楼主关于那个A11 的解释好像是以前老题的解释，新题变化挺大的，求解释啊！！楼主威武啊
这是个好帖子 要继续
占位~~~
本帖最后由 dumbo_octopus 于 2011-10-11 21:24 编辑
1# shinian1987
N2 恒河猴。。。c@@D
我是这么批的，跟大家分享下，我一直觉得survey or experiment的样本量不是一个好的攻击点，应该重点攻击推理过程。（个人观点）
原文逻辑：Birth order 决定hormone cortisol level +用HC level 判断 stimulation level（遇刺激产生HC）所以birth order决定stimulation level
18只猴子实验：
a：firstborn infant monkeys generate double amount of HC than their younger siblings upon stimuli. （作者想说头胎小猴stimulation level高。）
b：First-time mother monkeys had higher levels of HC than 生过几个孩子的母亲 （作者想说头胎导致了母猴的HC level高。）
另外举了一个人类的例子（也是小孩，因为说parent）和小猴的那个大同小异
3个例子作者都想说头胎猴子对刺激反应比较大，产生较高的HC level。注意这里隐含了一个assumption：作者认为HC是由小猴自己产生的
批判：
alternative explanation：HC不是小猴自己在刺激下产生的，而是由怀孕的母猴pass on的：
1）原文中第一次怀孕的母猴HC level比生过几次孩子的母猴HC level高，ms没有在受了刺激以后才测HC。说明第一次怀孕的母猴本身HC就高，原因可能因为紧张，或者机体对怀孕导致的变化产生的自然反应，第一次比以后高挺正常的（习惯了，下次就没这么大反应了）
2）批不合理对比：用firstborn infant monkeys和后几胎猴子比，但是后几胎猴子是否也是在infant的时候做的刺激实验？而且也没有比较同一只猴子在刺激前后的HC level，应该是 level of change in HC level rather than HC level itself that reflect stimulation level。 所以该证据不能说明头胎小猴遇到刺激后比其他猴子产生的HC多。很可能在infant期因为从母猴那里得到的HC多，所以HC高于其他猴子，至于这个high hormone level长大后是否会一直延续未可知，但是显然和刺激无关。
3）人类的例子同小猴。
（最后还可以提一下18只猴子数据量太小。但应该不是重点。）
结论：说从文中证据来看，更像是母猴在怀第一胎的时候由于某种原因had a high HC level，（HC通过血液传给了小猴），所以头胎出生的小猴HC level 比非头胎的小猴高。Birth order和stimulation level没有很大关系。
受教了。。
这么好的帖子一定要继续下去！
#46
The following appeared in a health magazine published in Corpora.
"Medical experts say that only one-quarter of Corpora's citizens meet the current standards for adequate physical fitness, even though twenty years ago, one-half of all of Corpora's citizens met the standards as then defined. But these experts are mistaken when they suggest that spending too much time using computers has caused a decline in fitness. Since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
这一题咋看好像很多攻击点。。
但是如果要列成assumption的话，好像觉得有点困难。。。
除了“作者假设20年间C城的市民人口基数没有太大变化，且fitness standard也没有太大变化。”之外，也没有找到其他比较好的假设了。
求解。THX~~~
Argument 79
Since those issues of Newsbeat magazine that featured political news on
their front cover were the poorest-selling issues over the past three years,
the publisher of Newsbeat has recommended that the magazine curtail its
emphasis on politics to focus more exclusively on economics and
personal finance. She points to a recent survey of readers of general
interest magazines that indicate greater reader interest in economic issues
than in political ones. Newsbeat’s editor, however, opposes the proposed
shift in editorial policy, pointing out that very few magazines offer
extensive political coverage anymore.”
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
反驳出版商的观点，还是编辑的观点？
Humans arrived in the Kaliko Islands about 7,000 years ago, and within 3,000 years most of the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Kaliko Islands had become extinct. Yet humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions, because there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals. Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humans cannot have hunted the mammals. Therefore, some climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions.
大家可能都不觉得这是难题。可是，基本大家能想到的都是，首先，没有证据证明人与mammal的直接接触，不代表人对mammal没有影响。人类活动会间接影响mammal生存。比如环境污染，抢占食物和水blah blah blah。二，鱼骨头，不代表人类没有影响mammal。可能鱼是mammal主食，人都吃完了，mammal饿死了。最后面就是除了climate change and other environmental 因素之外还有很多因素，blah blah blah。
如果这样写，有各种矛盾+重复~我是这样觉得。
如果人类没有直接猎杀动物，间接影响就是侵占habitat，环境污染【环境因素】，而这一点又在第三点中被我们自己否决掉了。另外，人类对动物的影响还可能是抢夺食物，这点又和第二点有重复。
各种求助T T感觉这样的攻击又混乱又薄弱……
本帖最后由 watertcafe 于 2011-11-3 17:54 编辑
The president of Grove College has recommended that the college abandon its century-old tradition of all-female education and begin admitting men. Pointing to other all-female colleges that experienced an increase in applications after adopting coeducation, the president argues that coeducation would lead to a significant increase in applications and enrollment. However, the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan. Arguing that all-female education is essential to the very identity of the college, the director cites annual surveys of incoming students in which these students say that the school's all-female status was the primary reason they selected Grove. The director also points to a survey of Grove alumnae in which a majority of respondents strongly favored keeping the college all female.
又一道自相矛盾的题T T感觉和79神似。可是79，经过咖啡盐版主的指导，豁然开朗了……这个要怎么办办？我目前是把双方都攻击了的。感觉，题目的instruction是说，你能提出什么问题来evaluate这个recommendation。既然如此，那就围绕recommendation展开。文中提到的各种观点调查，有正面有负面，这不重要，重要的是这些论据是否可靠，能否说明recommendation是好是坏。只要点明他们的不可靠之处，然后适当提出自己的修正或者提出其余evaluate这个recommendation的补充方法，应该就可以了。也确实ETS并不是在题目里要求我们“支持”或者“反驳”文中人的观点，而是提出“what questions would need to be answered”，这应该就给我们提出了展开空间吧。个人意见，欢迎拍砖~
Argument 15
Instruction: Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
"Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine."
作者的论点是说， margarine替代butter对消费者的影响不大 对吗？
我只能找出一点，98%的人不投诉是因为他们不愿争执，并不能满意。
求助楼主~~这题想了一晚上了。 谢谢！
顶起 好帖
支持一下
包含有新Argue的分析，太感谢拉～