and visibility o
f guardians. (Clarke, 1983, 1993, Felson, 1994, Taylor and Harrell, 1996) Theref
ore, my study will explore how juvenile offenders perceive such environmental va
riables and test whether they commit delinquency in a rational fashion.

A study by Beavon (1984, cited in Felson,1994) demonstrated this rational choice
assumption by showing that a shop located in an area with more converging stree
ts suffered more crime than those located elsewhere. Because the street junction
s and intersections made the offender feel that it was more convenient to access
, escape and hide. With this kind of example in mind, my study seeks to find out
how similar sorts of environmental features in Tuen Mun influence juvenile deli
nquents to make this type of rational choice.

Crime Prevention Through Environment Design (CPTED)

CPTED studies provide numerous detailed description and explanations of the rela
tionship between crime and place with a view to minimize crime. For example, Jan
e Jacobs(1961) found a greater tendency for crime to occur in large publicly acc
essible areas created by the newer forms of urban planning. She pointed out that
the new forms of design broke down many of the traditional controls on criminal
behavior, for example, the ability of residents to watch the street and the pre
sence of people using the street both night and day. She suggested that the lack
of "natural guardianship" in the environment promoted crime. A decade later Osc
ar Newman (1972, 1980) contributed a seminal work on crime prevention and enviro
nment, using such concepts as "defensible space", "natural surveillance", and "c
ommunity of interest". Concerning the relationship between the prevalence or abs
ence of "guardianship" or "surveillance" and crime occurrence, my study will exa
mine whether the environment of Tuen Mun's new town provides insufficient "natur
al guardianship" compared to Kowloon City which leads to a high delinquency rate
.

Another major work on environmental criminology by Pat and Paul Brantingham (199
0) further developed the concept of CPTED. The Brantinghams' suggested that "rou
tine activity" such as the way the potential offenders live, work or go to schoo
l, and engage in leisure could influence the offenders to search for crime targe
ts. For example, places near McDonald's restaurants and 7-eleven stores where yo
uths like to gather after school may suffer more property crime than other place
s. Hence, the Brantinghams' suggested that schools should be kept away from shop
ping malls and convenience-stores so youths do not congregate at these places af
ter school or at lunch time. Such a change of space or place could reduce some d
elinquency such as shoplifting. My research following the Brantinghams' suggesti
on will examine and compare what sorts of places and why they are prone to high
juvenile crime in Tuen Mun.

(IV) Methodology

In order to test the hypothesis of the study and examine the main questions rais
ed, the following methodology will be employed.

Participant Observation

Participant observation with a group of juvenile delinquents or marginal youths
in Tuen Mun will be carried out. The aim is to collect more qualitative informat
ion about their life style and behaviour. Through cautious participation and obs
ervation of the juvenile delinquents' daily and routine activities, I hope to fi
nd out how their delinquent patterns have been influenced by environmental facto
rs. I propose to associate myself with Tuen Mun's juvenile delinquents through t
he help of the district outreaching social work team. I will ask them to introdu
ce me to their clients and rely on a "snowball effect" to approach more subjects
. This means making friends with one or more clients and then asking him/her to
introduce their friends to me.

Individual Interviews

Individual interviews by a way of structured questionnaire will also be used to
collect information about the juvenile delinquents' perception of the environmen
t. The interview is especially important for examining questions like "What kind
of environment could encourage juveniles to make the rational choice' to commit
delinquency?". I will also attempt to interview police officers and security gu
ards about the effectiveness of both natural and official "guardianship" in thes
e communities.

Community Observation

To collect information about the physical features of Tuen Mun, Tseung Kwan O an
d Kowloon City, systematic observations will be carried out. Through several com
munity surveys of the physical settings, I will measure the prevalence or absenc
e of environmental features suggested by CPTED as significant to crime control.
By comparing the physical environment of the three studied areas the different e
nvironmental influences on the opportunity for juvenile delinquency can be gauge
d.

Analysis of Official/Unofficial Statistic

In order to gain a fuller picture of the situation of juvenile delinquency in Tu
en Mun, Tseung Kwan O and Kowloon City, a comprehensive analysis of the official
statistics will also be undertaken. Besides official data, other sources of sta
tistical data produced by agencies such as District Social Service Center or You
th Committee and Hong Kong Census and Statistics Department (Crime Victim Survey
) will also be used. I will pay especial attention to information about the loca
tion of juvenile delinquency and the types of delinquency committed in particula
r places.

(V) Proposed Research Time-Table

Sept 1996----Apr 1997 : - Literature review

- Official contact with the outreaching social work team, RHKPF and other agenci
es- Community surveys of the three areas

- Design the questionnaires- Collection of official and unofficial statistic

May 1997----Jun 1997 :

- Statistical analysis of crime and place- Find the targets- Community observati
on (Tuen Mun)

Jul 1997----Sept 1997 : - Field Work

- 1st session Participant Observation of Tuen Mun's JD

Oct 1997----Nov 1997 : - Field Work

- Community observation (Kowloon City and Tseung Kwan O)- Interview the police o
fficers and security guards

Dec 1997----Feb 1998 : - Field Work

- 2nd session Participant Observation of Tuen Mun's JD

Mar 1998----Apr 1998 :

- Analysis of the data obtained from the field work

May 1998----Aug 1998 :

- Write the Thesis

(VI) References
1. Beavon, D.J.(1984) Crime and Environmental Opportunity Structure: The Influen
ce of Street Networks on the Patterning of Property Offenses Unpublished master'
s thesis, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada.

2. Brantingham, P.J.and Brantingham,P.L.(1990) Environmental Criminology. Prospe
ct Heights,IL: Waveland.

3. Clarke, R.V.(1983) "Situational Crime Prevention: Its Theoretical Basis and P
ractical Scope" in M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.) Crime and Justice: An Annual Revi
ew of Research Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

4. Clarke, R.V.and Felson, M.(1993) Routine Activity and Rational Choice; Advanc
es in Criminology Theory (Vol.5) New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.

5. Davidson, R.N.(1981) Crime and Environment London: Croom Helm.

6. Felson, M.(1994) Crime and Everyday Life: Insights and Implications for Socie
ty Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.

7. Jacobs,J.(1961) Death and Life of Great American Cities New York: Random Hous
e.

8. Newman, O. (1972) Defensible Space: Crime Prevention Through Urban Design New
York: Macmillan.

9. Newman, O. (1980) Community of Interest Garden City, NY: Anchor.

10. Shaw,C. and Mckay, H. (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas Chicago: U
niversity of Chicago Press.

11. Taylor, R.B. and Harrell, A.V. (1996) Physical Environment and Crime U.S.A.:
National Institute of Justice.

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沙发

发表于 2003-4-25 04:02:20 |只看该作者

Research Proposal (3): Qualitative orientation

Candy Leong Veng Mei, M.Phil Proposal in Criminology, Dept. of Sociology, HKU.

PROPOSED TITLE
INTRODUCTION
BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF MACAU AND STDM
THE RECENT TREND OF CRIME IN MACAU
LITERATURE REVIEW

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GAMBLING
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL (MICRO) ASPECTS OF GAMBLING

METHODOLOGY AND TIMETABLE
SECONDARY ANALYSIS
INTERVIEWS
TIMETABLE

DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

Proposed Title

The Casino State and Crime - Macau: A Case Study

INTRODUCTION

In this research, I would like to investigate the relationship between gambling
and crime. Let me first define my research topic, a casino state means a state o
r city where gambling, such as blackjack and fantan, has been legalized by the g
overnment; by the word crime I mean violent crimes which include murder, aggrava
ted assault and robbery. I have chosen Macau as a case study because Macau is pr
operly known as a casino state in Asia and has been called the "Monte Carlo of t
he Orient". A vast amount of government revenue in Macau is collected from the c
asinos in the form of taxes. Since 1988 more than 30% of government's public rev
enue and expenditure has been derived from gambling taxes (Table 1). In addition
, I also think that there is some specific link to Hong Kong. Firstly, many Hong
Kong residents come to Macau to gamble since gambling is prohibited in Hong Kon
g; secondly, some triads in Hong Kong do fight for profits gained from the casin
os in Macau. Moreover, the concerns about crime associated with the Macau casino
s is a sensitive topic during the handover of Macau because of the need to demon
strate stability and order. In this study, I will focus on the link between gamb
ling and crime in Macau. I will also investigate other issues such as the proble
ms of the regulation of gambling and policing. The followings are some hypothese
s (H) that I would like to investigate in this research:

H1 Casinos enhance violent crime.

H2 Less casino revenue and profits produce more violent crime.

H3 More violent crime in a casino state, like Macau, reflects weak law enforceme
nt.

H1, H2 and H3 investigate the socio-economic (macro) aspects of gambling. In ord
er to research H1, I will compare Macau with another casino state, such as Monte
Carlo or Las Vegas. H2 reveals the idea of competing for scarcity. As there is
less casino revenue, the intensity of crime will increase so that the social cos
ts will increase. H3 has something to do with the reporting theory and policing.
Macau has a special characteristic in which there is a strong community and peo
ple usually know each other very well, as a result, the people in Macau don't de
pend very much on the law enforcement system. The relationship between the polic
e force and triads in Macau is perhaps similar to Hong Kong during the 60s and 7
0s.

Another option is to investigate the psychological and sociological (micro) aspe
cts of gambling and I have set the following hypothesis.

H4 Gambling behavior (addiction) of adults produce more juvenile delinquency.

In doing H4, I may use the method of self-reported crime in investigating the ju
venile delinquency. I will also need to look at the cultural and sociological va
lues.

BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF MACAU AND STDM

The Portuguese came to Macau as early as 1535 and they traded in Macau, then fin
ally China ceded Macau to Portugal in 1887 under some treaty terms. It is locate
d on the western side of the Chu Chiang (Pearl River) Estuary, at the head of Kw
ang Chou (Canton) and stands opposite to Hong Kong. Together, they are called th
e Pearl River Delta. Macau has a total area of 23.5 square kilometers consisting
of the Macau Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island. The total population t
oday is about 650,000.

Since gambling is prohibited in Hong Kong and China, Macau attracts a large numb
er of tourists to its casinos, and is called the "Monte Carlo of the Orient". Al
l gambling is controlled by a government-licensed syndicate, Sociedade De Turism
o E Diversoes De Macau S.A.R.L. (STDM), which pays an annual tax of more than 4
billion dollars to the Macau government.

The history of gambling in Macau goes back as early as 1875. However, gambling h
as not been legalized until 1937 and it is not franchised at that time. Only in
1962, the government has granted STDM with the Gambling Franchise. Sociedade De
Turismo E Diversoes De Macau S.A.R.L (STDM), founded by Dr. Stanley Ho, plays a
key role in the development, prosperity and growth of Macau. STDM is the largest
commercial employer in Macau providing jobs for more than 10,000 people. The co
mpany was granted the exclusive Gambling Franchise in Macau since 1962, which wa
s extended in 1986 for another 15 years to 2001. The nine casinos operated by ST
DM have become the backbone of Macau tourism. The casinos offer games such as pa
i kau, fantan, blackjack and dice. There are also horse racing, dog racing and l
ottery. The annual income of STDM during 1978 and 1993 is given in Table 2.

THE RECENT TREND OF CRIME IN MACAU

Some crime statistics in Macau is given in Table 3. Over the last decade, the to
tal number of crime in Macau has increased from 4,717 in 1987 to 8,576 in 1996,
the increase is more than 80%. Crime rate per capita has increased from 14.11 pe
r 1,000 people in 1987 to 20.62 per 1,000 people in 1996. The major problem is p
ublic order offense as the percentage increase is almost 6 times in 1996. This c
reates a serious social problem, as these crimes will directly affect the reside
nts' daily life. They are worried about their life and property. The second high
est percentage increase is robbery in buildings as it has increased for almost 3
times in 1996, then followed by other crimes which has increased for more than
2 times in 1996. The smallest increase is street robbery with only 8.39%.

There is an upward trend in the number of crimes in Macau. The crime in Macau ha
s become more publicized, serious, vice and organized. There are more juvenile d
elinquents and female criminals. In addition, the triads who are fighting for th
e profit of the casinos commit most of the serious crime (especially murder) in
1997 and 1998.

However, the crime statistics may not be able to reflect the reality as some peo
ple may not report the crime because of the complicated procedures and time wast
ed; some victims may be tourists and they will just stay in Macau for a short pe
riod of time; some victims may be illegal immigrants so they don't report the cr
ime.

LITERATURE REVIEW

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GAMBLING

The literature review in this part is mainly about the socio-economic (macro) as
pects of gambling and is related to the first three hypotheses that I have set.

Some studies on "Casinos, crime, and real estate values: Do they relate?" were d
one in 1989 by Andrew J. Buck, Simon Hakim and Uriel Spiegel. The studies show t
hat gambling can serve as the engine for growth in the Atlantic City region, but
on the other hand, casinos will increase the level of crime significantly in th
at region. According to the studies, the sources of casino-related crime include
the temporary visitors, criminals who realize the new crime opportunities offer
ed by the casinos and the employees of the casinos. In addition, crime did not s
howed a particular spatial pattern in the pre-casino years 1972 to 1977 but this
emerged in the post-casino years 1978 to 1986. Andrew J. Buck has suggested in
his article that some follow-up studies may lead to important policy implication
s and public security measures.

Joseph Friedman, Simon Hakim and J. Weinblatt did another study in 1989 on "Casi
no gambling as a 'growth pole' strategy and its effect on crime." The studies sh
ow that crime in Atlantic City grew from 100.6 per 1000 people in 1977 to 353.7
in 1984. The highest percentage increase is in violent crimes, followed by burgl
aries and vehicle thefts. The lowest increase is in larcenies. In addition, the
increase in crime was not limited to Atlantic City itself; there was also a sign
ificant crime increase in the neighboring communities. Joseph Friedman has raise
d an interesting question: Does crime increase due to normal growth or does the
particular nature of the industry (casino gambling) cause additional crime? On t
he other hand, Friedman has suggested that casinos can serve as a "growth pole"
device from an economic point of view. Between 1978 and 1984, the casinos attrac
ted many visitors to Atlantic City. This had both direct and indirect income and
employment effects. Consumption by the tourists increases and the revenue of ho
tels also increased. The casino industry has invested more than $2.2 billion in
property and equipment, and $199 million for economic redevelopment and housing
investment in Atlantic City. Friedman has concluded that casinos can boost the e
conomy but also increase the level of crime. He suggested that a social cost-ben
efit analysis on casinos and crime should be done and might lead to a different
conclusion: that the social cost of crime may be high enough to outweigh the eco
nomic gain obtained from the casino. Besides, casinos may cause redistribution e
ffects. Residents of localities far away from the casinos may suffer from crime
spillover, while they may gain none or little development benefits generated by
the casinos.

These two studies support my first hypothesis: Casinos enhance violent crime.

PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL (MICRO) ASPECTS OF GAMBLING

A study on "Adolescent machine gambling and crime" is done by Tim Yeoman and Mar
k Griffiths in 1990. This survey was done in Plymouth with the aim to find out w
hether there was any relationship between criminal activity (theft) and gambling
machine use. The police officers collected information from 1851 juvenile offen
ders. The results show that there is little evidence showing that children and a
dolescents who gamble on fruit machines may engage themselves in stealing in ord
er to fund their habit. The study also showed that many juveniles with heavy gam
ing machine use came from families who are less fortunate and they usually have
poor relationships with their families.

METHODOLOGY AND TIMETABLE

I intend to use secondary analysis and interviews for the data collection of my
research. The reasons for that are direct observation will be dangerous and diff
icult because I may need to deal with the triad members who are in charge of the
gambling tables, surveys will be quite difficult as well since it may involve d
oing surveys on the triad members who have dominated most of the casinos in Maca
u.

SECONDARY ANALYSIS

Since direct observation is not very accessible in the casinos, secondary analys
is is more preferable. The sources that I would use include archives, newspaper,
magazine articles, and law enforcement agency files. I will try to choose the s
ources which are more objective. I will adopt the econometric methods to find th
e correlation between crime and gambling revenue and profits in accordance to my
second hypothesis.

INTERVIEWS

Interviews will enable me to do most of the qualitative part of my research, and
the information gained here is usually more realistic. I plan to interview some
police officers, some owners of gambling tables in the casinos, some administra
tive employees of STDM, some reporters and journalists, some officers in the Aut
oridade Monetaria E Cambial De Macau (Gambling Authority), some prisoners who ha
ve some connections with the casinos, some gambling addictors in Macau and Hong
Kong and if possible, the ex-triad members in Macau and Hong Kong.

I have chosen to interview the above people that I have mentioned because of the
following reasons:

* the police officers can provide further data that I cannot get from the Macau
Census and Statistics Department. They can also help me to examine the law enfor
cement system and give me some ideas on the organized crime of Macau.

* the owners of gambling tables in the casinos and the administrative employees
of STDM serve as the insight sources and enable me to understand how the casinos
operate.

* the reporters and journalists can give me some information from a different po
int of view since they represent the communication media.

* the officers in the AMCM (Gambling Authority) can give me some ideas on the re
gulation of gambling and how the government manage the Gambling Franchise.

* the prisoners and ex-triad members can give some information on the illegal ac
tivities associated with gambling and also enable me to understand more about or
ganized crime in Macau, and maybe some of the secret rules of those triads. (Sub
ject to permission to do so)

* the gambling addictors can help me to understand more about the idea of addict
ion and morality of gambling and also the effects on the gamblers' family and so
ciety.

TIMETABLE

I will spend about 200 hours per month on my studies. I plan to spend the first
nine months developing my proposal and methodology and completing the literature
review. During this time, I will also attend some relevant courses in the Maste
r of Social Sciences in Criminology suggested by my supervisor. Then I plan to s
pend about four to six months in Macau obtaining statistics and doing interviews
. I will spend four months in Macau so as to do some intensive fieldwork, then I
may go to Macau again in 2000 for a few months to do some follow-up jobs as wel
l.

Since I may be doing part of my research in Macau, I would like to apply for the
research grant so as to assist me in the transportation costs.

September 1998 - May 1999

* Develop proposal and methodology and complete the literature review

* Attend some relevant courses in the Master of Social Sciences in Criminology

* Obtain relevant published statistics

June 1999 - September 1999 * Intensive fieldwork in Macau
October 1999 - December 1999 * Analysis the statistics and data obtained
January 2000 - February 2000 * Follow-up interviews and fieldwork in Macau
March 2000 - August 2000 * Mainly work on the thesis

DISCUSSION

Since the past studies have suggested that casino gambling has a positive effect
on crime, especially on violent crimes so I would like to investigate this issu
e in Macau. In my opinion, although Macau is a casino state, it is not like othe
r countries since the government, the police, the triads and Dr. Stanley Ho have
some kind of hidden agreements so that Macau may appear to be more peaceful com
pared with Atlantic City.

I think those news and issues about murdering committed by the triads in the cas
inos, and the war between the triads and the police officers in Macau are import
ant for my study and the questions I raise. Another issue that interests me is t
he arresting of Wan Kuok Koi who has almost all the control of the gambling tabl
es in the casinos in Macau.

Macau begins to have published official statistics on crime only in 1987 and the
re has been very little research and analysis on crime in Macau. The crime stati
stics obtained from the Macau Census and Statistics Department are not detailed
and are very limited. Therefore, I will try to contact other government departme
nts such as the Police Department and the AMCM for their annual reports for addi
tional data. If possible, I will try to go further back and find data in the 195
0s, 60s and 70s.

But I believe that I would have an advantage of obtaining more insight informati
on about STDM and the casinos because my mother has been working in the casinos
for 27 years and my grandparents are also ex-employees of STDM.

CONCLUSION

To conclude, Macau is a casino state which is quite different from those in Aust
ralia and America because the government revenue in Macau depends very much on t
he gambling taxes and most of the infrastructure projects (international airport
, deep-water port, new Macau-Taipa bridge and reclamation and development in Pra
ia Grande Bay) are financed by STDM. As a result, the government may sometimes n
eed to compromise with the casinos and triads so as to maintain its revenue. Bes
ides, some police officers may also corrupt and profit from the casinos. Recentl
y, the relationship between the triads and the police officers seems to be upset
because of less revenue in the casinos and the handover of Macau in 1999. My re
search will mainly concentrate on the relationship of crime and gambling in Maca
u. I may also investigate other issues such as the problem of regulation of the
Gambling Franchise and the policing in Macau.

I have set three hypotheses on the macro aspects of gambling and also an option
hypothesis on the micro aspects of gambling. Past studies have showed a positive
relationship between casino gambling and crime and that casinos can stimulate e
conomic growth. The methods that I plan to use are mainly secondary analysis and
interviews. Some current events in Macau concerning the war between the police
officers and the triads and the arresting of Wan Kuok Koi are also important for
my studies because they may have hidden agreements in the past. The triads usua
lly have some connections with the casinos or other associated illegal activitie
s. Since not much research on crime is done in Macau, the major difficulty will
be data collection.

REFERENCES

Andrew J. Buck, Joseph Deutsch, Simon Hakim, Uriel Spiegel and J. Weinblatt, "A
Von Thunen Model of Crime, Casinos and Property Values in New Jersey", Urban Stu
dies, Vol. 28, No. 5, 1991, p.673-686.

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