TPO 阅读正观 探讨贴

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楼主高龄toefl考者，岁月蹉跎记忆衰退，几次考试阅读都不见涨，泪两行。
发此贴意在总结与运用寄托在过去的多年里，各个前辈得出的经验，以做题探讨作为媒介，同大家一起形成正确的阅读做题思路。之前也有托友这么做过，但自己写下来应该会有更多的收获吧，每天会争取发1或2个tpo的阅读分析，重点在寻找每一题背后第思考过程。从TPO 7开始吧
每篇阅读标题后的题号都是楼主不明白的题，求探讨指教，若解决后会自动更新
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TPO 7  

The Geologic History of the Mediterranean
问题：第4，8题

Paragraph 1: In 1970 geologists Kenneth J. Hsu and William B.F. Ryan were collecting research data while aboard the oceanographic research vessel Glomar Challenger. An objective of this particular cruise was to investigate the floor of the Mediterranean and to resolve questions about its geologic history. One question was related to evidence that the invertebrate fauna (animals without spines) of the Mediterranean had changed abruptly about 6 million years ago. Most of the older organisms were nearly wiped out, although a few hardy species survived. A few managed to migrate into the Atlantic. Somewhat later, the migrants returned, bringing new species with them. Why did the near extinction and migrations occur?

1.        The word “objective” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○achievement
○requirement
○purpose
○feature

2.        Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as a change that occurred in the fauna of the Mediterranean?
○Most invertebrate species disappeared during a wave of extinctions.
○A few hardy species wiped out many of the Mediterranean’s invertebrates.
○Some invertebrates migrated to Atlantic Ocean.
○New species of fauna populated the Mediterranean when the old migrants returned.
分析： 原文，排除可得 B

Paragraph 3: With question such as these clearly before them, the scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger processed to the Mediterranean to search for the answers. On August 23, 1970, they recovered a sample. The sample consisted of pebbles of hardened sediment that had once been soft, deep-sea mud, as well as granules of gypsum and fragments of volcanic rock. Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the pebbles came from the nearby continent. In the days following, samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats. Sediment above and below the gypsum layer contained tiny marine fossils, indicating open-ocean conditions. As they drilled into the central and deepest part of the Mediterranean basin, the scientists took solid, shiny, crystalline salt from the core barrel. Interbedded with the salt were thin layers of what appeared to be windblown silt.

3.        What does the author imply by saying “Not a single pebble was found that might have indicated that the
pebbles came from the nearby continent”?
○The most obvious explanation for the origin of the pebbles was not supported by the evidence.
○The geologists did not find as many pebbles as they expected.
○The geologists were looking for a particular kind of pebble.
○The different pebbles could not have come from only one source.
分析： 先看段落主旨： 描述了挖掘过程得到的证据， 貌似无果。。在看小范围，句子之前提到挖到了三类存在陆地成分的石头，与划线句子的结论存在矛盾。  A ，第四段开始提出对现象的假设，第三段是矛盾现象。。B 没说在期待什么pebble C 没说在找什么pebble D 并非作者写这句话的目的
结论： 还是要从段落结构和文章结构把握。。

4．Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about the solid gypsum layer?
○It did not contain any marine fossil.
○It had formed in open-ocean conditions.
○It had once been soft, deep-sea mud.
○It contained sediment from nearby deserts.
这题的思路比较不确定，求讨论： A 不存在any marine fossil， 虽然原文提到gypsum layer上下层都发现了marine fossil， 但直接反推gypsum layer绝对没有fossil是否过于绝对？  B 说了是在大陆环境形成的  C 挖海底表面的时候才提起soft mud  D 原文说 Samples of solid gypsum were repeatedly brought on deck as drilling operations penetrated the seafloor. Furthermore, the gypsum was found to possess peculiarities of composition and structure that suggested it had formed on desert flats.，是否是直接的证据，不存在infer,所以错误？  
结论： infer题警惕原文照搬选项?????

5. Select the TWO answer choice from paragraph 3 that identify materials discovered in the deepest part of the Mediterranean basin. To receive credit you must select TWO answers.
○Volcanic rock fragments.
○Thin silt layers
○Soft, deep-sea mud
○Crystalline salt
分析: 原文题。。

6. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
○To describe the physical evidence collected by Hsu and Ryan
○To explain why some of the questions posed earlier in the passage could not be answered by the findings of the Glomar Challenger
○To evaluate techniques used by Hsu and Ryan to explore the sea floor
○To describe the most difficult problems faced by the Glomar Challenger expedition
分析：段落目的题： 第四段开始formulate a hypothesis 了， 第三段是客观的现象描述：A 对， B 没有直接说会打不了  C 没这么讲吧。。D 接下来并没有讲最难得问题。。
结论：要结合上下文，从文章结构来来定这段的目的。。

Paragraph 4: The time had come to formulate a hypothesis. The investigators theorized that about 20 million years ago, the Mediterranean was a broad seaway linked to the Atlantic by two narrow straits. Crustal movements closed the straits, and the landlocked Mediterranean began to evaporate. Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species. Only a few organisms especially tolerant of very salty conditions remained. As evaporation continued, the remaining brine (salt water) became so dense that the calcium sulfate of the hard layer was precipitated. In the central deeper part of the basin, the last of the brine evaporated to precipitate more soluble sodium chloride (salt). Later, under the weight of overlying sediments, this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt domes. Before this happened, however, the Mediterranean was a vast desert 3,000 meters deep. Then, about 5.5 million years ago came the deluge. As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting, the Strait of Gibraltar, where the Mediterranean now connects to the Atlantic, opened, and water cascaded spectacularly back into the Mediterranean. Turbulent waters tore into the hardened salt flats, broke them up, and ground them into the pebbles observed in the first sample taken by the Challenger. As the basin was refilled, normal marine organisms returned. Soon layer of oceanic ooze began to accumulate above the old hard layer.

7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following was responsible for the evaporation of the Mediterranean’s waters?
○The movements of Earth’s crust
○The accumulation of sediment layers
○Changes in the water level of the Atlantic Ocean
○Changes in Earth’s temperature
解释： 细节题，见绿色

8. The word “scores” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○members
○large numbers
○populations
○different types
额，这道。。求问，这里的scores是重在强调数量的意思，为什么C 不对呢？

9. According to paragraph 4, what caused most invertebrate species in the Mediterranean to become extinct?
○The evaporation of chemicals necessary for their survival
○Crustal movements that connected the Mediterranean to the saltier Atlantic
○The migration of new species through the narrow straits
○Their inability to tolerate the increasing salt content of the Mediterranean
分析： 细节题，Increasing salinity caused by the evaporation resulted in the extermination of scores of invertebrate species.

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The strait of Gibraltar reopened when the Mediterranean and the Atlantic became connected and the cascades of water from one sea to the other caused crustal adjustments and faulting.
○The Mediterranean was dramatically refilled by water from the Atlantic when crustal adjustments and faulting opened the Strait of Gibraltar, the place where the two seas are joined.
○The cascades of water from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean were not as spectacular as the crustal adjustments and faulting that occurred when the Strait of Gibraltar was connected to those seas.
○As a result of crustal adjustments and faulting and the creation of the Strait of Gibraltar, the Atlantic and Mediterranean were connected and became a single sea with spectacular cascades of water between them.
   
11. The word “Turbulent” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○Fresh
○Deep
○Violent
○Temperate

Paragraph 2 ■Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.
Where would the sentence best fit?(3)
分析： 信息关键点：Thus，（因果关系） ， shape， chemical composition。   位置三合适，前面讲用声呐测量，但没有实际钻入探测，逻辑与意义双符合。

13．Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

An expedition to the Mediterranean answered some long-standing questions about the ocean’s history.
●The Glomar Challenger…
●Samples recovered from…
●Evidence collected by…

Answer choices
○The Glomar Challenger expedition investigated changes in invertebrate fauna and some unusual geologic features. （第一段主旨）
○Researchers collected fossils to determine which new species migrated from the Atlantic with older species.（没收集fossil，也没这么说）
○Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger were the first to discover the existence of domelike masses underneath the seafloor.（没这么说）
○Samples recovered from the expedition revealed important differences in chemical composition and fossil distribution among the sediment layers. （第三段主旨）
○Evidence collected by the Glomar Challenger supports geologists' beliefs that the Mediterranean had evaporated and become a desert, before it refilled with water.（第四段主旨）
○Mediterranean salt domes formed after crustal movements opened the straits between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean refilled with water.（dome 是在refill with water 之前形成的）


第一段：  两个问题： 研究海床，研究历史
第二段： 有个dome
第三段： 实地探测，发现海底实际层次结构
第四段： 假设，整个地貌形成的过程
第五段： 探测为研究提供了证据
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Ancient Rome and Greece
问题：第4，7题

Paragraph 1: There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment—on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.

1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○The regularity and power of stone walls inspired Romans attempting to unify the parts of their realm.
○Although the Romans used different types of designs when building their walls, they used regular controls to maintain their realm.
○Several types of control united the Roman realm, just as design and cement held Roman walls together.
○Romans built walls to unite the various parts of their realm into a single entity, which was controlled by powerful laws.
分析： 原句关键点： 罗马石墙由规整设计以及特强水泥制成，正如（并列类比关系）其强大的专制政权由对物质以及精神的统治构成。 A，inspire（上下关系错误）B， Although（并非对比） C， 正确 D， 对原句误读，失去类比关系。
总结： 对原句逻辑关系对应的把握可排除大部分错误选项。

2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are controls that held together the Roman world EXCEPT
○ administrative and legal systems
○ the presence of the military
○ a common language
○ transportation networks
分析：原文找对应
总结：出现明显的细节陈述存在细节排查考点。

Paragraph 2: The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome’s early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.


3. The phrase “obsession with” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ thinking about
○ fixation on
○ interest in
○ attitude toward


4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT characteristic of Rome’s early development?(A)
○Expansion by sea invasion
○Territorial expansion
○Expansion from one original settlement
○Expansion through invading armies
分析：这题做对了，但解释不清楚，求教： A，expansion by sea invasion 在原文中说希腊和罗马差距没有那么大时，提到Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. 不是也提及罗马也是通过海战来扩张过么。其次，B和D选项的意思很接近。
总结：意思接近证明都对？或者A因为提及希腊是擅长海军的就反推罗马海上扩张不对？

5. Why does the author mention “Alexander the Great” in the passage?
○To acknowledge that Greek civilization also expanded by land conquest
○To compare Greek leaders to Roman leaders
○To give an example of Greek leader whom Romans studied
○To indicate the superior organization of the Greek military
分析：看本段主旨，讲罗马对于整体和连续的癖好，和其早期的背景有关。 那提及希腊怎么怎么，必然是正面说明or对比反面说明罗马怎么怎么。 A，承认希腊也扩张  B， 对比，没讲出目的 C Greek leader 没提及 D， 讲AtG的目的是说明罗马在也通过海军进行扩张，不是Greek military
总结： 文中大量对比手法，会出考题。先找段落主旨，然后想信息与主旨的关系再下手

Paragraph 3: Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.

6. The word “fostered” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ accepted
○ combined
○ introduced
○ encouraged

7. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium?
○ Their economy was based on trade relations with other settlements.
○ They held different values than the people of Rome.
○ Agriculture played a significant role in the society.
○ They possessed unusual knowledge of animal instincts.
分析： 做对了，但觉得好勉强，求问   A 没提到内容 B 没提到内容 C 是因为提到landed property ？ D 没提到
总结： 选不出来用排除法。

Paragraph 4: Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”

8. Paragraph 4 indicates that some historians admire Roman civilization because of
○ the diversity of cultures within Roman society
○ its strength
○ its innovative nature
○ the large body of literature that it developed
分析  B 明确提到power worshipper， admire whatever is strong
总结 找对原文对应很关键。

9. In paragraph 4, the author develops a description of Roman civilization by
○ comparing the opinions of Roman intellectuals to Greek intellectuals
○ identifying which characteristics of Roman civilization were copied from Greece
○ explaining how the differences between Roman and Greece developed as time passed
○ contrasting characteristics of Roman civilization with characteristics of Greek civilization
分析  段落很明显 是在两方观点对比 A 比的不是intellectual  B identifying 就不对了  C explaining就不对了  D 对了
总结 文章结构把握很重要
               
10. According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?
○Ancient works of Greece held little value in the Roman world.
○The Greek civilization had been surpassed by the Romans.
○Roman civilization produced little that was original or memorable.
○Romans valued certain types of innovations that had been ignored by ancient Greeks.
不难这题

Paragraph 5: Rome’s debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Paragraph 6: Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres—especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.

11. The word “spheres” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ abilities
○ areas
○ combinations
○ models

12. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?
○They could read and write the Greek language.
○They frequently wrote poetry and plays.
○They focused their writing on military matters.
○They wrote according to the philosophical laws of the Greeks.
分析 A 提到it was absolutely accepted that an educated roman should be fluent in Greek BCD 都没有提起
总结 Roman soldiers , statesmen 可找到对应点 educated Roman

Paragraph 4: Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?”

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.
Where would the sentence best fit?(B)
分析  句子提到They， 所以前面有提到人，意思又是说esteem symbols 偶发Roman power， B处前文提到among historians， predisposed  to admire whatever is strong , 合适

14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question worth 2 points.

     The Roman world drew its strength from several important sources.
●Numerous controls imposed…
●Roman values were rooted…
●Rome combined aspects of…
Answer choices
○Numerous controls imposed by Roman rulers held its territory together. （第一段主旨，还记得best express那题么？）
○The Roman military was organized differently from older military organizations. （错误，没提起）
○Romans valued sea power as did the Latins, the original inhabitants of Rome. （错误，value sea power 是第二段细节，不是主旨）
○Roman values were rooted in a strong attachment to the land and the stability of rural life.（第三段主旨，段首：对于territorial imperative 像出于本能的执着）
○Rome combined aspects of ancient Greek civilization with its own contributions in new areas.（第六段主旨）
○Educated Romans modeled their own literature and philosophy on the ancient Greeks. (没提起）

各段主旨：     1，罗马有凝聚力精神
                   2， 罗马对于同一和凝聚力的执着，与古希腊文化有关
                   3， 罗马人有很强的土地观念
                   4 ， 对于罗马文明有两派观点，好其强大， 恶其模仿
                   5， 在文明方面也模仿古希腊
                   6，罗马人在新的领域也有一定其造诣



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Agriculture, Iron, and the Bantu Peoples
问题：第9题

Paragraph 1: There is evidence of agriculture in Africa prior to 3000 B.C. It may have developed independently, but many scholars believe that the spread of agriculture and iron throughout Africa linked it to the major centers of the Near East and Mediterranean world. The drying up of what is now the Sahara desert had pushed many peoples to the south into sub-Sahara Africa. These peoples settled at first in scattered hunting-and-gathering bands, although in some places near lakes and rivers, people who fished, with a more secure food supply, lived in larger population concentrations. Agriculture seems to have reached these people from the Near East, since the first domesticated crops were millets and sorghums whose origins are not African but west Asian. Once the idea of planting diffused, Africans began to develop their own crops, such as certain varieties of rice, and they demonstrated a continued receptiveness to new imports. The proposed areas of the domestication of African crops lie in a band that extends from Ethiopia across southern Sudan to West Africa. Subsequently, other crops, such as bananas, were introduced from Southeast Asia.

1. The word “diffused” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ emerged
○ was understood
○ spread
○ developed

2. According to paragraph 1, why do researchers doubt that agriculture developed independently in Africa?
○African lakes and rivers already provided enough food for people to survive without agriculture.
○The earliest examples of cultivated plants discovered in Africa are native to Asia.
○Africa’s native plants are very difficult to domesticate.
○African communities were not large enough to support agriculture.
分析: A 没提起过  B 绿色标出部分  C 没说 D 没说  
总结： 原文出现since，原因。。出题点

3. In paragraph 1, what does the author imply about changes in the African environment during this time period?
○The climate was becoming milder, allowing for a greater variety of crops to be grown.
○Although periods of drying forced people south, they returned once their food supply was secure.
○Population growth along rivers and lakes was dramatically decreasing the availability of fish.
○A region that had once supported many people was becoming a desert where few could survive.
分析：原文： the drying up of what is now Sahara desert had pushed peoples ……..A B C 都没有说

Paragraph 2: Livestock also came from outside Africa. Cattle were introduced from Asia, as probably were domestic sheep and goats. Horses were apparently introduced by the Hyksos invaders of Egypt (1780-1560 B.C.) and then spread across the Sudan to West Africa. Rock paintings in the Sahara indicate that horses and chariots were used to traverse the desert and that by 300-200 B.C., there were trade routes across the Sahara. Horses were adopted by peoples of the West African savannah, and later their powerful cavalry forces allowed them to carve out large empires. Finally, the camel was introduced around the first century A.D. This was an important innovation, because the camel’s abilities to thrive in harsh desert conditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transportation. The camel transformed the desert from a barrier into a still difficult, but more accessible, route of trade and communication.

4. According to paragraph 2, camels were important because they
○ were the first domesticated animal to be introduced to Africa
○ allowed the people of the West African savannahs to carve out large empires
○ helped African peoples defend themselves against Egyptian invaders
○ made it cheaper and easier to cross the Sahara
分析： A introduced from Asia 的是sheep ,goats,   B horse  让他们carve out C 没说 D 第二段最后一句话

5. According to paragraph 2, which of the following were subjects of rock paintings in the Sahara?
○Horses and chariots
○Sheep and goats
○Hyksos invaders from Egypt
○Camels and cattle
分析  A， 原句对应，不难

Paragraph 3: Iron came from West Asia, although its routes of diffusion were somewhat different than those of agriculture. Most of Africa presents a curious case in which societies moved directly from a technology of stone to iron without passing through the intermediate stage of copper or bronze metallurgy, although some early copper-working sites have been found in West Africa. Knowledge of iron making penetrated into the forest and savannahs of West Africa at roughly the same time that iron making was reaching Europe. Evidence of iron making has been found in Nigeria, Ghana, and Mali.

6. What function does paragraph 3 serve in the organization of the passage as a whole?
○It contrasts the development of iron technology in West Asia and West Africa.
○It discusses a non-agricultural contribution to Africa from Asia.
○It introduces evidence that a knowledge of copper working reached Africa and Europe at the same time.
○It compares the rates at which iron technology developed in different parts of Africa.
分析。    A 全文都在讨论非洲的东西，亚洲的情况在全文层面并不重要，不对  B 对了  C 我错选了C， 考虑后面全都是在讲金属的影响，这段相当于转向讨论金属的作用。。D 没有这么比
总结 ： 结构不能模糊

Paragraph 4: This technological shift cause profound changes in the complexity of African societies. Iron represented power. In West Africa the blacksmith who made tools and  weapons had an important place in society, often with special religious powers and functions. Iron hoes, which made the land more productive, and iron weapons, which made the warrior more powerful, had symbolic meaning in a number of West Africa societies. Those who knew the secrets of making iron gained ritual and sometimes political power.

7. The word “profound” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ fascinating
○ far-reaching
○ necessary
○ temporary


8. The word “ritual” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ military
○ physical
○ ceremonial
○ permanent

9. According to paragraph 4, all of the following were social effects of the new metal technology in Africa EXCEPT:
○Access to metal tools and weapons created greater social equality.
○Metal weapons increased the power of warriors.
○Iron tools helped increase the food supply.
○Technical knowledge gave religious power to its holders.
分析：求问这题C选项     A 段落多次提及懂得炼金就拥有特权，所以没有创造social equality B 对应第二句话  C 哎，这个真么有找到啊。。D  原文最后一句话

Paragraph 5: Unlike in the Americas, where metallurgy was a very late and limited development, Africans had iron from a relatively early date, developing ingenious furnaces to produce the high heat needed for production and to control the amount of air that reached the carbon and iron ore necessary for making iron. Much of Africa moved right into the Iron Age, taking the basic technology and adapting it to local conditions and resources.

10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
○While American iron makers developed the latest furnaces, African iron makers continued using earlier techniques.
○Africans produced iron much earlier than Americans, inventing technologically sophisticated heating systems.
○Iron making developed earlier in Africa than in the Americas because of the ready availability of carbon and iron ore.
○Both Africa and the Americas developed the capacity for making iron early, but African metallurgy developed at a slower rate.
分析： unlike（是类比关系）美国技术成熟很晚， 非洲炼金成熟相对早，有高温烧炉和控氧炼金  A merican …latest furnace,错了 B 对了 C because，不是原因关系  D Both early，错了吧

Paragraph 6: The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. They spoke a language, proto-Bantu (“Bantu” means “the people”), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration—or simply rapid demographic growth—may have also caused the Bantu explosion.

11. The word “fleeing” in the passage is closest in meaning to
○ afraid of
○ displaced by
○ running away from
○ responding to

12. Paragraph 6 mentions all of the following as possible causes of the “Bantu explosion” EXCEPT
○ superior weapons
○ better hunting skills
○ peaceful migration
○ increased population
分析： 见绿色对应

Paragraph 6: The diffusion of agriculture and later of iron was accompanied by a great movement of people who may have carried these innovations. These people probably originated in eastern Nigeria. ■Their migration may have been set in motion by an increase in population caused by a movement of peoples fleeing the desiccation, or drying up, of the Sahara. ■They spoke a language, proto-Bantu (“Bantu” means “the people”), which is the parent tongue of a language of a large number of Bantu languages still spoken throughout sub-Sahara Africa. Why and how these people spread out into central and southern Africa remains a mystery, but archaeologists believe that their iron weapons allowed them to conquer their hunting-gathering opponents, who still used stone implements. ■Still, the process is uncertain, and peaceful migration—or simply rapid demographic growth—may have also caused the Bantu explosion. ■

13. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
These people had a significant linguistic impact on the continent as well.
Where would the sentence best fit?（B）
分析： 关键点： these people，找前面有提到人的， linguistic impact,       B处合适，后面讲到具体的影响是现在很多sahara都在说类似的语言。

14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Agriculture and iron working probably spread to Africa from neighboring regions.
●The use of livestock improved…
●The spread of iron working…
●Today's Bantu-speaking peoples…
Answer choices
○Once Africans developed their own crops, they no longer borrowed from other regions. （细节不是主旨，细节也错了）
○The harshness of the African climate meant that agriculture could not develop until after the introduction of iron tools. （没这么说）
○The use of livestock improved transportation and trade and allowed for new forms of political control. （第二段主旨）
○As the Sahara expanded, the camel gained in importance, eventually coming to have religious significance. （没这么说，camel也没有religious significance）
○The spread of iron working had far-reaching effects on social, economic, and political organization in Africa. （段落4的主旨）
○Today's Bantu-speaking peoples are descended from a technologically advanced people who spread throughout Africa.（第六段主旨）

各段主旨： 1 非洲农业引自亚洲，时间很早
               2 非洲牲口引自亚洲，骆驼重要
               3 非洲炼金引自亚洲，时间很早
               4 得炼金者得特权
               5 非洲炼金技术赶英超美
               6 工农业带动人口流动

hj1313UID：3476105

赞！lz好认真！
这样能学得很扎实吧。。。坚持！