【GRE作文互助组】清心_巧的作业帖---argument提纲
本帖最后由 清心_巧 于 2012-7-31 23:06 编辑1.Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been made only by the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could have crossed it only by boat, and no Palean boats have been found. Thus it follows that the so-called Palean baskets were not uniquely Palean.
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
1.作者认为L地区的篮子不是P产的一个重要原因是P和L之间有一条deep and broad的河.但作者只是说这条河现在是deep and broad,并没有说在远古时期河的状态.(陆地or小溪)
2.即使河在当时deep and broad,也不能得出最终的结论:
P地区没有发现船只并不代表P地区没有船,可能是考古还不全面
即使P地区没有船,篮子也有其他途径到L地区:
作者没有提L是否有船,L若有船可以到P去.
P的篮子可能被后人带到了L
P的篮子被洪水冲到了L
2. (new) The following appeared as part of a letter to the editor of a scientific journal.
"A recent study of eighteen rhesus monkeys provides clues as to the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation. The study showed that in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings. Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence). The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
作者用一个实验和人类的相似情况的出结论:出生顺序对于个体的反射情况有影响.
这个实验研究存在问题:
样本容量太小
拿 firstborn monkeys与 younger siblings 作比较,并没有控制单一变量.有可能是因为年龄的差异导致的激素水平不同.
对于怀孕母猴的实验,我们也可以猜测是其他原因导致激素水平的不同:比如初次怀孕的情绪问题.
作者并没有解释母亲的激素水平与孩子的激素水平有什么联系.
即使这个实验的结果可信,我们也不能得出对于所有个体结论都成立,因为无论是猴子还是人类,都属于灵长类动物.
3. 171.(227)The following appeared as a letter to the editor from a Central Plaza store owner.
"Over the past two years, the number of shoppers in Central Plaza has been steadily decreasing while the popularity of skateboarding has increased dramatically. Many Central Plaza store owners believe that the decrease in their business is due to the number of skateboard users in the plaza. There has also been a dramatic increase in the amount of litter and vandalism throughout the plaza. Thus, we recommend that the city prohibit skateboarding in Central Plaza. If skateboarding is prohibited here, we predict that business in Central Plaza will return to its previously high levels."
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
作者由以下的出的结论:1.顾客减少与此同时玩滑板的人增多.2.店主认为是玩滑板的人导致,3.垃圾数目增多.
1.虽然顾客的减少与滑板者的增多发生在同一时期,但是并不意味着是后者导致了前者.(经济萧条.而且更有可能的是恰好是因为顾客的减少才为滑板玩家提供了场地.)
2.许多店主认为是因为滑板玩家导致了这一现象,但是到底有多少店主这样认为?并且他们的观点是否客观真实?
3.没有证据表明垃圾的堆积是因为滑板玩家导致的.很可能是管理不善.
4.如果实行了这一措施,可能把最大的商机给抹灭. 但是楼主，如果按你的提纲写，你能把作文写长么？求解释。。。。我目前也刚开始准备ARGUMENT，可以加QQ交流一下。。。我QQ：770133252 4. (4) The following appeared in a letter from a homeowner to a friend.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
结论:卖得又快又好,应该选A
原因:1.A有40家代理商,F有25家代理商
2. A去年的收益是F的两倍
3.A去年的平均房价是168000 F是144000
4.A的房子卖得快:十年前,F花了4个多月才卖了房子.去年,A花了一个月
1.A未必比F好:
(1).代理商多不以为好,可能是管理不善,效率低
(2)收入高是否代表利润高,可能是成本高
(3)A与F的市场类型不同(房子类型)
(4)10年前的经济形势和去年可能不同,房子的类型,位置不同,十年前的AF与今天的也不同
2.是否有其他选择..公司的目标类型不同,不知名的可能也有优势
5.(20) The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette.
"On Balmer Island, where mopeds serve as a popular form of transportation, the population increases to 100,000 during the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrians, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by the island's moped rental companies from 50 per day to 25 per day during the summer season. By limiting the number of rentals, the town council will attain the 50 percent annual reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year on the neighboring island of Seaville, when Seaville's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals."
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
背景:B岛的人口增多,moped是流行交通工具
目的:减少moped和行人的事故
措施:夏季限制moped的出租数量(50=>25)
原因:s岛这样做了,取得了效果(50% annual reduction)
1.这一措施是否会导致事故数量的下降?
(1)其他导致事故多发(岛上人员拥挤,路况不好,交通管理差,交通标志不足)
(2)虽然夏季的人数多,但不能断定夏季是事故的高发季节.(冬天路滑)
2.即使因moped的问题导致了事故多发,但采取这一措施不能保证取得与S相同的效果.(两个岛的环境不同,similar limits不具体)
3.若是采取了,是否会有副作用? 交通拥挤
6. (45) Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic regions. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of the year. Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, we can conclude that the purported decline in deer populations is the result of the deer's being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea.
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
结论:鹿的迁徙方式不能适应新形势导致其数目下降
原因:1.鹿需要有冰来使它们可以找食物
2.当地捕猎者说鹿的数量减少了,同时全球变暖使海冰融化
1.Reports from local hunters 是否科学可信?
2.Deer的数目下降是否因为气候变暖? 其他原因:过度打猎,外来物种入侵
3.即使是气候变暖导致deer的数目减少,是否是因为他们不能follow their age-old migration patterns? 气候变暖的其他影响: 食物减少,细菌增多爆发疾病.文章没有提到气候变暖是否影响了deer的迁徙路线 8.2
7.98.99.(44) The following is a recommendation from the Board of Directors of Monarch Books."We recommend that Monarch Books open a café in its store. Monarch, having been in business at the same location for more than twenty years, has a large customer base because it is known for its wide selection of books on all subjects. Clearly, opening the café would attract more customers. Space could be made for the café by discontinuing the children's book section, which will probably become less popular given that the most recent national census indicated a significant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten. Opening a café will allow Monarch to attract more customers and better compete with Regal Books, which recently opened its own café."
作者认为应当开咖啡店的一个重要原因是R开了咖啡厅
R开了咖啡厅是否有效?
即使R的咖啡厅为R带来了效益,但对于M未必有用.
M通过关闭儿童图书来为开店提供场所,因为最新人口普查显示a significant decline in the percentage of the population under age ten.
有两个疑问:
1.10岁以下的儿童数量是否真的下降了?(1.percentage2.the most recent 到底有多新? )
即使人数下降也不意味着书的需求量下降.(1.父母有更多的资金投入到子女的教育中2.孩子的伙伴少,看书多了)
M吸引人的地方是因为its wide selection of books on all subjects. 撤掉儿童读物违背了这一优势.
开咖啡店有可能带来不良后果(气味,噪音)
R可能是因为有闲置的场地才开的.
8. (240) The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.
"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."
Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
作者的论证:1.学生人数的增多.2.放假的上涨.3.好的宿舍吸引更多学生
作者只是说学生在增长并且50年以后人数会翻倍.这并不能有力的说明学生增长的快,50年翻倍是一个比较慢的增长率.
关于房租:
Average rent在上涨不代表学生公寓的价格在上涨(中高档的在上涨)
In recent years 概念模糊,如果比起十年前,因为人民的生活水平提高,房价上涨是一件合理的事情.
如何上涨也不清楚:起初上涨,后又平稳
上涨的幅度也没有提
宿舍的情况只是择校的众多因素之一(师资水平)
如果建了许多宿舍,可能会破坏校园的整体规划,导致校园拥挤.
9. 88.90.(1) Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products, is opening its next franchise in the town of Plainsville. The store should prove to be very successful: Nature's Way franchises tend to be most profitable in areas where residents lead healthy lives, and clearly Plainsville is such an area. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. Finally, Plainsville's schoolchildren represent a new generation of potential customers: these schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness-for-life program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age.
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
1.不能说明拥有健康的生活:
.商人的报告必须客观可信
运动衣运动鞋的畅销可能仅仅是因为它们穿起来比较舒服,或者体育赛事
可能是因为其他原因导致健身房人多:搞活动.或者正是因为他们不健康的生活方式才需要到健身房里锻练. 爆满的原因还有招收的人少.
2.学生的数量多少?学生这项活动的实施与买保健品有什么联系?
3.可能这里本来就有了许许多多的健康用品的商店,已经饱和.
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