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[资料分享] 0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二期——情态动词 [复制链接]

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Sagittarius射手座 AW活动特殊奖 AW作文修改奖 IBT Elegance 挑战ETS奖章 US Advisor US Assistant 荣誉版主

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发表于 2009-6-4 02:16:05 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
本帖最后由 草木也知愁 于 2009-6-21 16:40 编辑






汇总列表:

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】汇总贴 & DAY I 主谓一致
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二期——情态动词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三期——冠词、数词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四期——虚拟语气
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第五期——倒装
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第六期——从句
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第七期——名词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第八期——代词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第九期——动词的时态

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十期——连词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十一期——动词、动词语态
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十二期——动词不定式、分词、动名词
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十三期——独立主格、特殊词




前言:时候不早了,不多废话。这个是我亲自体验中,最容易错的几个语法项之一,今天贴出来,大家学习一下




借用ETS官方范文中的comments:

【对1分文章基础语法的评价】——In addition, there are severe and persistent errors in language and sentence structure.  In the few instances where the language appears controlled, the phrasing is borrowed directly from the argument topic.

【对2分文章基础语法的评价】——There are grammatical errors (e.g., "the particular field the two anonymous winners received their prize") and imprecise word choices ("members of the university," ".or moreso the information the article contains").  For the most part, though, the writer's meaning is clear.  

【对3分文章基础语法的评价】——The writing demonstrates limited language control.There are missing words, syntax errors, and several grammatical errors

【对4分文章基础语法的评价】——Control of language is better than adequate.  The writing is clear, focused, and free of surface errors.

【对5分文章基础语法的评价】——The essay demonstrates good control but not mastery of the elements of writing: it contains good variety in syntax, including effective use of rhetorical questions.  The occasional flaws do not detract from the overall strong quality of the essay.  

【对6分文章基础语法的评价】——The writing is succinct, graceful, and virtually error-free, distinguished by impressive diction ("kudos," "laudable," "engineered," "entice"), as well as syntactic sophistication.


1
—— 情态动词的语法特征

1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。

2 ——比较can 和be able to

1)can could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。


2)只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。

e. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.

注意:could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。

--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。

3—— 比较may和might

1) 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.

4—— 比较have to和must

1)两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要, must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3) 在否定结构中: don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't表示"禁止",

You don't have to tell him about it.
你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.
你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

5—— must表示推测

1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时, must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。
比较:
He must be staying there.

他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家。

6 ——表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1)情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时,我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3)情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如 can, may。

7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2)must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有"肯定","谅必"的意思。
--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth
本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

8—— should 和ought to

should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思,可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。

9—— had better表示"最好"

had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为"本来最好"。
You had better have come earlier.

10—— would rather表示"宁愿"

would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿",本题为疑问句, would 提前,所以选B。

11—— will和would

注意:
1)would like; Would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
2)Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake?
3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?

12 ——情态动词的回答方式

问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.
典型例题
1)---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和 may来表达,不能用could或might。复习: will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用,用来提出劝告。
2)---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必,不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't不应该。本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用needn't。
3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B.I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心",本题表示决心,选B。

13—— 带to 的情态动词

带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to,为六个。它们的疑问,否定形式应予以注意:

Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?

She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it.
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have toldB.tellC.be tellingD. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词 ought to 后,所以用 have。

14 ——比较need和dare

这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词: need(需要, 要求)
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词: need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义:need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动:
need doing = need to be done


情态动词在托福写作中的运用

托福的写作中关于情态动词的使用经常存在漏用和误用的情况,而大作文本身就是要求写对某个事物或者现象的评价,所以不可避免要出现带有情态动词的观点句。下面是常见的问题的分析:
首先是情态动词,尤其是Will的漏掉。中国考生受汉语影响,一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了,以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如:
Riding bicycles reduces air pollution.
如果没有情态动词,这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实,而不表示个人对骑自行车的评价。
其它的常见的漏用还体现在与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中, so that或者 in order that引导的从句,或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句,不论条件还是目的都是写作中经常出现的句式。如:
If I have time tomorrow, I drive to pick you up.
Xiao Zhang gets up very early so that he catches the earliest bus to work.
Without enough time to stay inside campus, college students don't have time to improve themselves.
其次是情态动词的误用,主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟,而英式的学风历来讲究严谨,像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等,同时还要搭配一定程度的副词,如:
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观,因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏,但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。
另外一个容易误用的词是should,多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任,而在比较正式的议论文写作中,多数句子是以客观事物做主语的, 所以用should就有些不太恰当,如:
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替, 或者是shall,但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号,而表示的是一种情态。
至于must, 因为语气实在强硬,所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用,建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如:
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.
虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目,但也会在一定程度上影响到分数,所以希望能引起足够的重视。

1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.
A. must B. should C. need D. would

解析:选B. “should have +过去分词” 表示“过去本来应该(但没能)做某事”;
keep one’s promise 意为“信守诺言”。

2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.
A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would

解析:选A.“ could have+过去分词表示过去本来应该(但没能)做某事

3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.
A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been

解析:选D. “You should have been more careful”. 意为:你本来应该更细心的。

4.Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't

解析:选C. can’t be at home 意为:不可能在家。

5.---I can’t understand why our boss is late.
---He the early bus.
A. could miss B. may have missed
C. can have missed D. might miss

解析:选B. “may have+过去分词”表示对过去动作的判断,意为:可能做了某事。注意:can表示可能时,只能用于疑问句和反问句。

6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.
A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been

解析:选D. 表示:对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。

7.The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.
A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying

解析:选D. 意为:她刚才肯定一直在哭。对过去某事正发生的推测。

8.He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.
A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having
C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having

解析:选A. 对现在正在发生的事情的否定推测。

9.I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .
A. may be stolen B. must be stolen
C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen

解析:选C. 对过去发生的事情 的肯定推测的被动式。

10. ______ Mr. Black_______ go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to

解析:选C. used to do的疑问式,可以是Used+主语+to do ?或Did +主语+use to do?

11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.
A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not

解析:选D. 说话人认为不必要乘车, need 为情态动词。

12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May

解析:选B. 在疑问句中shall 用于第三人称,也表示征求意见。

13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you?
---Yes I am afraid I ______ .
A. need B. needn’t C. Must D. mustn’t

解析:选C. Yes的意思是:不。意为:恐怕我必须现在就做。

14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?
A. should B. must C. could D. would

解析:选C. could/can have done 用于否定推测和疑问推测。

15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it?
----Of course.
A. Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do

解析:选B. shall 用在疑问句中,常用于第一,三人称, 表示征求意见或请求指示。

16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t

解析:选B. 根据句意用mustn’t

17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left

解析:选C. have to 表示客观需要,must表示主观需要。学生证必须放在此是客观需要。

18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?”
“Yes, but _____ it”
A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done
C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do

解析:选B. would rather 加完成时表示对完成了的或过去了的事情的态度。意为:当时是不情愿做的。

19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!”
“_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t

解析:选D. A为错误的表达方式;B和C没有直接回答对方的问候。

20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D. can

解析:选C. 对表否定的must进行反意疑问时,要用句子的实义动词

21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will no tD. may not

解析:选A. 否定推测用can’t不用mustn’t

22. “Do you have to leave now?”
“I am very sorry, but I really______.”
A. can’tB. haveC. shouldD. must

解析:选D. 回答have to 的疑问句用must作肯定回答。

23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?”
“_________?”
A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you
D. No, we’d better not

解析:选D. A,B,C都 不能回答shall we, 此处D的语气比较婉转客气。

24. “Can I take it away?”
“ You ______ better not.”
A. should B. Could C. Would D. had

解析:选D. had better 与不带to 的不定式构成谓语,可以变成疑问句:Hadn’t you better----

25. You _______ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t

解析:选B. 本来不必要做某事.

26. See who is there!______ it be May?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will

解析:选C. 表推测时A,B都用作疑问句。

27. John______ be a basketball player. He is much too short.
A. may B. mustn’t C. can’t D. should

解析:选C. 断然的不定推测用can’t

28. The Chinese teacher looks so pale. She ______ be ill.
A. must B. mustn’t C. Can D. need

解析:选A. 表示有把握的肯定推测用must

29. Something______ to save our earth. Do you think so?
A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done

解析:选D. “something must be done” 意为:必须采取措施。

30. Look at what you have done! You ______ be more careful.
A. ought B. Can C. would D. should

解析:选D. ought 后应用to









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荣誉版主 AW活动特殊奖 AW作文修改奖 Sagittarius射手座

沙发
发表于 2009-6-4 02:21:30 |只看该作者
坐个 沙发

明天我发倒装

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发表于 2009-7-13 23:55:37 |只看该作者
UP

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地板
发表于 2009-11-12 00:49:32 |只看该作者

cicialice学习笔记

表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.


would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.


Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?/don't have to.


这个总结真的很好~认真学习~~
情态动词在托福写作中的运用

托福的写作中关于情态动词的使用经常存在漏用和误用的情况,而大作文本身就是要求写对某个事物或者现象的评价,所以不可避免要出现带有情态动词的观点句。下面是常见的问题的分析:
首先是情态动词,尤其是Will的漏掉。中国考生受汉语影响,一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了,以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如:
Riding bicycles reduces air pollution.
如果没有情态动词,这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实,而不表示个人对骑自行车的评价。
其它的常见的漏用还体现在与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中, so that或者 in order that引导的从句,或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句,不论条件还是目的都是写作中经常出现的句式。如:
If I have time tomorrow, I drive to pick you up.
Xiao Zhang gets up very early so that he catches the earliest bus to work.
Without enough time to stay inside campus, college students don't have time to improve themselves.
其次是情态动词的误用,主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟,而英式的学风历来讲究严谨,像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等,同时还要搭配一定程度的副词,如:
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观,因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏,但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。
另外一个容易误用的词是should,多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任,而在比较正式的议论文写作中,多数句子是以客观事物做主语的, 所以用should就有些不太恰当,如:
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替, 或者是shall,但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号,而表示的是一种情态。
至于must, 因为语气实在强硬,所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用,建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如:
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.
虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目,但也会在一定程度上影响到分数,所以希望能引起足够的重视。
Alice~管他过去过不去的~!

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发表于 2009-11-22 23:39:28 |只看该作者
1.        情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2.        could表示委婉,否定或疑问句中表示推测或怀疑,不表示时态
3.        成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"。(If that is the case, we may as well try.)
4.        must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
5.        否定推测用 can't/couldn’t
6.        表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
7.        need和dare 这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
8.        can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等,同时还要搭配一定程度的副词.
9.        至于must, 因为语气实在强硬,所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用,建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。

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发表于 2009-12-13 22:00:55 |只看该作者
小灵易碎的学习笔记

情态动词在托福写作中的运用

托福的写作中关于情态动词的使用经常存在漏用和误用的情况,而大作文本身就是要求写对某个事物或者现象的评价,所以不可避免要出现带有情态动词的观点句。下面是常见的问题的分析:
首先是情态动词,尤其是Will的漏掉。中国考生受汉语影响,一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了,以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如:
Riding bicycles reduces air pollution.
如果没有情态动词,这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实,而不表示个人对骑自行车的评价。
其它的常见的漏用还体现在与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中, so that或者 in order that引导的从句,或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句,不论条件还是目的都是写作中经常出现的句式。如:
If I have time tomorrow, I drive to pick you up.
Xiao Zhang gets up very early so that he catches the earliest bus to work.
Without enough time to stay inside campus, college students don't have time to improve themselves.
其次是情态动词的误用,主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟,而英式的学风历来讲究严谨,像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等,同时还要搭配一定程度的副词,如:
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观,因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏,但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。
另外一个容易误用的词是should,多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任,而在比较正式的议论文写作中,多数句子是以客观事物做主语的, 所以用should就有些不太恰当,如:
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替, 或者是shall,但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号,而表示的是一种情态。
至于must, 因为语气实在强硬,所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用,建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如:
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.
虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目,但也会在一定程度上影响到分数,所以希望能引起足够的重视。

这个很受用,包括前面的讲解也不错~学习了 谢谢

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发表于 2010-1-6 20:09:22 |只看该作者
Rushtosummer的学习笔记(2)情态动词
1情态动词的语法特征
1 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2 情态动词 ought have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s
4 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
2 比较can be able to
1can, could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could), 只用于现在式和过去式(could)be able to可以用于各种时态。
2)只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后(?)
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to,不能用could
注意:could不表示时态
1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
3比较maymight
1 表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。
注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2 成语:may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"
If that is the case, we may as well try.
4比较have tomust
1)两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要,must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
3 在否定结构中: don't have to 表示"不必", mustn't表示"禁止"
5 must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定"
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时,must后面通常接系动词be的原形或行为动词的进行式。
比较: He must be staying there. 他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。

3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.

4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
1)
否定推测用 can't
6 表示推测的用法

can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:
1)
情态动词+动词原形。

表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。
2)
情态动词+动词现在进行时。

表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
3)情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如 can, may
7情态动词+ have +过去分词

1) may (might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
2)must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有"肯定""谅必"的意思。
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
8 should ought to
should ought to 都为"应该"的意思,可用于各种人称。
表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
9 had better表示"最好"
had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。
had better do sth
had better not do sth
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为"本来最好"
10 would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿""宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
11 willwould
注意:

1would like Would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。
2Will you…?
Would you like…?
表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any

Would you like some cake?
3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?
12 情态动词的回答方式

问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…? Yes, I must. No, I needn't
Must you…? Yes, I must. No, I don't have to.
Do you have to…? Yes, I must. No, I haven’t.
13 to 的情态动词

to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to,为六个。
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助。
14 比较needdare
这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词: need(需要, 要求)
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词: need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need的被动含义:need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动:
need doing = need to be done


情态动词在托福写作中的运用
常见的问题的:
1.Will的漏用
中国考生受汉语影响,一提到将来才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达能、将、会、要、就等多种意义。漏用will以至于经常出现观点事实不分的句子。
其它的常见的漏用还体现在与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中,so that或者 in order that引导的从句,或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句,不论条件还是目的都是写作中经常出现的句式。
2. can的误用
can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等,同时还要搭配一定程度的副词。
3. should的误用
should表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任,而在比较正式的议论文写作中,多数句子是以客观事物做主语的, 所以用should就有些不太恰当。一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替, 或者是shall,但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号,而表示的是一种情态。
4. must的使用
must语气强硬,所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用,建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。

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发表于 2010-5-23 00:24:07 |只看该作者
顶顶顶!!!

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发表于 2015-8-16 21:21:02 |只看该作者
高中语法,表示一遍过

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发表于 2015-8-16 21:22:02 |只看该作者
这个很重要啊,很多易错点

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RE: 0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二期——情态动词 [修改]
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