thankgod2016备战托福阅读

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阅读要临时抱佛脚了
其他备战贴
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1957376-1-1.html

thankgod2016UID：3685768

先记录一些刷攻略刷到的经验


时间上：
真正考试的时候时间很紧张！平时练习的时候我大概是15分钟就能够完成一篇阅读，但在真正考试的时候三篇阅读我几乎都是奋战到剩余01秒！
每天一套TPO 练习一次60分钟3篇 平均一篇20分钟 留几分钟检查，不确定的题号记在草稿纸上
先点next看了问题再读文章
具体题型：

最后一题SUMMARY:
六选三，分值为2分：选对0个或1个无分；选对2个1分；选对3个得满分2分。不需考虑答案排列顺序。
（涉及到全文）做之前回顾下整篇文章，找到主旨，脑中梳理出大致框架和几个要点
每段(或同一意群的几段)的开头或者结尾处，一般恩能够找到主旨句，快速浏览每段主旨句后一般能找到文章中心
选项是minor to subject 或者有错的
Minor to subject 的选项一般有几种：1）总结的是和主旨无关的段落2）陈述的是用来证明观点的例子（实验，试验方法，历史事实，证据。。。）而不是观点本身，这种最常见 3）文章本身只扎实了各方观点没有自己下结论，而答案臆断了作者的主观观点。
如果在两个选项中犹豫，回看下文章，看是不是自己主旨搞错了







细节题：
单词题：推荐无老师镇魂单词，最好认识单词，注意一词多义
填句子题：先找到句子的关键词或者指代词（this，that）
改写题：选意思最像的，搞清句子逻辑关系，因果或其他层级

做完重看文章，查下生词，记下好的词语和句子结构，


心态上
关键应该是不要慌张，做第二篇文章的时候不要心里总惦记着前一篇不确定的选项，
我觉得托福阅读满分应该是有几道题目的容错率的（就是错1-2个，说不准三个，还有可能是满分）。

thankgod2016UID：3685768

第一次做 TPO34 难度显示偏简单
错了两个summary题
感觉单词题都是送分题
时间刚刚够用
不够集中
阅读速度有待提升

passage1 选错的summary ACE 选成ACF
解析： F 提到用round代替angel 文中说的是standard标准化
其实F选项陈述的事实是错误的 里面偷换概念
而E 概括的比较抽象了 所以没看到

passage2 选错的summary我的答案：BDF 正确答案：CDF
解析： B. 文中只有提到 Britain 寻求替代能源的经过，但没有提到 Russia C. 第 3 段有提到，最初发明蒸汽机的目的，是为了解决用马动力来拉动 pump 的问题（贵、麻烦）

passage 3

devour 吞食

总结
选错summary 是看上去对 ，其实有小错 导致其实不能选的
而正答隐蔽性较高 类似于“意译”就是不怎么会出现原文的表达方式或者词组

做题时可以先用排除法把错误的排除掉 再排除掉细节

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今天做了TPO33 状态不是很好 有点分心
只得了25分 简直崩溃
passage1 错了第1题 单词题 愤怒啊  直觉是对的 后来改了
passage 2 错了11题 又是单词题 持续愤怒
               粗了12题 except题 眼拙了 没有仔细看一遍 原文都有对应，自己主观强行臆断了
passage 3 错了 2题  非常眼拙
题目
Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about life on Earth before the Cambrian period?
A Biodiversity levels were steady, as indicated by the fossil record.
B Levels of biodiversity could not be tracked.
C The most dramatic extinction episode occurred.
D Few microscopic species existed.
正确的答案： B
解析
It was not until the Cambrian period, beginning about 600 million years ago, that a great proliferation of macroscopic species occurred on Earth and produced a fossil record that allows us to track the rise and fall of biodiversity.

It means that we can't check biodiversity before Cambrian period.
我选的D
把microscopic 微观的 和 macroscopic 宏观的 肉眼可见的 看错了
passage 3  错了4题
题目
According to paragraph 2, why are dinosaurs popularly said to have “ruled Earth” during the Cretaceous period?
A Dinosaurs were the only species of reptile that existed during the whole of the Cretaceous period.
B Dinosaurs won the battle for food resources over mammals during the Cretaceous period.
C Dinosaurs survived extinction during the Cretaceous period, whereas many other animal species did not.
D Dinosaurs were the physically and ecologically dominant animals during the Cretaceous period.
正确的答案： D
我选的B，当时一开始选的D 后来觉得physical 没有提到 改选了B
解析：
Starting about 280 million years ago, reptiles were the dominant large animals in terrestrial environments. In popular language this was the era “when dinosaurs ruled Earth,” when a wide variety of reptile species occupying many ecological niches."
D里面physically dominant 常识推断，恐龙都比较大，ecologically这句话提到了。
毕竟 yy B里面的内容 vs 常识推断physical...这题瞎了

总结
先看题 选项可以先不看 除非很短 很好记
不要主观臆断
单词相信gut第一直觉

culminate vi. 到绝顶；达到高潮；达到顶点
surpluse 剩余
bustle 喧嚣活跃
erect 竖立 建造 安装

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TPO 32 最后一题7选5 做了非常久 反复 对照原文 最后对了
做的非常慢 时间刚刚刚够 速度不够啊
得分28 错了三道题 想得高分真的好难啊
passage 3 的第3题


题目
The phrase “the latter adaptation” in the passage refers to
A producing fewer seeds
B producing larger seeds
C dispersal by birds and small mammals
D producing long-lived seeds
正确的答案： D 我选的B
原文对照
If colonizers produce short-lived reproductive propagules, then they must produce very large numbers unless they have an efficient means of dispersal to suitable new habitats. Many plants depend on wind for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of small, relatively short-lived seeds to compensate for the fact that wind is not always a reliable means of reaching the appropriate type of habitat. Alternative strategies have evolved in some plants, such as those that produce fewer but larger seeds that are dispersed to suitable sites by birds or small mammals or those这个说明or 是和larger 平行的，我当时看的时候以为是 动物携带或者活得更久的大种子，其实是 被鸟运的大种子或者活得久的种子 that produce long-lived seeds. Many forest plants seem to exhibit the latter adaptation, and viable seeds of pioneer species can be found in large numbers on some forest floors.从后面的例子也可以看出later adaptation指的是 活得久的种子 For example, as many as 1,125 viable seeds per square meter were found in a 100-year-old Douglas fir/western hemlock forest in coastal British Columbia. Nearly all the seeds that had germinated from this seed bank were from pioneer species. The rapid colonization of such sites after disturbance is undoubtedly in part a reflection of the large seed bank on the forest floor.
错误原因，还是读句子不够仔细

passage 3 的第3题
题目
According to paragraph 3, Hubbell and Johnson hypothesized that
A the distribution pattern of bee colonies determines the degree of aggressiveness the bees display
B nests of nonaggressive bees have either a random or a clumped distribution, while nests of aggressive bees have a regular distribution
C nests of nonaggressive bees are generally both closer together and more regularly distributed than those of aggressive bees
D nests of aggressive bees tend to be more regular in shape than those of nonaggressive bees
正确的答案： B 我选的A

原文对照

♦Hubbell and Johnson studied several species of stingless bees to determine whether there is a relationship between aggressiveness and patterns of colony distribution. They predicted that the colonies of aggressive species would show regular distributions, while those of nonaggressive species would show random or closely grouped (clumped) distribution. They concentrated their studies on a thirteen-hectare tract of tropical dry forest that contained numerous nests of nine species of stingless bees.
B 是和原文一毛一样,A 这个 怎么说呢，原文是 “whether there is a relationship between aggressiveness and patterns of colony distribution”，他们并没有给出说这样一个很确定，很强硬的的 xxx就决定xxx程度的这样一个假设
找到原文对照的答案，就不要选带有YY成分的答案，这个YY可以是总结，推断，etc，因为你YY 的时候可能不自觉的就做了一些原文没有的假设

passage 3 的第7题
题目
Why does the author indicate that “The fifth species was not aggressive, and its nests were randomly distributed over the study area”?
A To identify research results that contradicted Hubbell and Johnson’s original hypothesis
B To indicate that research results confirmed that nest distribution was related to aggressiveness
C To introduce the hypothesis that, within the same species, not all colonies are aggressive
D To point out that both aggressive and nonaggressive species are equally successful at finding nest sites
正确的答案： B 我选的C
看到indicate没有!给出实验结果难道只为了introduce？

总结
viable   adj. 可行的；能养活的；能生育的

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TPO 31 29分
passage 3 question 10
Paragraph 5 supports which of the following statements regarding the importance of fires in maintaining savannas?
A Fires prevent the growth of pyrophytes.
B Fires eliminate some species and thus reduce the overall diversity of the ecosystem.
C Fires that occur once every two years are unlikely to help maintain savannas.
D Fires prevent some species from eliminating other species with which they compete.
正确的答案： D 我选的B
对应原文
When burning occurs, it prevents competition among plant species from progressing to the point where some species exclude others,防止竞争到一个程度（即一个物种消灭其他） reducing the overall diversity of the ecosystem这个状语从句修饰的是where.... But in experimental areas protected from fire, a few perennial grass species eventually come to dominate, outcompeting all others. 但是在没有火的地方，草消灭了其他物种Evidence from other studies suggests that exclusion of fire results in markedly decreased plant-species richness没有火减少了物种多样性, often with an increase in tree density. There is generally little doubt that fire is a significant factor in maintaining savanna, certainly in most regions.

passage 2 question 4
It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the Head Start program was designed to serve children who
A Come from families that do not have a lot of money
B Are not doing very well in kindergarten
C Were born in the 1950s
D Need programs that focus primarily on social and emotional factors
正确的答案： A 我选的C
对应原文
Established in the 1960s when the United States declared the War on Poverty, the program has served over 13 million children and their families.向貧窮宣戰,服務的孩子對象就可以猜出是來自貧窮的家庭

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TPO30 错了较多 只得了25分
PASSAGE 1
Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals.

A. Although play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of play

B. Although many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while playing.

C. Animals such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.

D. The function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.

E. Energy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the species.

F. As experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of their development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.

正确的答案： A E F  我选的CEF
想想可能的错误是因为 C中的social benefit已经在F 中概括了，而原文中研究人员对play的function困惑的这部分内容没有总结出来，所以选A
我不选A 的原因是因为前面 有题目问为什么研究人员关于play的function要debate，是因为benefit要long term 才能显现，所以觉得A 的因果关系错误，但其实although并不能算是一种因果关系？ 只能这么理解了

PASSAGE 2
Q3
Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
A The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis challenged gradualism, which holds that species evolve in relatively sudden bursts of brief duration.
B The punctuated equilibrium hypothesis developed by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge was challenged in 1972.
C In 1972 Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge challenged gradualism by positing that change from one species to another cannot occur without a lengthy transition period.
D The punctuate equilibrium hypothesis, in opposition to gradualism, holds that transitions from one species to another occur in comparatively sudden burst.
正确的答案： D 我选的A
解析
做的时候就觉得ACD都对，没看到C的cannnot 和without双重否定，
有人指出A 错误的原因是 which是就近指代，所以这里指代的是gradualism，所以错误


Directions: selected from the seven phrases below the phrases that correctly characterize punctuated equilibrium and the phrases that correctly characterize gradualism. Two of the phrases will not be used. This question is worth 3 points.

A. States that new species emerge from existing species during relatively brief period of time

B. Was first formulated by Charles Darwin

C. Explain why North American horses have become smaller over time

D. States that new species evolve slowly and continuously from existing species

E. Explain the lack of intermediate fossil forms in the fossil record of many species

F. States that a species will not change unless its environmental changes

G. Is associated with periods of environmental stability

正确的答案： punctuated equilibrium: A E Gradualism: B D G
我选的AF BDG
F 我是从最后一段一小行得出的 而 E 是花了很多力气解释了的 从篇幅上E 更好
而从真确错误上 F 好像也没有E 好
有人找到原文对应
Intermediated fossil forms, predicted by gradualism, are typically lacking.


Passage 3
Q1
Why does the author provide the information that "in northern Europe the sun may be hidden by clouds for weeks at a time, while temperatures vary not only seasonally but from day to night"?
A To emphasize the variety of environments in which people used sun and water clocks to tell time
B To illustrate the disadvantage of sun and water clocks
C To provide an example of an area where water clocks have an advantage over sun clocks
D To counter the claim that sun and water clocks were used all over Europe
正确的答案： B 我选的A
当时在AB 之间犹豫，最后根据emphasis 选了A
“highlight句的意思應該是要說在北歐某些氣候更不穩定的地方，太陽鐘跟水鐘使用上更不靠譜，所以是在強調這些東西的缺陷。並不是只有強調環境。B較正確”

Q2
According to paragraph 2, all of the following are examples of the importance of timekeeping to medieval European society EXCEPT
A the need of different towns to coordinate timekeeping with each other
B the setting of specific times for the opening and closing of markets
C the setting of specific time for the start and finish of the working day
D the regulation of the performance of daily church rituals
正确的答案： A
我选了D
其实原文说的是
And then the new cities and towns, squeezed by their walls, had to know and order time in order to organize collective activity and ration space.
是不一样的
而D  是换了个说法的 我因为不认识ritual  没选