【GRE作文互助组】小狮子的作业帖---argument提纲
本帖最后由 xiesisiminerva 于 2012-7-31 19:28 编辑argument1-3 4 The following appeared in a letter from a homeowner to a friend.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
分析：结论>把房子卖给AR ，卖得更快，卖个好价 前提：AR更优秀
理由：1，AR-40年历史， Fc 25, part-time
2 AR的税收是F两倍，售房总额168000D ，F 144000
3卖得更快：10年前我卖一套，F ，4个月； 1年前，另一套房，1个月
提纲：
1 卖给A 一定买得好价吗？虽然A 的售房总额高于F，但没有说房子的总数，税收是两倍，可能说明房子总数远远大于F，但是总额却只比F高一点。
2 一定能卖得更快吗？十年前和一年前比，房子的交易方式和交易效率肯定都不一样。即使没有分别，两套房子本身的差距也能决定卖得快慢，有可能一年前的地段好，而十年前那房低处偏僻； 或者1年前的房样式好，结构好，内部装修好，就好卖。
3 F都是兼职人员，而且时间相对短就不好么？可以看到这可能正是他们的优势所在， 短短25年就能和40年相抗衡，足以见得实力不凡。兼职人员不一定代表不专业，反而从侧面说明内部机制好，人员效率高。
5 The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.
"On Balmer Island, where mopeds serve as a popular form of transportation, the population increases to 100,000 during the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by the island's moped rental companies from 50 per day to 25 per day during the summer season. By limiting the number of rentals, the town council will attain the 50 percent annual reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year on the neighboring island of Seaville, when Seaville's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals."
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
评价：
结论：限制摩托车的出租就会使车祸的量减小到一半。
小前提：1车多人多，摩托车事故更容易发生 2邻岛已经这样做而且很成功。
措施：将摩托车出租量从每天50 降到每天25
提纲：
1 降低出租车数一定会减少车祸吗？
A因为人们很喜爱这种方式，会不会自己买车.
B文中没有说现在的车祸基数有多少，如果每年就两三起，还有必要减少吗？
C将车祸量减少有无其他方式？如，增设人行道，合理设计路灯，提高驾驶员素质。
2 邻岛人的成功模式就一定适用于本岛吗？
1 可能因为邻村的道路更加狭小，减少车辆数可减少车祸。而我岛道路宽阔，车辆空间足够。
2 邻村仅仅去年一年的实施有没有代表性，是不是其他原因而使车祸减少？比如说邻村的人都搬出？人很少。或者大家很多买了汽车，不开摩托车？
6 Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of the year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
结论：可能减少的鹿群数量是鹿群不能按照原来的迁徙路线迁徙造成的。
前提：
1遍布在岛屿之间的冰使得鹿群可以觅食，气候要求：温暖到的有植物生长；寒冷到有可以结成冰。
2本地猎人说：鹿群数量减少-----》是真的减少，还是因为改变路线了而没有看到
3全球变暖使冰融化》原来的迁移路线------》有无替代路线。
提纲：1 有没有替代路线。
2猎人的观察准确吗，会不会是因为鹿群改变了路线而没有看到。
3即使是真的因为不能迁徙而饿死，为什么没有看到成片的鹿群尸体，他们去哪里了呢？
8.2 argument 7-9
7 The following is a recommendation from the Board of Directors of Monarch Books.
"We recommend that Monarch Books open a café in its store. Monarch, having been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer base because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Clearly, opening the café would 1attract more customers. 2Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section, which will probably become less popular given that the most recent national census indicated a significant decline in the percentage of the 3population under age ten. Opening a café will allow Monarch to attract more customers and better compete with 4Regal Books, which recently opened its own café."
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
1建一个咖啡厅就能吸引到更多的读者吗？
A 吵闹声使爱读书的无法静心
B减少少儿书反而会使人数下降》预测一定准确吗？/ 人数的减少并不能说明读书的人减少，家长对孩子的教育更重视了呢？
2 别的书店开咖啡厅：A 效益一定好吗？B读者群的定位
8 The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.
"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
1学生的房子需求在上升吗？---A 入学率上升就代表需求量增加吗？学生出于方便考虑，可能更愿意租房子住呢？B 未来的入学率一定会继续涨吗？不会落吗？如果因为建新校舍而导致其他设施经费缺失，反而造成建好了校舍没人住的情况。
2房租上涨，学生租在外面的会变少吗？如果镇上的房租本身就便宜，涨一点学生也不觉得贵。由于建了新校舍，学校不会据此增加收费吗？
3新的校舍一定会吸引学生吗？相比校舍，师资力量和学校的排名及专业是否对口才是学生选择的重要依据。
9 Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products, is opening its next franchise in the town of Plainsville. The store should prove to be very successful: Nature's Way franchises tend to be most profitable in areas where residents lead healthy lives, and clearly Plainsville is such an area. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. Finally, Plainsville's schoolchildren represent a new generation of potential customers: these schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness-for-life program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age.
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
1 健康食物开在F一定会成功吗？1鞋子的价格，健康俱乐部证明小镇的健康生活方式更多在运动方面，而不是通过饮食。2小孩也不是潜在客户，因为他们进行经常性的锻炼，而不是通过饮食。3因为小镇上的人很可能已经足够健康了，认为他们不需要做出改变，反而生意会不好。
24 A recently issued twenty-year study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia investigated the possible therapeutic effect of consuming salicylates. Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, food-processing companies also add salicylates to foods as preservatives. The twenty-year study found a correlation between the rise in the commercial use of salicylates and a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by study participants. At the time when the study concluded, food-processing companies had just discovered that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods, and, as a result, many companies plan to do so. Based on these study results, some health experts predict that residents of Mentia will suffer even fewer headaches in the future.Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction.Conclusion: health experts predict that residents of Mentia will suffer even fewer headaches in the future.Premise: Salicylates, a medicine used to treat headaches . A recently issued twenty-year study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia investigated the possible therapeutic effect of consuming salicylates.Point: 1 many foods are naturally rich in salicylates ,2 food-processing companies also add salicylates to foods as preservatives3 study found a correlation between the rise in the commercial use of salicylates and a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by study participants.4 when the study concluded, food-processing companies had just discovered that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods, and, as a result, many companies plan to do so. Skeleton:1. how to lead to the conclusion that M’s residents will suffer fewer headaches in the future? A The author assume that the increasing commercial use of salicylates will reduce the possibility that the people will bearing an headache. For the reason that the salicylates are of the same family of apirine , a medine used to treat headache. However, does it mean that they are of the same function? Or is there any side effect that of the substance? actually , apirine is the derivant of the salicylates because the latter has an bad impact on peoples’ stomach. And is not properly used to be a kind of medicine.B Even if the salicylates has the ability to cure headache, will the additional adding of the salicylates lead to residents of Mentia suffering even fewer headaches in the future?Maybe the contain of s in food is enough for people to ease their headache. The more does not mean the better. Some medicine, beyond a certain dosage ,will become a poison. Is there any research saying that it is a safe way for the company to use it as a flavor?2. There are many reasons that can lead to the decline of the headaches besides the commercial use of salicylates , over the twenty years. Maybe the residents became lead a healthier living habit just like go to bed early and get up early, doing exercise, eating less junk food.Or the environment they have live is better than before , the air condition improved , the water they drink contain less heavy metal or so. 3 even it is safe and has an effect in treating the headache, can be used as a addition in foods , are the companies be many enough so that their addition will lead to a even fewer peoples bearing headache? How many healthy experts has studies the correlated numbers and how many of they are in favor of the conclusion?
22 According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise. However, Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students; under that system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without. Thus, all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.Conclusion:all colleges and universities should adopt honor code similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.Premise: According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise.1 Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code2 Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students.thirty cases of cheating per year3 In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen.4 in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without.Skeleton:1 is there any need to decrease cheating--à A Are the recent report of the cheating rate credible? How does it make , what’s the basement? Is it made in a certain isolated area or in the major universities. B is it necessary for all schools adopt honor code? Maybe in some place which shows that the cheating rate among the students is continue claming.2 Is the honor code reasonable? A. How many students agree to the new policy? Sometimes students just keep silence when they are disagree ,show no difference. B. Is it good for students to notify to faculty when they are just suspect. Will this lead to the disbelieving among the students and cause some flictions between them?C How does the faculty deal with the students report? Will they simply believe or by nuanced research?3 can the number of cases explain the true problem ?A Are the students supervision better than the teachers? The number immediately drop illustrate that the students had become ‘honest’, or it is just that some of the cheating behavior hasn’t been noticed. B Why does the number decreased? Is there any possible that among the students there are some under rules such as if they are all cheating and know each other well, they will say nothing about the cheating behavior. Or the student who report cheating behavior can hardly be forgave by the cheating man and is isolated. Then less of the students is willing to notify a certain thing.On other hand , teacher have more experience by discovering the cheating and have the authority to punish the cheating one without being revenged.4 Is the research believable? How many students were asked? How many of them tell the truth. Even if they tell the truth ,is it a good phenomenon for students only be more honest in the place where there is a supervision. And when there is no one seeing that what they are doing ,does it mean that they can cheat with no guilt? Can the honor code finally shape a reliable person? 23 The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist."Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.Conlusion:1 DF’s conclusion about the culture is invalid, 2 thus : the observation-centered approach to studying the village culture is invalid as well. 3 the interview-centered approach is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures.Premise:1Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents.2 However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village.Skeleton:1 whether DF’s conclusion is invalid? A. talking more about their parents just mean about they have more close relationship with their parents which is the common nature of human being. It does not mean that their parents have the enough ability to raise them largely independent from the entire village. B. what’s reared by the entire village mean? Maybe the children learn more skills from the whole village by the traditional activities and when they are living among the group of people.2 Even DK is right , does it mean that DF’s conclusion is wrong? the observation he had made is twenty years ago and with time goes by , the rearing pattern may also have a change.3 Can the invalid of the only one case overthrow the observation-centered approach which has been proved to be effective to many other cases among the anthropologists. 4 is there any other evident that can prove that the interview-based method is much more good than the observation p? why is it much accurate？ Is there any possibility that the children don’t even know much about themselves and answer the question casually. On the contrary , the observation by the DF is more reliable?22 According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise. However, Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students; under that system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without. Thus, all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.Conclusion:all colleges and universities should adopt honor code similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.Premise: According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise.1 Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code2 Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students.thirty cases of cheating per year3 In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen.4 in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without.Skeleton:1 is there any need to decrease cheating--à A Are the recent report of the cheating rate credible? How does it make , what’s the basement? Is it made in a certain isolated area or in the major universities. B is it necessary for all schools adopt honor code? Maybe in some place which shows that the cheating rate among the students is continue claming.2 Is the honor code reasonable? A. How many students agree to the new policy? Sometimes students just keep silence when they are disagree ,show no difference. B. Is it good for students to notify to faculty when they are just suspect. Will this lead to the disbelieving among the students and cause some flictions between them?C How does the faculty deal with the students report? Will they simply believe or by nuanced research?3 can the number of cases explain the true problem ?A Are the students supervision better than the teachers? The number immediately drop illustrate that the students had become ‘honest’, or it is just that some of the cheating behavior hasn’t been noticed. B Why does the number decreased? Is there any possible that among the students there are some under rules such as if they are all cheating and know each other well, they will say nothing about the cheating behavior. Or the student who report cheating behavior can hardly be forgave by the cheating man and is isolated. Then less of the students is willing to notify a certain thing.On other hand , teacher have more experience by discovering the cheating and have the authority to punish the cheating one without being revenged.4 Is the research believable? How many students were asked? How many of them tell the truth. Even if they tell the truth ,is it a good phenomenon for students only be more honest in the place where there is a supervision. And when there is no one seeing that what they are doing ,does it mean that they can cheat with no guilt? Can the honor code finally shape a reliable person? 23 The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist."Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.Conlusion:1 DF’s conclusion about the culture is invalid, 2 thus : the observation-centered approach to studying the village culture is invalid as well. 3 the interview-centered approach is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures.Premise:1Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents.2 However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village.Skeleton:1 whether DF’s conclusion is invalid? A. talking more about their parents just mean about they have more close relationship with their parents which is the common nature of human being. It does not mean that their parents have the enough ability to raise them largely independent from the entire village. B. what’s reared by the entire village mean? Maybe the children learn more skills from the whole village by the traditional activities and when they are living among the group of people.2 Even DK is right , does it mean that DF’s conclusion is wrong? the observation he had made is twenty years ago and with time goes by , the rearing pattern may also have a change.3 Can the invalid of the only one case overthrow the observation-centered approach which has been proved to be effective to many other cases among the anthropologists. 4 is there any other evident that can prove that the interview-based method is much more good than the observation p? why is it much accurate？ Is there any possibility that the children don’t even know much about themselves and answer the question casually. On the contrary , the observation by the DF is more reliable?
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