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[技术思考] 官方argument范文分析及学习 [复制链接]

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发表于 2007-1-7 10:19:55 |显示全部楼层
Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for vehicles traveling on the region's highways by ten miles per hour. Since that change took effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by 15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville, remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightly during the same six-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they should campaign to reduce Forestville's speed limit to what it was before the increase.


先看题目;    F :increase speed limit →→increase accidents 15%
E: increase speed limit →→ accidents slightly decreas.
→→F应该照搬E, 把速度降回去,来减少车祸。

我在二楼贴了未评论原版范文,以防个人分析影响大家的思路。

分析:
The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned.(注意看范文怎么说题目well-presented的) By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.(注意看这里的开头,尽管简短,但是也是说明白了题目在说什么,而且你看看题目,比一般我们写的要简略的多,也没有说其他的什么,所以并不是要简短,然后就说句,这题目seems logical, but not..之类的。简短是为了尽快展开分析,所以你的开头如果用了三句或两句空话来说作者不对,但是你并没有给出作者到底说了什么,我觉得还不如踏踏实实的写作者说。。。关键是你的开头始不是很快进入了分析,而不是短不短之类的。而且这里的compare ,一下子就进入了分析,而不是单纯的重复题目。再有这里是在最后用了seems logical,因为它已经分析作者的思路,所以用在这里合情合理。而且这篇全文就没说作者的结论错了,只是说应该再考虑一些东西。我在后面会具体说。如果你什么都没分析,上来就说,看起来挺好但是不好,你自己觉得是不是在说废话呢。)

However
,(顺着上面的seems logical来的。这样没有说但是不对这种空话,直接就开始下一步分析了)the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit. (注意,可能有其他原因在速度提高后导致了事故。)Such alternatives may include the fact that在比较的过程中,作者没有看到可能是其他原因导致了事故。这些原因有there are less reliable cars traveling the roads in Forestville, or that theage bracket of those in Elmsford may be more conducive to driving safely. It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford. In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Forestville's highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has manyintersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur.(注意看这里的例子,包含的很全面,角度也展开了。然后很重要的是,怎么叫详细的例子呢?要详细到什么程度?当然是读者看得懂就够了。比如你看这里,第一,四作者就没有细分,因为不可靠和交通路口,一般人一看就明白了,根本就不用再分了。而第二个,年龄,就有点暧昧,年龄怎么和事故联系起来呢,这里于是说明白了年轻人和老人可能就不是那么有经验,那么安全。而第三个,地理地貌,也说的很宽泛,所以又具了急转弯什么的。我想说有些人一味追求把例子写得详细,失去了本来得目的,让读者更好理解,结果就变得把读者都当成傻子一样。更甚者,还举出很不寻常的特例,为了显示这个例子怎么真实,不得不再说上何时何地发生的,这样的例子根本就不叫细致到位,是偏激无畏。你看这里的几个方面,哪个很奇特了,哪个写了具体得数字和背景了。人家可没有说什么比如北京某地,转弯极大,90度,容易发生事故吧。)(这里是我要说的重点,你不要忘了自己在写什么。我们有些同学也写地很全面,角度很开阔,可是写着写着就忘了要说题目的什么了。你看这里,如果光说,我们这里有很多其他的因素导致了事故,可是这些不利条件原来没有吗?原来一直也有,怎么一提高速度,事故就更多了呢?比如,原来也有急转弯,急转弯可能造成事故,但怎么提速了,事故了呢。其实因为速度高了,恶化了这些条件,所以事故多了,这背后是有联系的。所以一定不要举不相干的因素,比如我们有一道题,说采用临镇限制外观来提高房价的,有人写,因为本来屋子的社区交通就好,所以外观好,就涨钱了,那原来也好,怎么外观一好就涨钱了呢?总不能说外观好了,交通更好了吧,没有关系啊。)It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area.全文最值得学习的地方范文没有批判题目中的降速无效,而是说除了降速以外,可以关注解决其他的问题,因为这些问题,在提速后导致了事故。在这个题目里,其实想要说降速没有用,几乎是不可能的。作者上述的例子也不能说明,因为就算这些因素导致了事故,也是在提速之后的。而且只要降速,事故确实就会少。能难证明降速对减少事故无用,而作者很聪明的没有这样尝试,而是来说一些其他因素在提速后导致了事故,而解决这些问题不去降速也可以减少速度。这也是为什么作者在开头说了题目可能是正确的,没有说题目结论就是错的。) Elmsford may be an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.(个人觉得这是本文最出彩的句子之一,这里没有特意说什么E的事故少和限速没有关系,很简单的一句regardless 就带出来了。可谓不经意间就点了题,即必不可少,又不着痕迹。这一段作者也没忘了之说F,不说E,每个例子都有对比,最后还有总结。)

让我们看看这一段的思路:

A six-month period is not a particularly long time frame for the citizens to determine that speed limit has influenced the number of automobile accidents in the area
(主题句十分精炼,几乎没有说什么没有什么空话,而且没有特意说什么as the author asserts 之类的。). It is mentioned in the argument that Elmsford (我不知道多少人注意到了,上一段是在说F为什么相对多,而这一段是在说E为什么相对少,其实这一段也完全可以写成F为什么相对多,但是这样细致的错落让文章很有层次感,而不单调。)accidents decreased during the time period. This may have been a time, such as during harsh weather conditions, when less people were driving on the road and therefore the number of accidents decreased. However, Forestville citizens, perhaps coerced by employment or other requirements, were unable to avoid driving on the roads. Again, the demographics of the population are important. It is possible that Elmsford citizens do not have to travel far from work or work from their home, or do not work at all. Are there more people in Forestville than there were six months ago? If so, there may be an increased number of accidents due to more automobiles on the road, and not due to the increased speed limits不忘点题,not due to 和上段的regardless of一样精彩. Also in reference to the activities of the population, it is possible that Forestville inhabitants were traveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or during twilight. Work or family habits may have encouraged citizens to drive during this time when Elmsford residents may not have been forced to do so.(例子上和上段一样,丰富细致,又不过分。点到为止。而且整段充满EF的对比。写清楚了为什么这时间里,这些因素影响了F,而没影响E。理由充分,但不过于离奇。同样点到为止。)

Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Forestville's speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented (
再次说,因为全文都没有说题目结论一定就不对,而不是空洞的看起来对,而且空洞的看起来对很奇怪。好像在说这结论看起来对,但是我能看出来没道理很了不起一样。所以你要不是像这个范文一样,确确实实认为题目有点道理,就不要写这样的空话。)above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety. However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Forestville should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes (不忘点自己的题,扣回自己的分析点。十分精练。)for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Elmsford.(从结尾也能看出来范文十分中肯,是认认真真再为市民想限度来解决问题好不好,要不要考虑别的问题。)

总结全文:
1.十分中肯,没有正面批驳题目结论。
没有试图说,减速来减少事故无效。而是说可以考虑解决其他在提速后导致事故的问题。
全文也相应的说了seems logical,有凭有据,不是空话。
首尾两端都确实站在市民角度为市民想,很中肯。
说明不要带着梆子看argument。别老想着一棒子打死人家。没必要,有的时候还反而不好。

2.例子全面,客观,详尽,点到为止,与题目关联度高。
几乎举了所有可能引起事故的因素,在暧昧的环节,做了更多的举例,但是点到为止,没有过分说明。
与文章关联度很高。使用时刻正确无误。
其实这篇范文是把所有可能导致事故增多的因素分成了两大块,放到可解决的因素,和可能是短时间内出现的因素来说。在每一块里,例子都分别对应了主题。没有丝毫的混淆,也不牵强。比如如果在第一段里说天气,就不好,因为最后不能说可以解决天气吧。也没有在第二段里说地理问题,因为地理问题一般不是特殊时期出现之后又能消失的。

3.时刻围绕比较。
作者的两大段,在说可解决的因素,和可能是短时间内出现的因素时,时时刻刻不忘比较E,F两地,尤其在第二段里,充分说明了为什么这些因素影响了F,而没有影响E。非常到位。时刻不忘主题。

4.语言简洁有力,没有废话,点题及时,但不着痕迹。
几乎没有一句废话,而且没有老是说,作者的。。。证明不了。。。不考虑。。。就不能证明作者的。。。。
尤其是It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area.这句,及时回扣主题,但又有必要的提升。很了不起。

5.大气,稳重。
相比这个题目给出的5分范文,该文批判了15%的数据,以及6个月的时间。举了一个可能导致压根就不是速到造成了事故的例子:道路施工。仅此一个,非常不饱满。以次加上几句空话来反驳了降速的效果,很空洞。比起此文,显得很小气。所以我强烈提倡,在有更好的角度和方向来提出异议的时候,可以放弃小的,不关键的可能错误,比如15%的数据。说到底也是多了不是。当然要是有时间精力,说说也没什么坏处。不过做到大气,稳重才是更关键的。

6.遣词造句。
建议看看每个E,F对比的地方,单词与短语的替换。我不在这里赘述了。个人觉得其实也没有特别出彩的地方。最长的一个句子,应该是首段第一句,结构也很简单。个人推荐看看杨鹏的难句,不仅可以学句式,而且可以知道人家为什么那么写,为什么写那么长,为什么长了,还是挺通顺。不要为了用什么句型而非得用。踏踏实实写的舒服最关键了。这篇也用了三个it is possible that, 几个the citizens fails to consider, 不是那么那么重要的。

7.其他
我觉得要想整个作文都写成这样不太容易,可能也不太实际,但是也没必要。首先,这篇题目本身非常难。我想这可能是ETS抛弃了这题目的原因之一。在我们的题目里有很多近似的,但都好写得多,给了很多细节条件。所以大家不用特别紧张。
我推荐这个主要是学习他的怎么找例子,怎么叫做全面饱满,怎么叫做与题目相关,怎么叫做客观中肯。应用在我们自己写的小段里面还是可以的,也是有必要的。看了几个官方,都十分重视全面饱满,所以我们也有必要多重视一点,有的时候可以把几个错误和着写,然后多找点例子,这样这一段饱满一点,比如说有一个采用7年前临镇外观规划来提高房价的文,可以把7年和地区差异一起写,说7年两地之间什么变了导致了外观规划现在在这里没用。然后就可以说是不是以前房价不稳定,稍有风吹草动就变了,是不是以前人们关注外观的统一现在不是了,等等。

另外还是说北美,我个人很喜欢北美,我觉得人们也不应该太过于反感他,毕竟你看别人写的文,改来改去还有收获呢,怎么看北美写的这么好的反倒不行了?用北美小心几个问题,然后带着官方的思维去看,能学到不少东西,而且有的文,你干脆就按官方的思想把北美改了,就好了,还不用你自己瞎写了呢。
注意问题如下:

1.开头,北美有点太长,而且作者自己也说你不要学这个,要简短的。但我还是觉得有必要说说作者怎么理解题目的。你要是有时间有精力不妨写写,但是注意要尽量短,不用什么细节都说,要尽量加入分析,不要就是照搬,更不要为了短说空话,还不如写的啰嗦呢。

2.每段的结构,北美非常规范,但是废话多。很多一段没几句话,开头结尾还都说了作者的什么支持不了什么,没考虑什么最后就不能以什么证明什么。废话和有用的信息一样多。这个一定要改,你要是有时间到是可以说点,但是我写了几个,觉得很多问题没分析特别透彻,字数就已经非常多了。当然我写了废话,所以我觉得不写废话,还是能再写很多有用的话的,比如从多个角度论证,举多一点详细的例子。个人觉得要想写得多,不如好好下功夫,拓宽思路,写套话是下策。

3.北美有一个重要的问题,就是很多东西写的很空,比如调查的代表性什么的。我看了之后也很习惯这样写,因为不用动脑子,背出来字还挺多,而且看上去还挺有道理,但是看了官方,至少6分的没这么写的。一定要在调查的特殊性上花功夫,比如时间,比如百分比和量的区别,别老是揪着代表性之类的不放。有的人还写什么调查人是被迫写的回应,真是有点可笑。要看得长远,大气一点,别想就这一个问题,就把人家打死。而且说实在话,有的调查来个80%的。。。就已经挺有说服力的了,试着找找他适用不适用作者的论点,比如有个做游戏的,说调查说人们喜欢图片好的,后来又说他们针对的是10-25岁的人(数据我可能记得不对),你就可以写这个10-25的适用性。别揪着80%了。

4.另外结构方面,北美比较清楚,很好,有的让步用的也很精彩,但有的也就那么回事,自己多看看吧。个人非常非常推荐要在结构上下功夫,有的人只看了官方,就说不用管结构了,然后东一榔头西一棒子的瞎写,要不就是每段的例子都是重复的,错误说了不少,整体没有展开。官方的题目本身比较隐讳。所以不好写出什么特出彩的结构。但也有几篇,结构很顺畅的。我就不明白,你把结构写好点,不费什么事,怎么会害了你呢。我们的题目里面,绝大多数都是树状结构,甚至树都不是,是链状结构,就是1推到2推到3推到4,有四步了不起了,那你就写1推不到2,就算推到2也推不到3,。。。这样很清楚明了,还能达到有些人想把别人说死的目的。。。很好练,你练个几篇就熟了。并列结构的你别这么说,直接一段一段说就好了。也没关系。北美上有一句话,说段落顺序要按题目中出现错误的顺序走,我不知道这话到底是谁说的,但是一来,北美经常自己在最后一段说一开始出现的调查,二来官方似乎也没这样的顺序,三来你就按我说的让步一步一步走,也正好就是这个顺序。因为题目顺序大都是作者的思路顺序,这个让步也是这个顺序。都一样。

5.至于语言方面,至少可以学北美的用词。北美自己也说了,“你不要抄我的原文,但你可以学我的用词,我的用词还是很规范正确的。”,个人觉得套句关键要看用的好不好,俗不俗,不是句子本身怎么样,词还是可以学的。虽然我也说了一定要本着舒服的原则写句子,但是我觉得有时间有精力你不妨学学,用惯了,自己改改就好了,什么只用小词,写小句子,留着最后几天到考场再用吧。不妨先有意识的试试变换句式什么的,让别人给你改改,实在不行再放弃。没必要一开始就扔了。等快考了的时候,再回来,踏踏实实写你的小词,小句子,以通畅为首要目的,这时候也不晚。

6.最后很重要,一定要中肯,一定要有自己的思想。北美很中肯,我看到现在,没发现一个什么10个人作了调查,7个人回答了之类的。写之前一定要让自己心服口服,别把人家都当成傻子。好歹好多author也是什么政府的,什么杂志编辑,就算犯了点错,也不至于这样。而且大多数时候,都有可以找的更好的下手点,大气一点,别带着梆子,自己多想一想再写,认真的思考,比盲目的写很多来的有效的多。而且经过思考让别人帮你改然后一起讨论,比着急赶时间写一个,直接让别人改收获大得多。别着急计时。认真分析,多看分析,多看别人的文,这都有很多好处。

我本来想再放几个分析上来,但碍于时间和个人能力有限,这一篇我就看了好久。还考虑到早放一点,大家早看一点,也省得我那一堆误导了大家,所以先放一个。如果能有所帮助那是最好,因为怕说不清楚,所以写了很长,要是耽误大家,我也只能说不好意思呢。还是一样,你要是看了觉得更混乱了,干脆当没看见。

个人见解必有疏漏,欢迎指教。


[ 本帖最后由 starocean 于 2007-1-7 11:38 编辑 ]
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发表于 2007-1-7 10:29:53 |显示全部楼层

原本,以及官方评价

6分
The agrument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned. By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.

However, the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit. Such alternatives may include the fact that there are less reliable cars traveling the roads in Forestville, or that the age bracket of those in Elmsford may be more conducive to driving safely. It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford. In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Forestville's highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur. It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area. Elmsford may be an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.

A six-month period is not a particularly long time frame for the citizens to determine that speed limit has influenced the number of automobile accidents in the area. It is mentioned in the argument that Elmsford accidents decreased during the time period. This may have been a time, such as during harsh weather conditions, when less people were driving on the road and therefore the number of accidents decreased. However, Forestville citizens, perhaps coerced by employment or other requirements, were unable to avoid driving on the roads. Again, the demographics of the population are important. It is possible that Elmsford citizens do not have to travel far from work or work from their home, or do not work at all. Are there more people in Forestville than there were sic months ago? If so, there may be an increased number of accidents due to more automobiles on the road, and not due to the increased speed limits. Also in reference to the activities of the population, it is possible that Forestville inhabitants were traveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or during twilight. Work or family habits may have encouraged citizens to drive during this time when Elmsford residents may not have been forced to do so.

Overall, the reasoning behind decreasing Forestville's speed limit back to its original seems logical as presented above since the citizens are acting in their own best interests and want to protect their safety. However, before any final decisions are made about the reduction in speed limit, the citizens and officials of Forestville should evaluate all possible alternatives and causes for the increased number of accidents over the six-month period as compared to Elmsford.

[Comments]
This outstanding essay begins by noting that the argument "seems logical." It then proceeds to discuss possible alternative explanations for the increase in car accidents and provides an impressively full analysis. Alternatives mentioned are that
-- the two regions might have drivers of different ages and experience;
-- Forestville's topography, geography, cars, and/or roads might
contribute to accidents;
-- six months might be an insufficient amount of time for determining
that the speed limit is linked to the accident rate;
-- demographics might play a role in auto accidents;
-- population and auto density should be considered; and
-- the times of day when drivers in the two regions travel might be relevant.
The points are cogently developed and are linked in such a way as to create a logically organized essay. Transitions together with interior connections create a smoothly integrated presentation. For the most part, the writer uses language correctly and well and provides excellent variety in syntax. The minor flaws (e.g., using "less" instead of "fewer") do not detract from the overall high quality of the critique. This is an impressive 6 paper.

5分
The argument above presents a sound case for arguing that if the region of Forestville wants to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they should consider reducing the speed limit to what it was before the increase in speed limit took place 6 months previously. However, there are some intermediate steps that one could take before jumping to the conclusion that reducing the speed limit is the only way in which traffic accidents can be reduced.
First of all, I would examine the actual number of traffic accidents that occurred before and after the speed limit increase and compare this to the size of the region and its driving population. For example, if the Forestville region's driving population is 1 million people, and the traffic accidents for a 6-month period before the speed increase totaled 100, then the 15% increase would amount to an additional 16 traffic accidents, or 116 total. For a population of 1 million, there may be other solutions to this increase besides reducing the speed limit to what it was. (The comparison to the region of Elmsford would only be helpful if the regions driving demography is comparable in terms of size and scope.) A public education campaign emphasizing driver safety and safe driving techniques may suffice to reduce the number of traffic accidents. Especially considering that if the number of accidents relative to the population is somewhat small, it is a fairly safe driving population anyway.
In addition, I would consider lengthening the time of the study. Six months may be a relatively short period of time for which to study the rate of traffic accidents. Upon a closer examination of when the accidents occurred, one might ascertain that most of the driving accidents occurred within a month of raising the speed limit, but that there have been relatively few additional accidents since that first phase-in period. Lengthening the study to a one-year period would help adjust for any untypical statistics and paint a more accurate picture of the long-term affects of the speed limit increase.
I would also examine what else was occurring in the region during the period of the study. For example, was there a major highway construction project happening during this time which would have added to the unsafe nature of raod travel? Are there any alternative explanations for why the increase in traffic accidents could have occurred, or is the increase in speed limit the sole variable? Looking at the type of accidents that occurred, I would examine whether these are the types of car accidents one would expect from traveling at a faster speed to corroborate the cause and effect relationship.

[Comments]
As in the sample 6 essay, this writer sees some logic in assuming a connection between the higher speed limit in Forestville and the increase in auto accidents. Unlike the sample 6 essay, this response is neither as exhaustive in its analysis nor as impressively developed. The writer makes these points in the critique:
-- A statistical analysis might suggest that the 15% increase in
accidents is not as significant as it might seem.
-- A car safety education campaign might be a better way to solve the
problem.
-- A six month period might be too short a time on which to base major
conclusions.
-- Other factors could have caused the increase in accidents.
Although each of these points is developed and sensibly supported, the critique is not sufficiently full to warrant a score of 6. The essay demonstrates good control but not mastery of the elements of writing: it contains good variety in syntax, including effective use of rhetorical questions. The occasional flaws (e.g., the somewhat garbled syntax in paragraph for which to study the rate???") do not detract from the overall strong quality of the essay. For all of these reasons, this critique is strong but not outstanding, and thus merits a score of 5.

[ 本帖最后由 starocean 于 2007-1-7 10:33 编辑 ]

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发表于 2007-1-7 10:36:22 |显示全部楼层

先占一下

待偶仔细看看!!!
淡淡飞过,悠然无声......

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发表于 2007-1-7 10:41:59 |显示全部楼层
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

建议加精

[ 本帖最后由 小马家家 于 2007-1-7 10:44 编辑 ]
追求
      我不放弃

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
真正的光明决不是永没有黑暗的时间,只是永不被黑暗所掩蔽罢了。真正的英雄决不是永没有卑下的情操,只是永不被卑下的情操所屈服罢了。

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发表于 2007-1-7 10:55:16 |显示全部楼层

opinions~~~

Six months ago the region of Forestville increased the speed limit for vehicles traveling on the region's highways by ten miles per hour. Since that change took effect, the number of automobile accidents in that region has increased by 15 percent. But the speed limit in Elmsford, a region neighboring Forestville, remained unchanged, and automobile accidents declined slightly during the same six-month period. Therefore, if the citizens of Forestville want to reduce the number of automobile accidents on the region's highways, they should campaign to reduce Forestville's speed limit to what it was before the increase.

先看题目;    F :increase speed limit →→increase accidents 15%
E: 没 increase speed limit →→ accidents slightly decreas.
→→F应该照搬E, 把速度降回去,来减少车祸。

我在二楼贴了未评论原版范文,以防个人分析影响大家的思路。
分析:
The argument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned.(注意看范文怎么说题目well-presented的) By making a comparison of the region of Forestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobile accidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit and subsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speed limits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.(注意看这里的开头,尽管简短,但是也是说明白了题目在说什么,而且你看看题目,比一般我们写的要简略的多,也没有说其他的什么,所以并不是要简短,然后就说句,这题目seems logical, but not..之类的。简短是为了尽快展开分析,所以你的开头如果用了三句或两句空话来说作者不对,但是你并没有给出作者到底说了什么,我觉得还不如踏踏实实的写作者说。。。关键是你的开头始不是很快进入了分析,而不是短不短之类的。而且这里的compare ,一下子就进入了分析,而不是单纯的重复题目同感同感!!。再有这里是在最后用了seems logical,因为它已经分析作者的思路,所以用在这里合情合理。而且这篇全文就没说作者的结论错了,只是说应该再考虑一些东西。我在后面会具体说。如果你什么都没分析,上来就说,看起来挺好但是不好,你自己觉得是不是在说废话呢。)我想对于Argument的开头,这是一个非常值得学习的范本,作文最重要的是深入探讨,没有废话,我觉得好的作文都是这样的。昨天在网上当了一篇paper,看到头大,废话连篇,没有主题,就非常有感触,好的文章总是能把读者带到更丰富的世界里去。并且在开头已经展示了作者的功力:灵活的句式,以及丰富的词语。记得原来看过一篇文,在开头一段基本上都是将状语提前,做强调,并且都是分词形式,读起来朗朗上口,回味无穷。哈哈!!
淡淡飞过,悠然无声......

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Leo狮子座 荣誉版主 挑战ETS奖章

发表于 2007-1-7 10:58:37 |显示全部楼层
谢谢分享的说

欢迎大家讨论~
Nobody can casually succeed, it comes from the thoroughself-control and the will.


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Libra天秤座 荣誉版主

发表于 2007-1-7 11:08:25 |显示全部楼层
谢谢LZ了
请善于利用GOOGLE,以及站内搜索来帮助自己找到答案
出国是自己的事情,不要什么事情都指望别人会给你全部干完
不要只做一个提问人,多为大家帮帮忙,互帮互助才能共同前进
请大家耐心等待考位放出

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发表于 2007-1-7 11:27:44 |显示全部楼层
However,(顺着上面的seems logical来的。这样没有说但是不对这种空话,直接就开始下一步分析了)the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to {典型的模版}the increasing car accidents after the raise in speed limit. (注意,可能有其他原因在速度提高后导致了事故。)Such alternatives may include the fact that(在比较的过程中,作者没有看到可能是其他原因导致了事故。这些原因有)there are ①less reliable cars traveling the roads in Forestville, or that the②age bracket of those in Elmsford may be more conducive to driving safely. It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford. In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the ③geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. Perhaps Forestville's highway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or has many④intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely to occur.(注意看这里的例子,包含的很全面,角度也展开了。然后很重要的是,怎么叫详细的例子呢?要详细到什么程度?当然是读者看得懂就够了。比如你看这里,第一,四作者就没有细分,因为不可靠和交通路口,一般人一看就明白了,根本就不用再分了。而第二个,年龄,就有点暧昧,年龄怎么和事故联系起来呢,这里于是说明白了年轻人和老人可能就不是那么有经验,那么安全。而第三个,地理地貌,也说的很宽泛,所以又具了急转弯什么的。我想说有些人一味追求把例子写得详细,失去了本来得目的,让读者更好理解,结果就变得把读者都当成傻子一样。更甚者,还举出很不寻常的特例,为了显示这个例子怎么真实,不得不再说上何时何地发生的,这样的例子根本就不叫细致到位,是偏激无畏。——最容易犯的错误!!!精炼而全面,显示了一个人严谨的思维。以后要多加考虑!!之前我也一直在这方面碰壁,学习,再碰壁,哈哈!!后来想想,就好像是在日常生活中做出某个决定一样。在作决定之前,要有细致和周详的考虑。我想应该在这方面多加强!!你看这里的几个方面,哪个很奇特了,哪个写了具体得数字和背景了。人家可没有说什么比如北京某地,转弯极大,90度,容易发生事故吧。)(这里是我要说的重点,你不要忘了自己在写什么。我们有些同学也写地很全面,角度很开阔,可是写着写着就忘了要说题目的什么了。你看这里,如果光说,我们这里有很多其他的因素导致了事故,可是这些不利条件原来没有吗?原来一直也有,怎么一提高速度,事故就更多了呢?比如,原来也有急转弯,急转弯可能造成事故,但怎么提速了,事故多了呢。其实因为速度高了,恶化了这些条件,所以事故多了,这背后是有联系的。所以一定不要举不相干的因素,比如我们有一道题,说采用临镇限制外观来提高房价的,有人写,因为本来屋子的社区交通就好,所以外观好,就涨钱了,那原来也好,怎么外观一好就涨钱了呢?总不能说外观好了,交通更好了吧,没有关系啊。)It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area.(全文最值得学习的地方。范文没有批判题目中的降速无效,而是说除了降速以外,可以关注解决其他的问题,因为这些问题,在提速后导致了事故。在这个题目里,其实想要说降速没有用,几乎是不可能的。作者上述的例子也不能说明,因为就算这些因素导致了事故,也是在提速之后的。而且只要降速,事故确实就会少。能难证明降速对减少事故无用,而作者很聪明的没有这样尝试,而是来说一些其他因素在提速后导致了事故,而解决这些问题不去降速也可以减少速度。这也是为什么作者在开头说了题目可能是正确的,没有说题目结论就是错的。) Elmsford may be an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.(个人觉得这是本文最出彩的句子之一,这里没有特意说什么E的事故少和限速没有关系,很简单的一句regardless 就带出来了。可谓不经意间就点了题,即必不可少,又不着痕迹。这一段作者也没忘了之说F,不说E,每个例子都有对比,最后还有总结。)
让我们看看这一段的思路:
我最欣赏美国文章中的这种直接而强调使得写法,一句话的开头常常是最重要的部分。而相对来说,中文的顺序就和英语相反了,这种顺序的转换,我觉得是需要学习的。A six-month period is not a particularly long time frame for the citizens to determine that speed limit has influenced the number of automobile accidents in the area(主题句十分精炼,几乎没有说什么没有什么空话,而且没有特意说什么as the author asserts 之类的。). It is mentioned in the argument that Elmsford (我不知道多少人注意到了,上一段是在说F为什么相对多,而这一段是在说E为什么相对少,两者兼顾。其实这一段也完全可以写成F为什么相对多,但是这样细致的错落让文章很有层次感,而不单调。)accidents decreased during the time period. This may have been a time, such as during ①harsh weather conditions, when less people were driving on the road and therefore the number of accidents decreased. However, Forestville citizens, perhaps coerced by employment or other requirements, were unable to avoid driving on the roads. Again, the ②demographics of the population are important. It is possible that Elmsford citizens do not have to travel far from work or work from their home, or do not work at all. Are there more people in Forestville than there were six months ago?看到这里就不能不佩服作者丰富的想象力,和严谨的思维逻辑了。 If so, there may be an increased number of accidents due to more automobiles on the road, and not due to the increased speed limits(不忘点题,not due to 和上段的regardless of一样精彩). Also in reference to the activities of the population, it is possible that Forestville inhabitants were traveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or during twilight. Work or family habits may have encouraged citizens to drive during this time when Elmsford residents may not have been forced to do so.(例子上和上段一样,丰富细致,又不过分。点到为止。而且整段充满E和F的对比。写清楚了为什么这时间里,这些因素影响了F,而没影响E。理由充分,但不过于里奇。同样点到为止。)我想,北美的文之所以在逻辑方面有如此强烈的优势,不仅是个人思维的严谨,也是北美文化熏陶的结果。特别是在句子的运用上面,自然,流畅,丰富,上下句的完美衔接无一不在帮助着作者构成他的逻辑。许多时候人的思维是可以很清晰的,但是有碍于表达的障碍,如词语的贫乏,句子的单调。我想无论怎样,作文还是序要苦练的。没有感觉不可能写出好文,当然还需要对于社会的关注。
淡淡飞过,悠然无声......

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发表于 2007-1-7 11:49:36 |显示全部楼层

感动!!

这是太感谢夜的文了,给与了我很大的帮助。又有收获了!!
很喜欢有自己见解的人,并且做事的时候有认真的态度,我想这也是夜的优点,至少在我看来!!哈哈!!


可能自己对于北美的范文看的不是很多,原因之一就是我是个比较容易受影响的人,哈哈,因为都是写一样的文,所以虽然知道里面有许多值得借鉴的地方,我也只是略略看看,并不深入。不果我也一直有看些别的文的说。我想好的文总是要不断地去看的,一遍一遍的阅读,分析,会使自己对于作者的写法更加了解,也能够从表面的句子深入到内在的逻辑。有的时候,当我们反复看一篇文时,会突然发现,咦,这里怎么这样写??前后回应;这里的例子太经典了。不仅如此,当我们在句子的后面注明我们自己的想法的时候,就会对文章有更深的印象。过一段时间再回头去看,也许当时的想法比较的清涩,但是,思想总是在不断的积累中进步着。或许对语言的学习就是这样吧,就像文化的沉淀,一点一点地,量上的积累会产生质的飞跃。这其中不知道有多少次失败,多少次的迷茫,但我们走过去之后,一切都变成了宝贵的财富。
淡淡飞过,悠然无声......

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Cancer巨蟹座 荣誉版主 QQ联合登录 建筑版勋章

发表于 2007-1-7 12:22:54 |显示全部楼层
那篇5分范文的错误很多人都经常犯: 把注意力集中在一两个数据上举反例的时候也只举很少的例子, 虽然每个观点都是well-developed, 也说得上是strong, 但每段之间却缺乏联系. 实话说这么一篇能拿5分我真是很怀疑.....

其实我觉得这篇6分的段落组织也很诡异, 很难看出这两段分段的依据是什么, 几乎都是对于作者的错误类比在进行分析(第一段路况, 第二段人的因素?? 另外BODY第二段首句是第二段的主题句么? 我觉得不是, 这段有多少内容是在说这个时间问题的?), 如果按一般的思路来写: 1, F的情况不一定很坏 2, E的情况不一定比F好, 即使好也不一定是因为限速 3, 即使E的情况好, F的情况坏, 也不一定F就能模仿, 而这篇文章则完全采用不同的角度去写, 情况好情况坏全并列在一起讨论....从总结的那些因素中看不出太明显的逻辑层次:
-- the two regions might have drivers of different ages and experience;
-- Forestville's topography, geography, cars, and/or roads might contribute to accidents;
-- six months might be an insufficient amount of time for determining that the speed limit is linked to the accident rate;
-- demographics might play a role in auto accidents;
-- population and auto density should be considered; and
-- the times of day when drivers in the two regions travel might be relevant.

这几条甚至还有重复, 这些论据不是按照文章的行文来组织的, 而是通过文章作者对于交通的背景知识来组织的
但文章还是能得高分, 为什么?

记得李笑来说的, TOEFL作文也好GRE作文也好, 高分不是因为毛病少, 而是因为亮点多, 所以高分作文的原因也不尽相同, 这篇文章的几大亮点楼主分析得也很透彻了, 就是在每个小观点的论述上非常深刻而且恰当, 加上它所考虑的这些问题涉及的范围有很广, 显示出作者对于交通问题的全面理解, (语言上的优势就不用说了) 所以可以拿到高分. 比如另一篇护具的官方范文, 则是因为攻击点非常全面, 几乎涵盖了那篇文章的所有论据(连减低损伤和防御护具这两种都区分出来), 但坦率来说那篇文章的结构也不是很明确. 结构方面比较严谨和出色的是那篇法国女人的还有那篇大学招生的范文, 读下来一气呵成说不出的痛快.

总之高分作文没有唯一的标准, 但都是将自己的优点发挥到及至的文章, 个人认为官方范文的论证手法, 语言都很值得学习, 但想要在行文结构上保持连贯性, 没有一定的功底是没法按他们的步调写的, 毕竟我们不是英文母语的作者, 没法一边写英文一边还考虑怎么去组织文章结构, 所以最好的办法是用各段的分论点先把大层次组织好, 而后每条展开的时候注意小层次, 这样会省事很多(在论坛上呆这么久的确也没有看到有人按官方范文的套路写的) 而且那么多ARGUMENT题目不可能每篇按自己的主题和方向来组织套路, 毕竟没哪个人能把这些文章的话题都搞得很透彻.

要补充的就是这些, 楼主有很多很有价值的意见, 特别是对调查数据那个看法, 强力顶哈

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发表于 2007-1-7 12:49:58 |显示全部楼层
原帖由 lastangel 于 2007-1-7 12:22 发表
那篇5分范文的错误很多人都经常犯: 把注意力集中在一两个数据上举反例的时候也只举很少的例子, 虽然每个观点都是well-developed, 也说得上是strong, 但每段之间却缺乏联系. 实话说这么一篇能拿5分我真是很怀疑. ...

我也觉得不值5分
另外关于两缎的结构。
我觉得第一段的主题句其实是两句,至少第二句是第一句的补充:由其他原因(非提速)导致了事故。我们可以解决这些因素,而不是降速。
第二段,6个月的时间有可能有一些其它特殊因素,导致了两地的事故变化不同。
觉得论据不能混用呢。放在每个段里都是很合适的,混用有点奇怪。比如要是在第二段写地理,就很奇怪,难道这个地理条件是6个月突然出来的,之后就不存在了吗。我觉得本文有很多值得琢磨的东西。
这篇文我刚看的时候,觉得写的乱七八糟的,因为他的很多点题的句子很轻描淡写,看了好久才找到现在的顺序和思路。考虑到本文本身非常难写,这题目真的很难。觉得真的值得outstanding。呵呵之于那个5分的,strong就说的很好听了。

居然加精了,好感动。

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发表于 2007-1-7 12:55:36 |显示全部楼层
good job!
受益非浅

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Gemini双子座 荣誉版主 QQ联合登录 AW活动特殊奖

发表于 2007-1-7 13:19:10 |显示全部楼层
:) :)

:loveliness:

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Cancer巨蟹座 荣誉版主 QQ联合登录 建筑版勋章

发表于 2007-1-7 14:14:24 |显示全部楼层
原帖由 starocean 于 2007-1-7 12:49 发表

我也觉得不值5分
另外关于两缎的结构。
我觉得第一段的主题句其实是两句,至少第二句是第一句的补充:由其他原因(非提速)导致了事故。我们可以解决这些因素,而不是降速。
第二段,6个月的时间有可能有一 ...


第一段的论据用到第二段的确行不通, 不过第二段的论据用到第一段却可以, 比如六个月的时间人口涨了, 如果没有这六个月的限定同样可以说F的人口涨了E的没有, 还有象E的人不用工作F的必须开车工作这种跟时间扣得也不紧. 我觉得这两段是一个层进结构, 同样在说他因, 但第二段的他因有六个月的限定而第一段没有, 但事实上六个月限定的条件并没那么好展开, 所以展开以后有些论据已经超出了这一段的范围. 文章值得借鉴的地方是对错误类比的通篇贯穿, 这个的确很难, 不过文章也不是没有缺点, 象跟这个不是同一逻辑层次的问题同样可以攻击, 比如只有数字不能说明F的交通情况恶化了, 事故的严重程度不知道, 搞不好限速以后死人的事故少了, 这个15%的数据也没说是不是在highways上(文章其它地位讨论的都是在highways上) 另外即使之前是因为限速变了情况坏了, 改回去也未必可行, 因为这个速度不是为了减少事故而定的, 而是为了提高效率, 因此需要权衡效率和风险再做决定(不是有篇ARGUMENT的建议是为了促进经济发展提高限速么, 呵呵), 当然这样攻击有些地方可能跟这篇文章的论点重复, 因为组织形式不一样, 其实想想看这篇文章应该是用了最为方便的组织形式吧, 所以第一眼看上去结构并不明确(的确也不是很明确). 但就全面性而言这篇文章比起护具那篇就不能算是outstanding, 它的主要优点还是在具体的论证上.

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发表于 2007-1-7 14:15:05 |显示全部楼层
夜MM辛苦了一个晚上写出来的文章哦
感动。。+学习ing~~

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RE: 官方argument范文分析及学习 [修改]
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