生化考试大纲及试卷组成

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I. BIOCHEMISTRY — 36%

• Chemical and Physical Foundations
  • Thermodynamics and kinetics
  • Redox states
  • Water, pH, acid-base reactions and buffers
  • Solutions and equilibria
  • Solute-solvent interactions
  • Chemical interactions and bonding
  • Chemical reaction mechanisms
          
• Structural Biology: Structure, Assembly, Organization and Dynamics
  • Small molecules
  • Macromolecules (e.g., nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins and complex Lipids)
  • Supramolecular complexes (e.g., membranes, ribosomes and multienzyme complexes)
          
• Catalysis and Binding
  • Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics
  • Ligand-protein interaction (e.g., hormone receptors, substrates and effectors, transport proteins and antigen-antibody interactions)
          
• Major Metabolic Pathways
  • Carbon, nitrogen and sulfur assimilation
  • Anabolism
  • Catabolism
  • Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules
          
• Bioenergetics (including respiration and photosynthesis)
  • Energy transformations at the substrate level
  • Electron transport
  • Proton and chemical gradients
  • Energy coupling (e.g., phosphorylation and transport)
          
• Regulation and Integration of Metabolism
  • Covalent modification of enzymes
  • Allosteric regulation
  • Compartmentalization
  • Hormones
          
• Methods
  • Biophysical approaches (e.g., spectroscopy, x-ray, crystallography, mass spectroscopy)
  • Isotopes
  • Separation techniques (e.g., centrifugation, chromatography and electrophoresis)
  • Immunotechniques
          

II. CELL BIOLOGY — 28%
        Methods of importance to cellular biology, such as fluorescence probes (e.g., FRAP, FRET and GFP) and imaging, will be covered as appropriate within the context of the content below.

• Cellular Compartments of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Organization, Dynamics and Functions
  • Cellular membrane systems (e.g., structure and transport across membrane)
  • Nucleus (e.g., envelope and matrix)
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts (e.g., biogenesis and evolution)
          
• Cell Surface and Communication
  • Extracellular matrix (including cell walls)
  • Cell adhesion and junctions
  • Signal transduction
  • Receptor function
  • Excitable membrane systems
          
• Cytoskeleton, Motility and Shape
  • Regulation of assembly and disassembly of filament systems
  • Motor function, regulation and diversity
          
• Protein, Processing, Targeting and Turnover
  • Translocation across membranes
  • Posttranslational modification
  • Intracellular trafficking
  • Secretion and endocytosis
  • Protein turnover (e.g., proteosomes, lysosomes, damaged protein response)
          
• Cell Division, Differentiation and Development
  • Cell cycle, mitosis and cytokinesis
  • Meiosis and gametogenesis
  • Fertilization and early embryonic development (including positional information, homeotic genes, tissue-specific expression, nuclear and cytoplasmic interactions, growth factors and induction, environment, stem cells and polarity)

III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS — 36%

• Genetic Foundations
  • Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance
  • Transformation, transduction and conjugation
  • Recombination and complementation
  • Mutational analysis
  • Genetic mapping and linkage analysis
          
• Chromatin and Chromosomes
  • Karyotypes
  • Translocations, inversions, deletions and duplications
  • Aneuploidy and polyploidy
  • Structure
  • Epigenetics
          
• Genomics
  • Genome structure
  • Repeated DNA and gene families
  • Gene identification
  • Transposable elements
  • Bioinformatics
  • Proteomics
  • Molecular evolution
          
• Genome Maintenance
  • DNA replication
  • DNA damage and repair
  • DNA modification
  • DNA recombination and gene conversion
          
• Gene Expression
  • The genetic code
  • Transcription/transcriptional profiling
  • RNA processing
  • Translation
          
• Gene Regulation
  • Positive and negative control of the operon
  • Promoter recognition by RNA polymerases
  • Attenuation and antitermination
  • Cis-acting regulatory elements
  • Trans-acting regulatory factors
  • Gene rearrangements and amplifications
  • Small non-coding RNA (e.g., siRNA, microRNA)
          
• Viruses
  • Genome replication and regulation
  • Virus-host interactions
          
• Methods
  • Restriction maps and PCR
  • Nucleic acid blotting and hybridization
  • DNA cloning in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  • Sequencing and analysis
  • Protein-nucleic acid interaction
  • Transgenic organisms
  • Microarrays