【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-931474-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记
无论是iBT还是GRE,GMAT的写作，虽然考察点各有不同，但是都是基于一个effective writting基础之上的。其重要性，就是永远占据了各类写作考试最基础的2/3之多的分数，尤其在ibt中，更是几乎全构架在这个之上；至于GRE，中国学生其实不缺乏思想，只要做好introspect和retrospect，所有上层建筑都不难，唯独十万余种的部队经常被卡到3分的瓶颈，为什么呢？文法！基础！而基础是什么呢？呵呵——effective writting。
这让我想起高考，总分中的70%以上是基础分。想拿高分很难，但是基础分却是人人都应该拿到的。AW也是如此，effective writting是大家都应当做到的起码的写作，而要拿更高的分数需要更多技巧性的东西。不知道这样理解对不对，请大家指正。
审题20问
个人感觉，审题20问其实跟中文中写议论文的方法类似，特别跟中学时的政治课本上写一个东东类似。记得中学时学写议论文，老师也是从这些方面教我们如何从一个题目展开论述。所以我想，如何把中学教写议论文的书再找到看下，不知是否合适呢。记得当时我写议论文也是列出若干问题在草稿上，然后一个一个想着如何来叙写。
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
首先是给出定义，使得后面的讨论围绕这个定义限定的东西讨论，不至于偏题。讨论一个东西，要从基本概念上说起。这好像是政治书上常用的方法。
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
第二步就是讨论这个东西的特点是什么。政治书常用法。
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
然后讨论这个东东的组成。
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
这个东东是怎么产生和得到的？个人理解好像是要探讨各组成部分和这个东西之间的逻辑关系。
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
这个东东是怎么产生和得到的？这一问和上一问只是is变成了should be,区别何在？个人感觉是这个东西应该怎么产生及得到。（跟实际产生不一样？）
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
这个东西起到的实质作用是什么？
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
这个东西的起因是什么？是什么导致了它的产生？鉴于第4和第5问已讨论产生和得到。所以我理解这个问是讨论产生的条件，比如说产生的导火线，是什么情况促使了它各个部分产生了它。
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
这个东西的结果是？会产生怎样的后果？
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
这个东西是如何分类的？可以分为哪几类？
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
把这个东西跟它类似的东西比较。Y个人感觉应该是跟X易混淆的东西，或是经常相提并论的东西。
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
这个东西当前的状态是什么？这个状态，我感觉是比如人们对它的态度等等。
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
这个东西的意义是？重要意义是？
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
这个东西的事实是？我感觉是社会上对它的态度？或是社会对它的报道之类。跟第11问有点类似。
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
这个东西怎么发生的？跟第4，5，7问类似。迷惑，为什么要重复问呢？还请教大家。
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
哪种人是属于X的？跟第2问类似。继续迷惑。
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
对X我个人的观点是什么？
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
我对X的记忆还是印象还是啥的？？这个不懂哈。望高人解答。
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
X的价值是什么？第第12 问类似。
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
总结，X的本质上的主要点和特征是什么？
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
什么情况能用来支持或反对X？有了这问，使得更具说服力。
加油
分析得很好啊
其实还是觉得他们是不是有些重复呢
有几条我还是分得不是很清楚呢
31# 薇薇vivi
Date: 11/08/2009
Topic: 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
Reference: https://bbs.gter.net/thread-930785-1-1.html
20问看起来是很平凡的东西，但是这就是基础，这是必须提醒自己要做的。以下是个人对其基本应用的一些想法。所以借此机会翻看了一下题库，作为重新熟悉的开始。
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
定义类。这个最典型的就是“一个人怎么才算成功”这种类型的问题了。这个方法能带来写作话题的情况往往是针对一种非物质的、本身就具有多重定义的东西，并就这些定义展开对比和讨论。例子是I99 - "In any realm of life--whether academic, social, business, or political—the only way to succeed is to take a practical, rather than an idealistic, point of view. Pragmatic behavior guarantees survival, whereas idealistic views tend to be superceded by simpler, more immediate options." 这个问题可以就成功的定义来讨论。例如牺牲信仰换来物质带给各人的满足感是不同的。
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
一开始看对feature的理解都没把握了，真汗。没关系，虚心学习从头开始吗。
这个可以说无处不在。粗看感觉和1有点重复，不过从我自身的第一反应来看，这两点给人的感觉还是不同的。definition更趋向于抽象的，而feature是具象的。还是刚才的I99例子，我也许会说成功的定义，但不太会说成功人士的特征。相反，我更愿意说杰出领导人的特征，而非杰出的定义。细节区别在哪里呢？definition有主观成分，我觉得成功，你觉得不成功。feature相对更客观，领导的杰出往往被团队和社会认同，杰出的定义往往成为共识。其多样性则表现在事物的不同侧面，就像三视图可以决定立体一样。例子是I43. "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards." 很多这种只提及一个feature的题目。
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
这一条和前两条结合得很紧密。当一个定义是分类性质时，1与3是同时被回答的。而每个方面的illustration其实都包含了一种feature。例子是I85. "Government funding of the arts threatens the integrity of the arts."那么具体生活里的art都涉及到些什么，比如art的精神，art团体的发展等等。
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
做事的过程可以分很多类。一类有代表性的是做事情的顺序，特别是一些明确出现了时序的问题。例子是I28. "Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little." 其余的情况在后面补完。
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
与上一条类似的情况就不谈了。不同的在于这一类可用来分析某些论断中的行动方式是否正确，即应该做的和题目中所作的区别。例子是I17. "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws." 如何应对unjust laws，也许不是题目所说那么简单。
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
这种与一些事情的必要性挂钩。例子是I103. "The study of history has value only to the extent that it is relevant to our daily lives." 那么study of history的作用是什么直接决定了其价值在哪里。
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
因果关系。很简单。仅举一例I16. "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals." 变得不强大不独立的原因难道只有luxuries和conveniences吗？
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
同上。
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
分类。没有找到什么例子。汗。。。
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
很常见。最典型的就是直接比较类的。例子是I147. "Tradition and modernization are incompatible. One must choose between them." 比较传统与现代化，哪些是被保留下来的，哪些又是破旧立新的。
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
跨时间的比较。上一条的例子依然适用。另一个是I226. "People are mistaken when they assume that the problems they confront are more complex and challenging than the problems faced by their predecessors. This illusion is eventually dispelled with increased knowledge and experience."
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
很常见。还是以I28为例子来说，我们可以讨论ideas, trends and concepts的重要性在哪里，facts的重要性又在哪里。
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
这是举例论证所必要的。例如题目提出了一个方法来达到某目的，那么某次具体实施后的效果就是facts了。
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
要把例子举好，就要做到有重点的、清晰的narration。
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
描述个人的特点，可用于举例。广义地讲应该也可以用于一类人群的特点。
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
这条不是关于一个题的问题了。用对象的反映说明方法的适用性是很常见的，就好象给你机器，光看参数不一定管用，但从生产的零件质量就可一目了然。
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
与6类似的例子，考察事物或行为的价值。
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
往往出现在写作时发散思维并总结的一部分。例如I203:"The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines." 如果前面都说了研究英雄对了解社会的积极作用，这里可以说，英雄人物的特点只是社会优秀的一面，成功的一面，我们不一定能够看到社会的弱点。这是一种对英雄特点的summary。如果前面正反都举例了，可以就the character of a society来考察其essential major points和features。
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
这也是写作的一般性技巧。比如讲一个论点时考虑不同意者可能的反驳，并加以解释。显得客观。
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
无论是iBT还是GRE,GMAT的写作，虽然考察点各有不同，但是都是基于一个effective writting基础之上的。其重要性，就是永远占据了各类写作考试最基础的2/3之多的分数，尤其在ibt中，更是几乎全构架在这个之上；至于GRE，中国学生其实不缺乏思想，只要做好introspect和retrospect，所有上层建筑都不难，唯独十万余种的部队经常被卡到3分的瓶颈，为什么呢？文法！基础！而基础是什么呢？呵呵——effective writting。（很有感触啊，我在写作时并不是没有想到，而是有太多的绊脚石将我的思想缠住了，作为一个传达思想的载体，我们的文章更应该在语言上通顺，在结果上完整，而后才能有美文美句的更高要求，我觉得练习写作是应该先有这样的认识）
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them.如果作文时能有这样清醒的旁观者态度，那么客观的文章和清晰地思路就可以有保障啦……只是一定要记得哦 Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
首先应该定义将要讨论的概念，有的时候定义概念关系到论点结论和论据的选择，也是全文中心所在，让论证不偏不倚。
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
分析特点，我想这里是应该结合对它的客观认识全面分析。
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
简单分析组成，是大概分析该问题的大致部分
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
详细分析每部分的情况，按照一种逻辑进行分类，时间，空间组成或者其他
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
？个人感觉是对该问题的组成进行评价，并给出自己认为合理的、于现在这种不同的组成方式
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
说说这个问题的实质价值和功能
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
讨论引起该问题的原因……
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
该问题能够引起的结果，７、８两题体现了分析问题因果关系的重要性
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
分类，以便于对其进行整体特点的论证，扩大对象的范围，可以方便我们思考论据和举例
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
比较，可便于进行类比和举例，还能鉴别相似的易被偷换的概念。
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
对比该问题的昨天……今天……
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
引出对该问题的释义，从某种角度审视它的意义
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
这里应该是为了举例说明，这个问题给社会给历史带来了什么变化、发生了什么事件
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
讲这个论题的主题发展过程叙述……不知道能否和１１题属于一种
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
如果对象是某类人的话，应该定义一下特征和外貌等特点。这应该是对２题的补充吧？
？16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
？17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
？18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
这几题也是对前面问题的补充吗？
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
总结性的概括该事物核心特点
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
换另一个角度考虑该问题，想到会出现的反驳观点，这样就可以事先做好铺垫～～就像很多阅读中出现的句子一样
虽然是２０道很简单很普通的问题，但却能将一篇文章的思路在瞬时间理出来！这些问题我在平时的写作中也多多少少想到过，只是从来没有这么有条理的，全面的，按照这个步骤思考，所以我才会在作文时遇到哪些感觉理屈词穷的困境吧%>_<%……
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers 笔记
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)1
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis)
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
个人觉得这些问题是对于所用都适用的通式，但自己写文章的时候不一定要按照这个来写，更不用按照这个顺序一个问题一个问题的回答。比较合理的使用方法是先按照自己的思路和逻辑来写文章，写完之后再反过头来看这些问题，逆向追溯一下自己刚才按照自己思路写的过程，看看有什么需要修正和补充的。
我觉得一个人的逻辑和思维模型是特别个人化的东西，所以，我一直挺反对这种类似逻辑和思维过程的套路，不过不能否定，一个人的逻辑和思维难免会有漏洞，这时候上述这类套路的东西才有用。是一个对个人已有逻辑的检测和修复的手段，不应该一上来就拿来直接用，不去考虑自己的习惯。
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20题个人用法
36# xiguan_33
呵呵，LS说得对～不过草木斑其实也有个前提。。可能是对于完全刚接触AW的童鞋，希望能初步激起思考。。
看：“凡是一篇文章，无论第一看多么的恶心，静下心来用这20个问题问过自己去，都能找到思路”
--草木斑竹
我想如果看着题目不恶心，就不一定要用这20个问题问自己。但是，这20个问题其实可以用作补充。
作用在于激发想法，应该不是限制个人思维习惯。。
我也是不太喜欢考试时狂问自己20下～不过呢！
可以这样。
1）Revise文章或提纲时，看看这20题，说不定产生有趣的、有效的新想法。
2）看着这20题，发现自己文章里有哪个特别好的想法具有该题特征。。
3）记录下有趣的、有效的想法属于哪个问（EXCEL）
4）列一定提纲、写一定题目后，回顾一下哪几个问题能特别多地给予新的有趣的想法，默默记住这几个特别能激起想法而又说不定在个人思维习惯外的问题。
以上方法纯属YY，我会尝试一下。。但也不知道最后是否真会有那么集体鹤立鸡群～成为思维习惯外的Lighter
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个人一个月前曾经用过的思维模板
另外关于思维模板，其实。。。很难说。。至少我在BRAINSTORM后整理完初步想法，就会有用到相关的方式。。
我看到题目会先对题型分类，考虑TOPIC中的想法从而何来。
然后根据题目分析类型，看看产生什么想法
因果类：『逻辑链』 前提是否成立，结论在前提成立的基础上是否有反例、他因
Indication: 所有因果关系连词，还有一部分隐藏关系（通常为论述反面后果，即因）
建议类：『可行性』，『利弊』，有无『替代或折衷方案』（ARGUMENT也适用此条）
是非类：『为什么会有这种看法』
判断是主观判断还是事实判断？『客观VS主观』
讨论的概念『定义』
价值判断标准（动机、立场）是什么以及是否需要修正？『立场』
上面是参考ISSUE5.5，觉得这样写下来文章也比乱想会清晰点。
毕竟。。因果类着重前提、结论，建议类的则无非看是否有可行性、利弊、替代方案，是非类就多关注一下立场、主客观
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AW INTRO（官方文件）中的问题
另外，下面是AW INTRO（官方文件）中给予的提示，也可以用这个问问自己～感觉还不错
Remember that this is a task in critical thinking and persuasive writing. Therefore, you might find it helpful to explore the complexity of a claim in one of the topics by asking yourself the following questions:• What, precisely, is the central issue? Topic, scope• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not? Conclusion 对比
建议产生的结果：好的方面，坏的方面• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable? Assumptions 质疑假设• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they? 分情况讨论• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim? Keywords 解释• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position? 支持自己立场的原因• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustrate those reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are most compelling? 举例Once you have decided on a position to defend, consider the perspective of others who might not agree with your position. Ask yourself:• What reasons might someone use to refute or undermine my position? 反方意见。• How should I acknowledge or defend against those views in my essay? 如何加条件承认或反驳。
最最终能够要的是思考的结果会产生两类想法，要么同意，要么不同意；不过不要忽视反方想法。
我们可以1）选定一方，给予另一方驳斥 2）加条件，复合型的论证
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As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic.（一般我都不问问题，直接陈述语句开始写，难怪写着写着文气就断了） Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
(Adapted from Jacqueline Berke's Twenty Questions for the Writer)
这20个问题还是从方方面面描述X，还有里面千丝万缕的因果联系。这么多问题，回答完了，好像文章也就差不多了。这个20个问题应该不会全部都用到，还是要根据自己的写作习惯来运用。开始可以先写完再回头看看有没有回答这里面的问题，写着写着应该心里就会了然有哪些必要的元素需要加到文章里了。
好不习惯在电脑上做阅读笔记啊……
effective writing 的重要性：占据2/3之多的分数
上层建筑：做好introspect和retrospect
首先，并不是20问的每一个问题都可以套用在某个题目上。其次，我认为20问最终要达到的目标并不是看到一个题目就啪啪啪背出这20个问题然后依次回答，而是培养一种由浅及深的思维习惯，因此括号里的内容才是关键。通过总结这20问，虽然分类有点牵强，但是我觉得应该就是这样一个思维过程：
1、明确定义
What does X mean? (Definition)
2、内部进程（组成、特征、发展进程）
What are the various features of X? (Description)
What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
3、外部因素（前因、后果、外部特征、人）
What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis)
What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
What are the types of X? (Classification)
How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
How did X happen? (Narration)
What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
4、个人态度
What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
（在此以issue13为例，逐一回答这20个问题）
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
题目：
Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct.
题目
1. What does X(lesser-know languages) mean? (Definition)
languages which few people speak
2. What are the various features of X(lesser-know languages)? (Description)
(1) a different culture
(2) little practical use for most people
3. What are the component parts of X(the govermant should protect lesser-know languages from extinction)? (Simple Analysis)
(1)why protection is important
(2)why the goverments are responsible for protecting them
4. How is X(the govermant should protect lesser-know languages from extinction) made or done? (Process Analysis)
take official measures
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
lesser-spoken language represents a different culture.
it redounds to the diversity of culture
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
lesser-know languages is extincting.
8. What are the consequences of X(goverment take measures)? (Causal Analysis)
people who learns it as mother tongue has more problems in languages
their thoughts, habits may be different from others
9. What are the types of X(lesser-know languages)? (Classification)
which is about to extingct
which some people speak but lesser and lesser know
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
animal
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
in many rich countries, it is protected
in poor countries,it is extincting
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
a different culture
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
the same as 11
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
globlization.
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
in my opinion, it depends on the balance of commonness and individuality.
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
conflict of globalization and tradition
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
NUNULONG笔记(一)：
大体看了一下ISSUE的题目,发现好多规律:当下行为与未来行为的利弊,个体与整体利益比较问题,主管与客观(理智与感性),竞争问题,理想与实际问题,完全抽象命题等等,目前只是发现这几种题目,不知道是否会有其他题目出现,待以后细细阅读ISSUE的题目便有分晓了.感觉最难写的题目是完全抽象的命题,只是一句存有争议的话,需要发散思维,旁征博引,还要紧扣主题,估计我遇到此类问题需要提前进行大量的BrainStorm,然后不断修改才能形成一篇能够表达命题的文章.自己的写作实在是很差,加油吧.
再来根据自己对ISSUE的初步分类,对草木的笔记进行深入研究.这二十问是对成文的一个完全纲领式的精炼,将骨头完全剔出,剩下的就是深加工.就是这样,我也才对英文写作有了概念性的了解,以前上学写英语文章总是天马行空,虽然规定主题,但总是举例不恰当,分析不透彻,层次不鲜明,逻辑不连贯,导致文章像流水帐,几乎清一色的简单句的堆砌,读下来有种崩溃想撕烂卷子的冲动,自己也从来没有对英语文章的结构进行分析,只是在阅读时会注意到开篇和结尾,然后是每段的开头和结尾,但把阅读和写作割裂开来,所以效果很不明显,写作的提高也是举步维艰,难见起色.到现在也停留在大量简单句加少量复合句,鲜有逻辑连接词的尴尬境地.
对这二十问,自己总结了一下:1,2,3可以作为开篇.5可以作为观点倾向的表述,对于让步的文章可以有多种倾向.3,4,6,9可以作为对一种观点的解释,或是一种事物的描述,展开论述.7,8为因果论述;10,11为对比论述,都是丰富论述语言,进一步展开论述.12,13,14可以作为细节描写,生动论述的内容.15,16,17为举例论述,也是丰富论述的语言,特别是17问,很有分量,如果引用自己知晓的历史细节或是教训来丰富文章,画龙点睛.18,19,20为结篇,其中20也可作为让步写法,继续增强文章的思想深度,全面无疑的对观点进行阐述.
第一次笔记,个人拙见,还请批评指正.
STUDY NOTES
As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.
1
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
1
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
1
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
1
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
1
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
1
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
1
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
1
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
1
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
1
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
1
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
1
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
1
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
1
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
1
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
1
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
1
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
1
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
1
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
1
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
I think these 20 questions is quite useful. Sometimes we meet topics about which we do not have any ideas, at this time, we may try to ask ourselve these 20 questions. And after we have answer these 20 questions, the essay is nearly finished. But the key point is that we need to find the right X, this must be the test topic. So what if we do not have any ideas about the topic, for example politics. I am not familiar with this and I ask myself the questions, I can hardly answer them. If it's not in an exam setting, I can search for the information guided by the questions.
42# nunulong
我觉得你总结很有道理，看来是对题目有一些研究了，呵呵，就要考试了，希望可以多交流~~
(Definition) (Description) 弄清文章所含的定义 和 对定义的描述
(Simple Analysis)(Process Analysis)(Directional Analysis)(Functional Analysis)(Causal Analysis) 文章对定义的分析 组成 目的 作用 导致的结果
(Classification)(Comparison)(Interpretation) (Reportage)(Narration) 由定义的来由 产生过程 进行方式 与其他进行 比较
(Characterization/Profile) (Reflection)(Reminiscence)(Evaluation) (Summary)(Persuasion)根据以上分析 表达自己的看法 并对其进行进一步的分类 总结和理解