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[经验思考] 结合argument的定义看文章的构造 [复制链接]

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发表于 2010-3-21 18:41:57 |显示全部楼层
本帖最后由 紫陌纤尘o0 于 2010-10-11 10:03 编辑

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写在前面:我们都知道AW的一休部分其实就是要我们来写一篇argument来论证自己的立场,这里说是一篇不如说是由几个小的arguments综合成一个大的argument。我们的一休论述应该是遵循这么个原则:每段的主题句(Topic Sentences)支持全文主旨(Thesis Statement),各段的例证和论述支持每段的主题句。这种层层服务的关系是一篇议论文写作的一个框架,我们在写文章或者改别人文章,甚至做阅读的时候遵循这个基本框架还是有必要的,简单画个图来表示:





那么我们应该写出什么样子的argument呢?仔细想想,我们常见的argument是阿狗部分,而这恰恰又是错误百出的argument,是让我们来批判的,并没有给我们示范什么是一个好的argument。而我们所写的一休也无非是拿到rater哪里被当作阿狗来看。因此,明白argument的具体含义与要求对我们写作issue来说是非常必要的。那么接下来就结合这篇文章,谈谈什么是argument




What is an argument?




When people create and critique arguments, it's helpful to understand what an argument is and is not. Sometimes an argument is seen as a verbal fight, but that is not what is meant in these discussions. Sometimes a person thinks they are offering an argument when they are only providing assertions.




首段指出的argument的定义与我们在AW中的要求是一致的:一个argument必须有支持它的论述。



Then, make notes about the position you want to develop and list the main reasons and examples that you could use to support that position.




You will not be expected to know specific critical thinking or writing terms or strategies; instead, you should be able to use reasons, evidence, and examples to support your position on an issue.





Perhaps the simplest explanation of what an argument is comes from Monty Python’s Argument Clinic sketch:


An argument is a connected series of statements intended to establish a definite proposition. ...an argument is an intellectual process... contradiction is just the automatic gainsaying of anything the other person says.





所谓argument是一系列相互联系的以建立一个确定的观点为目的的陈述。




This may have been a comedy sketch, but it highlights a common misunderstanding: to offer an argument, you cannot simply make a claim or gainsay what others claim.


An argument is a deliberate attempt to move beyond just making an assertion. When offering an argument, you are offering a series of related statements which represent an attempt to support that assertion — to give others good reasons to believe that what you are asserting is true rather than false.




Here are examples of assertions:


1. Shakespeare wrote the play Hamlet.
2. The Civil War was caused by disagreements over slavery.
3. God exists.
4. Prostitution is immoral.




这里所有的论述都是和上面引用的intro所一致的。我们经常在修改别人的作文或者自己的作文被改的时候会看到某个观点来得很突然,前面没有铺垫,后面也没有解释,就会感觉思维跳跃,逻辑不严密,这正是问题所在,因为那个观点不是作为argument来出现的,只是个assertion




Sometimes you hear such statements referred to as propositions. Technically speaking, a proposition is the informational content of any statement or assertion. To qualify as a proposition, a statement must be capable of being either true or false.


The above represent positions people hold, but which others may disagree with. Merely making the above statements does not constitute an argument, no matter how often one repeats the assertions. To create an argument, the person making the claims must offer further statements which, at least in theory, support the claims. If the claim is supported, the argument is successful; if the claim is not supported, the argument fails.



这一段话基本就说明了关于argument的所有问题。一个论断你就算再怎么强调它是正确的,那也只是你自己的看法,别人可能不同意,要想让别人信服,你必须提供进一步的论述,至少是从理论上去支持你的观点。与上述引用的intro中的要求一致。



This is the purpose of an argument: to offer reasons and evidence for the purpose of establishing the truth value of a proposition, which can mean either establishing that the proposition is true or establishing that the proposition is false. If a series of statements does not do this, it isn’t an argument.

Another aspect of understanding arguments is to examine the parts. An argument can be broken down into three major components: premises, inferences and a conclusion.



一个argument的组成三要素premises, inferences and a conclusion在intro中是这样体现的:



• what is offered as evidence, support, or proof
• what is explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded
• what is assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof
• what is not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated




Premises are statements of (assumed) fact which are supposed to set forth the reasons and/or evidence for believing a claim. The claim, in turn, is the conclusion: what you finish with at the end of an argument. When an argument is simple, you may just have a couple of premises and a conclusion:


1. Doctors earn a lot of money. (premise)
2. I want to earn a lot of money. (premise)
3. I should become a doctor. (conclusion)


Premise的定义对应于上边引用的第一条和第二条。



Inferences are the reasoning parts of an argument. Conclusions are a type of inference, but always the final inference. Usually an argument will be complicated enough to require inferences linking the premises with the final conclusion:


1. Doctors earn a lot of money. (premise)
2. With a lot of money, a person can travel a lot. (premise)
3. Doctors can travel a lot. (inference, from 1 and 2)
4. I want to travel a lot. (premise)
5. I should become a doctor. (from 3 and 4)


Inferences的定义对应于上边引用的第三条和第四条。




Here we see two different types of claims which can occur in an argument. The first is a factual claim, and this purports to offer evidence. The first two premises above are factual claims and usually not much time is spent on them — either they are true or they are not.



作为事实性论述的内容不需要花费时间去论述。这点,在一休和阿狗中都有所体现。分别举例来谈谈。



119The following is a letter to the editor of the Waymarsh Times.

"Traffic problems here in Waymarsh are obviously reaching record levels. While just three months ago it would take me 15 minutes to get to work, it now takes closer to 25. Waymarsh should follow the example of our neighboring city Gearsville. Last year, Gearsville implemented a policy that rewards people who share rides to work with coupons for free gas. Pollution levels in Gearsville have dropped since the policy was implemented, and several friends who live in Gearsville tell me that their trip to work is quicker than it used to be. With the terrible traffic and high pollution in Waymarsh, we must implement a policy similar to Gearsville's."



这里我用蓝色标出来的就是事实性的论据,你不需要去进行分析。有的人喜欢一上手就批判数据,这也是XDF的方式之一,所有的数据先质疑一下它的可靠性。像这样的作为事实性的数据是完全没有必要去质疑它的准确性的,重点在后面。而且,有些题目的数据是可以作为批驳点的,但是我还没有见过可以作为关键点的,都是可说可不说的点,放在最后实在想不到批驳点再说数据。我们看看intro中是如何说关于数据的问题的:



It is important to remember that you are not being asked to do a mathematical task with the numbers, percentages, or statistics. Instead you should evaluate these as evidence that is intended to support the conclusion.



Remember that any numbers, percentages, or statistics in Argument topics are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider whether they actually support the conclusion.



这是intro中对数据部分的说明,仔细看看,是要求我们一看见数据不管三七二十一就先批它的可靠性么?


什么样的数据我们应该去批驳呢?应该怎样去批驳呢?intro也给了我们例子:



For example, an argument might claim that a certain community event is less popular this year than it was last year because only 100 people attended this year in comparison with 150 last year, a 33 percent decline in attendance.



Consider the claim that the drama club at a school deserves more funding because its
membership has increased by 100 percent. This 100 percent increase could be significant if there had been
100 members and now there are 200 members, whereas the increase would be much less significant if there
had been 5 members and now there are 10.



以上是关于阿狗中事实性问题的说明,再看看一休中的相关问题:



17."There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."



第一句就是个事实性的问题,我们根本没有必要去投入精力去说明它承认laws有just和unjust之分就好了。我见过有的人写这篇文章,先解释半天这个law的类型划分,最后还能得出个小结论,这种划分是合理的。这是完全没有必要的嘛,重点当然是放在后面遵守法律上了。



The second type is an inferential claimit expresses the idea that some matter of fact is related to the sought-after conclusion. This is the attempt to link the factual claim to the conclusion in such a way as to support the conclusion. The third statement above is an inferential claim because it infers from the previous two statements that doctors can travel a lot.


Without an inferential claim, there would be no clear connection between the premises and the conclusion. It is rare to have an argument where inferential claims play no role. Sometimes you will come across an argument where inferential claims are needed, but missing — you won’t be able to see the connection from factual claims to conclusion and will have to ask for them.



可以看出inferntial claim就是指一些推论。在阿狗的题目中,几乎所以的题目都有inferntial claim,直接由一堆例子得出一个结论的比较少。



Assuming such inferential claims really are there, you will be spending most of your time on them when evaluating and critiquing an argument. If the factual claims are true, it is with the inferences that an argument will stand or fall, and it is here where you will find fallacies committed.



这里就提到了我们阿狗中应该去批驳的地方,就是这些推论,一个阿狗题目是由一条逻辑链串起来的,而inferential就是每一环的链接处,而actual claim其实就是每个环,我们要想攻破这条链,当然是从它的链接处不太牢固的地方入手呀。




Unfortunately, most arguments aren’t presented in such a logical and clear manner as the above examples, making them difficult to decipher sometimes. But every argument which really is an argument should be capable of being reformulated in such a manner. If you cannot do that, then it is reasonable to suspect that something is wrong.




可见,在清楚地认识到argument的含义后,对一休的写作有指导性的作用,同时也给我们提供了阿狗的突破思路,让我们可以抓住重点,尽量展现对逻辑的构造分析有作用的内容。希望这长篇大论可以使大家对整个AW写作有个整体的明确的认识。



                                                                                                                                                        ——紫陌纤尘


已有 5 人评分寄托币 声望 收起 理由
林子秋枫 + 1 赞一个!
zberr + 1 谢谢分享
海王泪 + 5 + 4 不错不错~哈
Bela1229 + 20 + 5 谢谢分享
kejan + 1 支持!

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发表于 2010-3-21 19:05:03 |显示全部楼层
支持!:)
哈哈无意间发现,你的名字中有个“尘”,喜欢
我昨天也写了一下注意点,前辈帮忙看一下有什么需要注意的
提醒自己
           1、issue是一篇立论文
           2、观点没有限制   (可以通过对题目加些限定词或者对题目做点小手术得出自己的观点)
           3、文章要有说服力(不是靠例子的堆积而是靠讲透彻来增强说服力)
         
           4、argument是篇驳论文
           5、 观点不重要
           6 、对主要错误分析透彻(不是简单罗列,需要好好阐明)
     写issue和argument的时候尽量把考官想成小孩就行,记住,自己是在给小孩说理,务必说清楚,别玩跳跃。
为了梦想,没有退路,勇往直前,永不放弃!

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发表于 2010-3-23 16:32:00 |显示全部楼层
5、 观点不重要


这个值得商讨,别的都不错。
心大了,事情就小了。

如果受了伤就喊一声痛,
真的说出来就不会太难过。
不去想自由,
反而更轻松,
愿意感动孤独单不忐忑。
生活啊生活啊,
会快乐也会寂寞,
生活啊生活啊,
明天我们好好的过。

爱生活,爱寄托。
一直在这里。我爱你们。

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发表于 2010-8-11 00:55:34 |显示全部楼层
幸福就在身边,一点一滴。

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发表于 2010-8-11 00:57:18 |显示全部楼层
建议楼主,把这许多东西最后总结一下,这样就更清楚了~
懒人就方便多了~
幸福就在身边,一点一滴。

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发表于 2010-10-13 08:38:41 |显示全部楼层
第4篇~~:victory:

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发表于 2012-9-13 01:38:02 |显示全部楼层
发人深省,被扫盲的感觉真好,,,

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发表于 2012-12-11 10:05:45 |显示全部楼层
好贴!

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发表于 2014-11-21 22:37:05 |显示全部楼层

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RE: 结合argument的定义看文章的构造 [修改]
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结合argument的定义看文章的构造
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