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标题: 1006G备考日记 by pluka——Pursuit of simplicity（谢幕） [打印本页]

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-9 00:00:48     标题: 1006G备考日记 by pluka——Pursuit of simplicity（谢幕）



Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--
I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.

12月20日托福，明年3月3AW。托福的作文、口语处于开始准备的阶段，G的单词在背，红宝一遍（不过是很久以前，印象太弱），巴朗正在第二遍。前几天才开始赶坛子上economic的精读贴，G的填空和阅读还在计划书中。总之，一切都是incipient啊！任重而道远~呜呼·吾将上下而求索！

毕竟，林中择路，是难以回头的。
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改名啦，最近的感悟。一种质朴、浑然、返璞归真的感觉。让一切都简单一点吧~~~~~~！

2010.01.18
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整理楼层

第一次作业  
FW读后感：3、13、15楼
语法（0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】1-13期）笔记：4-22楼
语法（0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】14-41期）笔记：57-76楼


第二次作业
issue 13
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1028993-1-6.html
argument143
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1029121-1-6.html

第三次作业  AWintro翻译：27、29、32、33、34楼

第四次作业 30篇版友习作：35-38、42、44楼

第八次作业
【CASK EFFECT】系列练习 88-

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-9 20:27:22

第二楼貌似要留空？

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-9 22:11:11



上午记单词，做精读。
因为十二月报了托福，下午还做了一次巴朗模考。考试果然是个体力活，听力听到第五段的时候做笔记已经比较勉强，最后一段也容易走神了，但结果一看后面没做笔记的都对了，前面反而错了几个= =|||。作文写得很糟糕。尚未仔细查卷，待明日。
小组作业，今天看的是FW的1-5与12-16部分，中间6-11草木组长说是重要内容，打算仔细消化。这里先做已经看完的部分的笔记。

第一次作业  FW


第一讲 基本问题

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-930785-1-1.html
以前记过一个7W的思路：who, when, what, what if, why, why not, how。这次的20个问题更加全面。拿到一个题目，我习惯的做法是找到里面可以define或者redefine的东西，找一个准则出来，与这20个问题里的description, classification类似，随后深入展开。

问题分对事和对人。对事，解释完事件本身后的枝干走向可以是：分析事件本身，与其他事物横向比较。分析和比较都可以涉及what if, why, why not等原理和重要性因素等。对人，从人物自身特点和历史、他人评价、自己的评价入手。

最重要的一点，正如后面几讲反复强调的，确立自己要表达一个什么主题和中心，其余一切都为中心服务。

下午模考作文的题目是谈论一个重要领导人，我想的是温斯顿丘吉尔，当时没有好好发展，现在按这个思路重新理清。

题目关键点：重要，领导人。
一个领导人的重要性体现在他的执政措施、政策、感染力等对本国及世界的影响。
丘吉尔选取两个方面，一是二战时期他带领英国人民毫不动摇地抵御纳粹，二是战后他竞选失败后不羞恼也不汲汲于名利，但仍作为杰出的政治家、演说家、文学家给人们鼓舞与信心。前者突出的是他的个人意志、领导能力以及对世界和平的贡献；后者重点放在他的个人魅力和感召上。
第一个方面的安排可以是：世界背景，英国的艰难情况，丘吉尔的措施（言论举动态度等），措施的结果，不列颠战役的重要性，胜利对二战结果的影响。总结曰丘吉尔的不屈精神如何影响了世界之类。
第二个方面的安排可以是：败选，仍在政治舞台上，演讲，二战回忆录，诺贝尔文学奖。总结曰他作为100位伟大英国人榜首有很强的人格魅力。

下午没有写好的两个主要原因是：1，素材积累不够。当时看到题目就傻眼了，对这类题材实在不熟悉，对丘吉尔的印象也相当模糊（除了二战和败选，就不知道了）；2，语言能力不够，尤其是短时间内；3，状态不够，如果能静心写应该会好些，而且要随时提醒自己写作技巧，有意识地用上。

顺便，刚刚找的丘吉尔简介：http://www.hudong.com/wiki/温斯顿•丘吉尔

第二讲 写作便秘
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-931194-1-1.html
第三讲 文思枯竭
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-931466-1-1.html

第二讲没什么，第三讲有几点我会碰到。

——没有准备就得开始写
把大观点渐渐细化，添加小观点，组成框架。这一点遇到得最多。不管怎么说，如果有时间，还是要头脑风暴。坛子上T版有前辈说写作文先写主题句，全部写完主题句后再填例子与细节，跟这个构架类似。

——遇到讨厌的话题
在里面找个相对不讨厌的方向写。

——不想写~
跟自己说无路可走只能写。

第四讲 开始写作
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-932138-1-1.html

最重要的就是两点。1，明确写作目标。2，头脑风暴。头脑风暴对我来说更需要提高。过早地把方向定下很有可能限制进一步的发展。比如刚刚重新想领导人的时候就会想到更多的比如拿破仑华盛顿毛泽东斯大林乃至秦始皇成吉思汗，也还过了一遍领导人特质什么的，虽然后面还是选了丘吉尔，但整个感觉头脑更加清晰了。

第五讲 电脑写作
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-932417-1-1.html

G和T考试的时候又不能用word……所以这节的内容多半是平日练习或其他写作可以用的吧。其中觉得有用的几点：
1， 查看各段的长度是否均衡，查看段落中句子的长度是否均衡。
2， 充分利用工具，用黑体字与不同颜色的字标出文章结构、句型、修辞等等地方便于查阅。

第六讲-第十一讲 明天好好研究~

第十二讲 精炼文字
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-940023-1-1.html

目前最觉切合自己实际情况的一讲。每一条都很重要！但对我来说最需要时刻注意的是这几条：
1、 少用冗余从句，改成短语；
2、 少用it is/there be句型开头，改成名词开头（除非是强调）；
3、 少用被动句，改成主动句；
4、 少用动词的名词化形式+is的结构，改成动词原型；
5、 少用…of…is…形式，直接用所有格或者短语或者改写；
6、 不要纠结于陈词滥调和已知细节；
7、 警惕冗余搭配。

……哦……貌似上面基本上都把那几条列全了啊……果然，每一条都重要！

然而存有疑问的是，第8点指出不要拐弯抹角要直奔主题，下面列举出一些可以用简单单词替代的短语——这样子是否与写作所要求的句型变换表达多样的规则抵触？若满篇用because，夹杂几个in light of和considering the fact that会显得更变化还是更废话？

第十三-十五讲 文章打磨
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-941110-1-1.html

这一部分的内容实在是不少，而这些细节往往是以前都没有注意过的。

对我，要记住的或觉得问题可能比较大的：

1，逗号的运用！分为两部分的长句，后一部分是完整句子，有连词，就加逗号；是完整句子，没连词，就加连词或改分号或改句子；不是完整句子，一定不能有逗号。
2，句子结构不能混用！尤其是并列多个成分时，各个成分的语法结构要一致，用ING就都用ING，用不定式就都用不定式。

这一部分的其他内容都很重要，日后改作文的时候肯定要按它的步骤来，到时难免要再看几遍~

第十六讲 比喻运用
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-942609-1-1.html

说实话，这一讲没怎么仔细看。比喻在作文里用得还挺少的，这一节的举例不少是诗啊……作为修辞手法，比喻用好了当然能给文章增光添彩，然而难度大，危险系数高，俺觉得先保险点吧~ 里面提到的用动词、名词、形容词等引入比喻，很有意思。

这几天阅读看到的比喻句有：
Detecting the primary wave of an earthquake is like seeing the flash of lightening before hearing the thunder and getting drenched by the rain.
The dinner-party diplomacy didn’t suit George Washington’s palate.（这个算不算？）

呜~总算打完了。打印出来看的，现在再写一遍，回顾一下等于复习。今天课少啊（就早晚两节），明天课多点，不知道能否看完。加油~
另，用opera浏览器的时候发帖的验证问题总是通不过，换IE才行，囧~

参考了一下大家的备考日记，都有把原文附上，好详细~但因为我是打印着看的，把笔记转移到WORD上的时候就不爱再摘英文了，改用中文总结。得承认的是也许理解得没有那么深，暂且先把自己的初步感受记下。毕竟这是理论积累，要与实际结合。比如proofreading等部分，结合练习来做印象比较深。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-10 13:29:51



第一次作业  语法

开始看【SU&SY,SO】


主谓一致是指：

1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，
一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。
There is much water in the thermos.
但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
这第三点是我最不清楚的，但以前的记忆是就近原则有适用范围？有一些短语和搭配好像是就远的，比如as well as。

1、 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数
Reading and writing are very important.
注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。标志。
The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.

2、 主谓一致中的就近原则
1）当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。重要！这句话我错了……
There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk..
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or she is to go.
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。错处。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、 谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。
The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.
He as well as I wants to go boating. 分析出主语是前面而不是短语后部分就好做了。
2与3比较，3的实质是找到真正主语的位置，2的情况似乎有点特殊，至少我目前还不是很能理解，记忆，记忆！

4 、谓语需用单数
1） 代词each和由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语，或主语中含有each, every, 谓语需用单数。
2） 当主语是一本书或一条格言时，谓语动词常用单数。
3） 表示金钱，时间，价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语 时，通常把这些名词看作一个整体，谓语一般用单数。(用复数也可，意思不变。)
Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.
Ten dollar is enough.
这一点常弄不清楚，但除金钱时间价格度量衡之外，其他的可数名词复数及不可数名词前有表数量的复数名词时谓语要用复数。

5、 指代意义决定谓语的单复数
1） 在代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。重要！易错处。其实质仍是找到主语，谓语跟主语走。
2） 集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后用复数形式时，意为这个集体中的各个成员，用单数时表示该个集体。
但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。是这样么？印象中此类名词在表示一些意思的时候是单数概念啊，比如people表示民族时。上网去查了police单复数的用法。（http://www.yygrammar.com/Article/200908/1325.html）
结论是：影响较大的国外语法书认为，police，如同作“人们”解的people一样，是一个无标记的复数名词(unmarked plural noun)，永远不用作单数。而上列其它名词既有单数形式，又有数形式(class—classes)。在要求谓语动词的这一点来看，police也与class等名词不同，它永远要求谓语动词用复数。 但在英美国家实际应用中确实存在police做单数接单数谓语的情况。这让语法专家十分矛盾。
查完之后，我就不矛盾了~~矛盾啥呀，人家权威语法书都说复数了，就按复数做！单数实际不实际的反正复数不会错。
再重复一遍：
集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式！

3）有些名词，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数，有时看作复数。
A number of +名词复数+复数动词。
The number of +名词复数+单数动词。
The majority of the students likes English.
关于这个majority,另外的解释是：“the minority/majority of + 名词”短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式取决于名词的单复数形式。如：The majority of students were on Ben’s side.
也在另外的地方找到了一样的例句：The majority of the students like English。（http://www.studyget.cn/news_zs_7210.html）用的是复数！这个地方是帖子打错么？

6 、与后接名词或代词保持一致
1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等词引起主语时，动词通常与of后面的名词，代词保持一致。尤其是half,part, a portion这种表部分的，最容易出错。
2） 在一些短语，如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时，动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。错处。

上面是基本语法规则，很多都理清了以前的模糊地带，要好好记下来~
讲解二我觉得更实用，有针对性。

误区一 误认主语
1. 倒装句

2. 主语之后带有介词短语。重要！错处。
①The fruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. (×）
②The fruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. (√)
[解析] 第①句误认为apples, oranges是主语，因此谓语动词用are，而实际上the fruit才是该句的主语，like apples，oranges是介词短语作后置定语修饰the fruit.该句译为“像苹果、桔子之类的水果对我们的身体是有好处的”。因此第②句是正确的。
特别提醒 类似的结构有：主语+with / like / except / but / together with / as well as . . . ，谓语动词应与主语一致，而与介词短语之后的名词无关。这一条也就是对应讲解一的第3条。

3. One of . . . + 名词复数或复数代词，用单数谓语。

4. 定语从句。定语从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。

误区二 被主语的表象迷惑

1. 看似复数却表单数概念
①Maths are my favorite subject. (×）
②Maths is my favorite subject. (√)
[解析] maths本身是一个以“s”结尾的单词，而不是一个复数名词，表示单数概念“数学”这一学科，因此第②句正确。
类似的有：physics，news，politics . . .

2. 看似单数却表复数概念
①The police is searching for the robbers. (×）
②The police are searching for the robbers. (√)
[解析] the police译为“警方”，表示复数概念，而不是表示“那个警察”，因此第②句正确，类似的词有：people，the +形容词，the +姓+family等均表复数概念。police已经记住了，复数谓语！回忆一下，其他的还有people,cattle,poultry!

3. 名词的单复数同形
①There are a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (×）
②There is a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？ (√)
[解析] sheep是一个单复数形式相同的名词，由于sheep之前用的a little修饰，加上Can you see it中的it指代单数，因此a little sheep译为“一只小绵羊”，因此第②句正确。如果将原题改为：There ________ (be) a few sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see them？那又会怎么样呢。惭愧，这题虽然没错，却没有看出来it的玄机，算是侥幸。
特别提醒 类似的单复数形式相同的词还有fish, Chinese, Japanese等，要根据句子的含义和结构暗示来判断其单复数。

4. 集合名词
family,类似的还有group，class，team等既可表单数也可表复数。

误区三 误用语言规则

1. 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词作主语
①Ten years are quite a long time. (×）
②Ten years is quite a long time. (√)
[解析] 表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词的复数作主语时看作一个整体，谓语动词要用单数，容易错误理解为复数而出现第①句的错误。
结合讲解一的4-（3），把这一条好好记下来！

2. 由and连接的并列主语
3. 就近原则

4. This kind of，a piece of，this pair of等短语作主语 重要。错处。
①This pair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (×）
②This pair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. (√)
[解析] trousers作主语时，谓语动词用复数，但当它被this pair of修饰时谓语动词由pair的单复数确定。因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 this kind of，a piece of，a bag of，a box of等，这类短语作主语时谓语动词的单复数由这些短语中的名词决定，而与它们所修饰的名词无关。

5. The rest of, half of等短语作主语
①Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are very difficult. (×）
②Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. (√)
[解析] 根据句意和句子结构可以判断the rest of it中的it，指the work，而work是不可数名词，因此第②句正确。
特别提醒 all of，most of，half of，the rest of，以及a lot of，some，any+名词作主语时，要根据后面的名词确定谓语动词的单复数。

6. 一句话提示
①合成不定代词(如something，anybody等)作主语，谓语动词用单数；
②动名词、不定式、从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数；
③a number of +名词(复)作主语，谓语用复数，the number of +名词(复)作主语，谓语用单数；
④none of . . . 作主语时，谓语动词可用单数，也可用复数。

附加题选摘：

11. Every girl and every boy _______ (have) the right to join the club.
答案：
has。两个并列的名词由each，every， no等修饰时，谓语动词一般用单数。


12. --- _______ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?
--- Neither she nor I ________（be）.
答案：is； am。当用作主语的两个名词或代词由or， either...or， neither...nor或 not only...but also连接时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。疑问句里面she离得近，就用is!


15. A knife and fork _______ (be) on the table. A pen and a pencil _______ (be) on the desk.
答案：is； are。前面的a knife and fork是一套餐具，单数。



语法的漏洞好大！要好好补课了。但不知道四十期在12号之前能不能看完……

---

作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-10 14:11:11



第二期 情态动词
情态动词的搭配、用法、常见错误（语气、句型里面的误用、漏用）

1—— 情态动词的语法特征
1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2） 情态动词 除ought 和have 外，后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分词，等形式。

2 ——比较can 和be able to
1）can could 表示能力；可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2）只用be able to
a. 位于助动词后。
b. 情态动词后。
c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
d. 用于句首表示条件。
e. 表示成功地做了某事时，只能用was/were able to， 不能用could。
He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
= He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
注意：could不表示时态  这一点是一直不清楚的。could可以用在现在时里，但过去时态里面如果要用can的话要用could。
1）提出委婉的请求，（注意在回答中不可用could）。
--- Could I have the television on?
--- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.
2）在否定，疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
He couldn't be a bad man.
他不大可能是坏人。

3—— 比较may和might
1） 表示允许或请求；表示没有把握的推测；may 放在句首，表示祝愿。
May God bless you!
He might be at home.
注意： might 表示推测时，不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。
2） 成语： may/might as well，后面接不带to 的不定式，意为"不妨"。
If that is the case, we may as well try.

4—— 比较have to和must
1)两词都是'必须'的意思，have to 表示客观的需要， must 表示说话人主观上的看法，既主观上的必要。
My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night.我弟弟病得很厉害，我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。（主观上要做这件事）
2)have to有人称、数、时态的变化，而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。间接引语，转述用must.
He had to look after his sister yesterday.
3） 在否定结构中： don't have to 表示"不必"
mustn't表示"禁止"，
You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
You mustn't tell him about it.你一定不要把这件事告诉他。

5—— must表示推测
1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为"一定"。
2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时， must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
You have worked hard all day. You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天，一定累了。（对现在情况的推测判断）
He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。这个语法点虽然不熟悉，但其实经常遇到，意思也明白。
比较：
He must be staying there.
他现在肯定呆在那里。
He must stay there.
他必须呆在那。
3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时，must 要接完成式。
I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep.我刚才没有听到电话，我想必是睡着了。
4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测，must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.
5) 否定推测用 can't。
If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet.如果汤姆五点才离开这儿，他此时一定还未到家。

6 ——表示推测的用法 根据所推测事情所处的时间段不同，在情态动词后面加不同的时态。涉及到过去的一律用完成时。涉及到正在发生的用进行时。
can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测，其用法如下：
1）情态动词+动词原形。
表示对现在或将来的情况的推测，此时动词通常为系动词。
I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2）情态动词+动词现在进行时。
表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
这时，我们老师想必在批改试卷。
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。
4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。
5）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。
注意：could, might表示推测时不表示时态，其推测的程度不如 can, may。

7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词 完成式的结构表明讨论的是一个已经完成的事情，至于讨论的方面和侧重点是啥（推测、应不应该、需不需要），就由情态动词决定。
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
--- Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---She must have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
ought to 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
I dressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so. The weather was hot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

8—— should 和ought to
should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思，可用于各种人称。
---Ought he to go?
---Yes. I think he ought to.
表示要求，命令时，语气由 should（应该）、had better最好）、must（必须）渐强。had better的语气原来是强于should的啊，是因为有隐约的胁迫意思么！

9—— had better表示"最好"
had better 相当于一个助动词，它只有一种形式，它后面要跟动词原形。没有TO没有TO没有TO没有TO……
had better do sth
had better not do sth
It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
She'd better not play with the dog.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。完成式——评论已经结束的事件。
You had better have come earlier.

10—— would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。其中的情态动词都是过去式。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。

11—— will和would
注意：
1）would like； Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Would you like to go with me?
2）Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Would you like some cake?
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won't you sit down?

12 ——情态动词的回答方式
问句肯定回答否定回答
Need you…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Must you…?No, I don't have to.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes, of course, you____.
A. might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it?
---No, you ___. I've told him already.
A. needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. I don't B.I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。

13—— 带to 的情态动词
带to 的情态动词有四个：ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to，为六个。它们的疑问，否定形式应予以注意：
Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
You ought not to have told her all about it. 否定形式——ought not to
Ought he to see a heart specialist at once? 疑问形式——Ought sb to do？
ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用，变疑问，否定时，须有do 等助动词协助。
典型例题
Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm.
A.have toldB.tellC.be tellingD. having told
答案A。由于后句为过去时，告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因，此地应用过去完成时，但它在情态动词 ought to 后，所以用 have。

14 ——比较need和dare
这两词既可做实义动词用，又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词，两者都只能用于疑问句，否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to，而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词： need（需要, 要求）
need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词： need，只用原形need后加do，否定形式为need not。
Need you go yet?
Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义：need, want, require, worth（形容词）后面接doing也可以表示被动：
need doing = need to be done

情态动词在托福写作中的运用

1，首先是情态动词，尤其是Will的漏掉。
（1）表示观点一定要用情态动词。
中国考生受汉语影响，一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了，以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如：
Riding bicycles reduces air pollution.
如果没有情态动词，这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实，而不表示个人对骑自行车的评价。

（2），与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中， so that或者 in order that引导的从句，或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句，要用情态动词。
有表示条件的意味，要用情态动词。
错误的例子如:
If I have time tomorrow, I drive to pick you up.
Xiao Zhang gets up very early so that he catches the earliest bus to work.
Without enough time to stay inside campus, college students don't have time to improve themselves.

2，是情态动词的误用。
即，保证灵活性，保证客观性。
主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟，而英式的学风历来讲究严谨，像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词，如：
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观，因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏，但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。

另外一个容易误用的词是should，多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的， 所以用should就有些不太恰当，如：
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替， 或者是shall，但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号，而表示的是一种情态。

至于must, 因为语气实在强硬，所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.

虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目，但也会在一定程度上影响到分数，所以希望能引起足够的重视。
1. Jean have kept his promise. I wonder why he changed his idea.
A. must B. should C. need D. would
解析：选B. “should have +过去分词” 表示“过去本来应该(但没能)做某事”；
keep one’s promise 意为“信守诺言”。
2. Jane have come to the party, but she not find the exact time.
A. could; could B. might; could C. should; could D. should; would
解析：选A.“ could have+过去分词表示过去本来应该(但没能)做某事
3. So many mistakes in your homework! You more careful.
A. may be B. had to C. would be D. should have been
解析：选D. “You should have been more careful”. 意为：你本来应该更细心的。
4．Her brother be at home now, because he was seen playing basketball in the stadium just now.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. shouldn't
解析：选C. can’t be at home 意为：不可能在家。
5．---I can’t understand why our boss is late.
---He the early bus.
A. could miss B. may have missed
C. can have missed D. might miss
解析：选B. “may have+过去分词”表示对过去动作的判断，意为：可能做了某事。注意：can表示可能时，只能用于疑问句和反问句。
6. She didn't answer the phone, she ______ asleep.
A. may be B. must be C. should have been D. must have been
解析：选D. 表示：对过去发生的事情的肯定推测。
7．The little girl’s eyes were red. She ______.
A. may cry B. must cry C. must be cried D. must have been crying
解析：选D. 意为：她刚才肯定一直在哭。对过去某事正发生的推测。
8．He______ his supper now, for the dining hall is still closed.
A. can’t be having B. needn’t be having
C. mustn’t be having D. shouldn't be having
解析：选A. 对现在正在发生的事情的否定推测。
9．I parked my bike behind the building, but now it is gone. It ________ .
A. may be stolen B. must be stolen
C. must have been stolen D. must have stolen
解析：选C. 对过去发生的事情 的肯定推测的被动式。
10. ______ Mr. Black_______ go to work by ferry before the bridge was built?
A. Did; used to B. Use; to C. Did; use to D. Does; use to
解析：选C. used to do的疑问式，可以是Used+主语+to do ?或Did +主语+use to do?
11. The hotel is only a stone’s throw away, you ______ take a bus.
A. need not to B. not need to C. don't need D. need not
解析：选D. 说话人认为不必要乘车, need 为情态动词。后面不加to。
12. I am busy now, _______ my brother do it for you ?
A. Will B. Shall C. Must D. May
解析：选B. 在疑问句中shall 用于第三人称，也表示征求意见。shall并不是只有第一人称可以用的!
13. ---You needn’t do it right now, need you?
---Yes I am afraid I ______ .
A. need B. needn’t C. Must D. mustn’t
解析：选C. Yes的意思是：不。意为：恐怕我必须现在就做。注意反义疑问句的回答。
14.My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared . Who _____ have taken it?
A. should B. must C. could D. would
解析：选C. could/can have done 用于否定推测和疑问推测。
15. ---The room is so dirty._______ we clean it?
----Of course.
A． Will B. Shall C. Would D. Do
解析：选B. shall 用在疑问句中，常用于第一，三人称， 表示征求意见或请求指示。
16. If you have something important to do, you ______ waste any time.
A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. may not D. won’t
解析：选B. 根据句意用mustn’t
17. If you want to borrow a football after school, your student card______ here.
A. has to leave B. must leave C. has to be left D. must be left
解析：选C. have to 表示客观需要，must表示主观需要。学生证必须放在此是客观需要。
18. “ Did you scold him for his carelessness?”
“Yes, but _____ it”
A. I’d rather not do B. I’d rather not have done
C. I shouldn’t do D. I’d better not do
解析：选B. would rather 加完成时表示对完成了的或过去了的事情的态度。意为：当时是不情愿做的。
19. “ Don’t get near to it . It is too dangerous!”
“_______” .
A. Yes, I won’t B. No, I don’t C. No, I can’t D. No, I won’t
解析：选D. A为错误的表达方式；B和C没有直接回答对方的问候。
20. He must be in the classroom, _______ he?
A. mustn’t B. can’t C. isn’t D. can
解析：选C. 对表否定的must进行反意疑问时，要用句子的实义动词
21. He________ be in the garden. He must be in the room.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. will no tD. may not
解析：选A. 否定推测用can’t不用mustn’t
22. “Do you have to leave now?”
“I am very sorry, but I really______.”
A. can’tB. haveC. shouldD. must
解析：选D. 回答have to 的疑问句用must作肯定回答。really 和must 在一起，有点不习惯，不过是正确选项！
23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?”
“_________”
A. No, I can’t B. Yes, I will C. Yes , thank you
D. No, we’d better not
解析：选D. A,B,C都 不能回答shall we, 此处D的语气比较婉转客气。若问will you则可用B回答。
24. “Can I take it away?”
“ You ______ better not.”
A. should B. Could C. Would D. had
解析：选D. had better 与不带to 的不定式构成谓语，可以变成疑问句：Hadn’t you better----
25. You _______ have brought your camera. They all had theirs with them.
A. couldn’t B. needn’t C. wouldn’t D. mustn’t
解析：选B. 本来不必要做某事.
26. See who is there!______ it be May?
A. May B. Must C. Can D. Will
解析：选C. 表推测时A，B都用作疑问句。
27. John______ be a basketball player. He is much too short.
A. may B. mustn’t C. can’t D. should
解析：选C. 断然的不定推测用can’t
28. The Chinese teacher looks so pale. She ______ be ill.
A. must B. mustn’t C. Can D. need
解析：选A. 表示有把握的肯定推测用must
29. Something______ to save our earth. Do you think so?
A. can do B. must do C. has to do D. must be done
解析：选D. “something must be done” 意为：必须采取措施。
30. Look at what you have done! You ______ be more careful.
A. ought B. Can C. would D. should
解析：选D. ought 后应用to

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作者: cinderella1016    时间: 2009-11-10 14:30:53

23. “Let’s go to the library, shall we?”

这道题目的关键在于“shall we”，所以只能选yes/no, we什么什么的~

如果对方说“Let us go to the library, will you?”
你就可以选，Yes, I will了~

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-10 14:41:42

原来如此，谢谢！

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作者: cinderella1016    时间: 2009-11-10 14:42:53

8客气~:p

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-10 19:39:33



第一次作业   语法

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三期——冠词、数词


冠词

一.a和an的区别
不定冠词有a和an两种形式，a用于辅音(不是辅音字母)开头的词前，an用于元音(不是元音字母)开头的词前。

二. 不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人、事或物；这是不定冠词a/an的基本用法。
2.泛指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。
3.表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。
4.表示“每一”，相当于every. 例如，I go to school five days a week.
5.用在序数词前，表示“又一”。例如，I have three books. I want to buy a fourth one.

三.定冠词的用法
①用于上文已提到过的人或事物。  
②特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某（些）人或某（些）事物。
③用在世界上独一无二的事物前。
④用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only修饰的名词前。
⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如：     
the Summer Palace 颐和园 the Communist Party of China 中国共产党  the People’s   Republic of China 中华人民共和国   the Great Wall 长城 the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会     
⑥用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉、群岛等的名称前。例如：也算是某种普通名词构成的专有名词吧。     
the Yellow River 黄河the Black sea 黑海     
the West Lake 西湖 the Himalayas 喜马拉雅山     
the Tianshan Mountains 天山山脉 the Indian Ocean印度洋     
⑦用在姓氏复数前，表示“某某一家人”或“某某夫妇”。
注意.   “the+姓氏复数”作主语，谓语动词用复数。      
⑧the后加某些形容词，表示一类人或事物。   
⑨用在乐器前面。 与球类的零冠词情况对比着记。
⑩用在“the＋形容词比较级＋the＋形容词比较级”结构中，表示“越来……越……”。
(11)当名词被一短语或从句所修饰时，该名词前用冠词。     
(12)用在表示方向的名词前。例如：     
in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部     
in the northeast of China 在中国的东北部 in the south 在南方     
(13)用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或物。例如：  这种其实常用到，但以前属于概念模糊区，不确定对也不确定不对，以后确定了~
The tree is a kind of plant. 树是一种植物。     
The camel is a useful animal. 骆驼是一种有用的动物。     
The computer is an interesting tool. 电脑是一种有趣的工具。     
(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中。例如：     
in the morning 在早上（上午） in the early morning 一大清早     
in the evening 在晚上 in the beginning 在开头（端）     
in the afternoon 在下午 by the way 顺便问     
in the end 最后，终于 the next day 第二天     
at the end of 在……快结尾的时候 the day after tomorrow 后天     
at the age of 在……岁的时候 in the front of 在……（内部）的前面     
the day before yesterday 前天 on the right(left)在右（左）边

四.零冠词的用法

以前的简记口诀：星月季节，三餐学球，特定专有
1.在专有名词和不可数名词前。例如，Class Two，Tian’an Men Square，water
2.可数名词前已有作定语的物主代词（my，your，his，her等）、指示代词（this/these，that/those）、不定代词（some，any等）及所有格限制时。例如my book(正)；my the book(误)
3.复数名词表示一类人或事物时。例如，They are teachers.
4.在星期，月份，季节，节日前。例如：on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Women’s Day
(特例：如果月份，季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时，则要加定冠词：He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.)
5.在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前。例如：Tom，Mum
6.在学科名称，三餐饭和球类运动名称前。例如：I have lunch at school every day.
特例：当football，basketball指具体的某个球时，其前可以用冠词：I can see a football.我可以看到一只足球。Where’s the football？那只足球在哪儿？(指足球，并非“球类运动”)
7.在表特定的公园，街道，车站，桥，学校等之前。例如：No.25 Middle School
8.某些固定词组中不用冠词。
(1)与by连用的交通工具名称前：by bus\by car\ by bike\ by train\by air\by plane\ by sea\by ship，但take a bus，in a boat，on the bike前需用冠词
(2)名词词组：day and night日日夜夜；brother and sister兄弟姐妹;hour after hour时时刻刻；here and there到处
(3)介词词组：in surprise；on foot；on duty；at work；on time；in class；on show；in bed等
(4)go 短语：go home；go to bed；go to school ；go to work；go shopping/swimming/boating/fishing

六.用与不用冠词的差异

冠词有特定、指定的感觉，用冠词就是字面的意思，把名词理解为某种物体；不用冠词有宽泛的感觉，名词理解为引申的意义。
in hospital住院/in the hospital在医院里
go to sea出海/go to the sea去海边
on earth究竟/on the earth在地球上，在世上
in front of在……(外部的)前面/in the front of在……(内部的)前面
take place发生/take the place(of)代替
at table进餐/at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船/by the sea在海边
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
on horseback骑着马/on the horseback在马背上
two of us我们当中的两人/the two of us我们两人(共计两人)
out of question毫无疑问/out of the question不可能的，办不到的
next year明年/the next year 第二年
a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人)/a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人)

数词

一.基数词
基数词相当于名词，在句中可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如：
Three of my classmates are from Shanghai.
I am twenty this year.
They have four classes in the morning and three in the afternoon.

二.序数词
1)序数词的构成：
★大多数的序数词是由基数词加-th构成。如：seven—seventh；ten—tenth
★以-t结尾的基数词只在词尾加-h。如：eight—eighth
★以-ve结尾的基数词改-ve为f再加-th。如：five—fifth；twelve—twelfth
★以-y结尾的基数词改-y为-ie再加-th。如：twenty—twentieth，thirty—thirtieth
★几十几的序数词只在个位数体现。如：twenty-one—twenty-first；thirty-three—thirty-third
★特殊的序数词：
one—first；two—second；three—third； nine—ninth 但注意是nineteen和ninety!
2)序数词在句中同样可做主语、表语、定语、状语等。如：
June the first is Children’s Day.
When did you first meet each other?
She was the last to arrive.

三.数词的用法：
1)表示年、月、日，“年”用基数词，“日”用序数词。如：May eleventh，2007
2)表示时间。如： It’s eleven twenty.
3)表示编号。编号既可以用基数词表示，也可以用序数词表示。区别是基数词用在名词之后，序数词位于名词之前，并加定冠词。如：Lesson Nine；the Ninth Lesson
4)介词 in one’s+整数数词的复数形式，表示年龄。如：
She is in her early forties.(她四十出头。)
5)序数词前加冠词“a”表示“再一次”。如：Can I try a second time? 冠词部分a与an的用法也提到。
6)在hundred，thousand，million，billion前有数词时为实数意义，它们的词尾不能加复数。前无数词时为虚数意义，hundred，thousand，million，billion可加复数，并可和of连用，构成短语。如：five hundred students；millions of people 其谓语的单复数应该是看名词来的吧。

四.分数的构成
分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子大于1时，分母加s。主谓一致，谓语单复数看接的名词。

五.小数的表示法
0.09：point zero nine
2.7：two point seven

六.百分数的表达法
90%：ninety percent
0.5%：point five percent
数词+percent+of+sth;这时后面谓语的单复数以percent后面跟的主语为主
还有一种表达方法是用percentage.The percentage of +sth+ is, 注意这里不管后面跟的是什么词,谓语动词都是单数。

七.倍数表达法
表示两倍时用twice，表示三倍以上的倍数时用times。如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
This desk is twice as large as that one.

八.算式表达法：
5+6：five plus six(or five and six)
7-6：seven minus six
2×3：two multiplied by three(or two times three) 涉及到plus,multiply等的时候后面常用equals，注意是用单数的equal。
8/4：eight divided by four

九.与数词相关的主谓一致原则
1)当名词词组中心词为表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等复数名词时，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看做一个整体，谓语采用单数形式。如：
Twenty dollars is not enough.
Two months has passed before we realized.
但是如果“数词”单用，表示人或物，谓语动词一般用复数。如：
Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.
2)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式：如果of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如果of-词组中名词或代词是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.
Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.
3)如果主语是many a，more than one+单数名词构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.
4)a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.

冠词练习题选摘

4．At that time Tom was _______ one-year-old baby．
A．a      B．an      C．the      D．／
A。one 虽以元音字母开头，但以辅音音素［w］开头，故填 a

10．He used to be _______  teacher but later he turned _______  writer．
A．a；a    B．a；the      C．／；a     D．a；／
D。第一个空是泛指；第二个空用“零冠词”是因为 turn 后面的名词前一般都不加冠词。

11．They made him _______  king．
A．a      B．the      C．an     D．／
D。表示某人的职位时可用"零冠词"。

数词练习题选摘
1.Could you tell us how to read the number 18,306,211?
读数字时要先从右边开始确定出数位，右边开始数第三位要读thousand，再往前数三位读million，接着往前再数三位就是billion；hundred， thousand，million和billion都是数词不加s，百位和十位之间读时要加and；如果十位是0，也读and。

2.Shakespeare was born in ______。
　　A.1660s        B.1660’s
　　C.the 1660s    D.the 1660’s
D。英语表示“……世纪……年代”时应为：“in the+年代’s”，如：在二十世纪八十年代=in the 1980’s，表示从1980—1989这期间的10年；如果是in 1980=在1980年，一年的时间。

7.——What’s your room number?
　　——It’s ______。
　　A.The 601 Room
　　B.601 Room
　　C.The Room 601
　　D.Room 601
房间号的表达属于专有名词类，也不用冠词，所以首字母要大些，号码用阿拉伯数字表达。第几排也是同样的表达方法，如：第5排=Row 5。

9.Several _______ new books were sold out last week。
　　A.of thousand    B.thousands
　　C.thousand of    D.thousand
D。several表达有三四个那样的基数词，thousand是数词时，前面有基数词，它本身也不加s；thousand是名词时构成短语thousands of，这个短语的前面不用基数词。

11.We have stayed at this school for _______ 。
　　Which following choice is wrong?
　　A.two and a half years
　　B.two years and a half
　　C.two years and half a year
　　D.both A and B
D。几个半的表示法有两种：
　　“基数词+单位名词(复数)+and a half”
　　“基数词+and a half+单位名词(复数)”

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-10 20:08:08

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四期——虚拟语气
凡是与现实不合都用虚拟，如许多情绪化场合。常用到的就是几个特定单词、短语后面的虚拟语气，还有固定句型的虚拟语气，倒装。

一、介绍：虚拟语气是英文中一特殊的语言现象，主要用于表达与事实相反或者对尚未发生的事情进行假设的陈述，常表达强烈愿望、遗憾、感慨、后悔、责备、规劝等语义。
可大致分为三类：

1、对现在事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + were /did等过去式…, …would /could /should /might + do
例句：If I were a bird, I would fly to the moon.
(事实上，I’m not a bird, so I will not fly to the moon.)
If she knew who you are, she would go out of joy.
(事实上，She doesn’t know, so she still feels joyous.)
If they were here, they would help you.

2、对过去事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + had done…, …would /could / should /might + have done
例句：If she had been warned earlier, she wouldn’t have broken the rules.
(事实上：She was not warned earlier and she broke the rules.)
If it hadn’t rained, the match would have seemed more fascinating.
(事实上：It rained and the match was less fascinating.)
If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.　　
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.　
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.
含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.
含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.

3、对将来事实的虚拟
基本形式：If + should do…, …would /could /should /might + do; 意思类似汉语中的“万一”
If + were+ 不定式…, …would+ do;
          Should+ 动词原形
例句：If he should forget the date, I might teach him a good lesson.
(事实上：他不大可能忘记那个日期)
If it should snow this afternoon, we could make a snowman.
(事实上不大可能会下雪)
If you succeeded, everything would be all right.
If you should succeed, everything would be all right.
If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.

4、虚拟条件句的倒装
虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。
例句：Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him.　
Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.
Should my car fail, I would have to return home on foot. = If my car should fail, I would have to return home on foot.
Had the letter been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship. = If the letter had been sent out, it would have ruined our friendship.

5、wish的用法
1）用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：
                                                             真实状况 wish后
从句动作先于主句动词动作（be的过去式为were) 现在时 过去时
从句动作与主句动作同时发生（had+过去分词） 过去时 过去完成时
将来不大可能实现的愿望 将来时 would/could+动词原形
这个表格看得有点纠结。我的理解是，涉及一个一般事实或者现在的状态，wish后用过去时；涉及一个过去的事情，wish后用完成时；涉及未来，wish后加would.这个与情态动词表推测时候的时态推导过程一样。
例句：
I wish I were as tall as you.　我希望和你一样高。
He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。
I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2）Wish to do表达法。
例句： Wish sb / sth to do
　　　 I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager.
　　　 I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)

1，wish之后可以跟含有动词不定式的复合宾语（wish sb．to do sth．），而hope却没有这种用法（×hope sb．to do sth）
2，hope与wish都可以跟从句，不同在于：hope用一般将来时或一般现在时，表达的希望是能够实现的；wish只能使用虚拟语气，表达的愿望是无法实现的（宾语从句使用动词过去时或过去完成时）或难以实现的（宾语从句使用would do或could do时。
3，wish可用在wish＋间宾＋直宾（I wish you success．）结构中，hope不能

6、比较if only与only if：
only if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
例句：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
　　　If only the alarm clock had rung.　　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
　　　If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。

7、It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
例句：It is time that the children went to bed.
　　　It is high time that the children should go to bed.

8、need "不必做"和"本不该做"
didn't need to do表示：
过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
needn't have done表示：
过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
例句：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)

9、as, 或者whether…or…谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构。

例句：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly. it指代business.selling goods or shipping them仅是列举，并非确定，所以算虚拟的意思。

注意1：部分动词的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气，形式为should do, 其中should常被省略。
此类动词有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求等.
例句： We all insist that we (should) not rest until we finish the work..
The professor suggests that the students (should) collect enough materials before they work on this project.
上面的动词如果以名词形式出现（如以表语从句，同位语从句形式出现）时，后面的that从句仍然要采用虚拟语气
例句：He gives me the suggestion that I (should) eat breakfast every morning.
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.
I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

注意2：在一些惯用语之后经常需要用虚拟，来表示与事实相反或者难以实现的事情 因为不是真的，所以用虚拟语气，从意思上理解就好。
这类习语有：as if , as though, but for, otherwise, without, wish, if only, for fear that, unless, in case, lest等
例句： But for your help, I would not have arrived here in time.
(如果没有你的帮助，我就不能准时到达)
Without your help, I would not arrive here in time.
She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。
The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.

注意3：在下列形容词引导的that从句中必须要用虚拟语气(should) do，但是由于 should经常被省略，所以实际上用的就是动词原形。 重要！这一点以前几乎没有注意过，事实上，都不知道有这一条啊……
这类形容词有: It is important/ necessary/ proper/ imperative/ essential/ advisable等 + that
例句：It is necessary that he (should) realize his situation.

注意4：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，
即在从句中be用were代替。
例句：If I were you, I would go to look for him. （如果我是你，就会去找他。）
　　　If he were here, everything would be all right. （如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。）

注意5：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。
例句：The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

---

作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-10 20:42:10

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第五期——倒装
这一节可谓是最不熟悉的部分之一。倒装的目的：语法要求、强调、修辞。语法要求比如虚拟语气的倒装，句首否定的倒装；强调可以强调状语（条件、方位等等）、定语等，强调什么就把什么放前面；修辞可以提前副词、动词等，为了更生动。关于强调，以前常用的句型是it is XXX that XXX，以后可以跟倒装句掺着用，免得太单调了~

【什么是倒装】
如果句子谓语提前，则句子为倒装语序（inverted order），分为 完全倒装（full inversion）和部分倒装（partial inversion）
Full inversion: 整个谓语提前，如：
Down fell half a dozen apples
忽然掉下来五六个苹果。
There comes the bus
公车来了。
Partial inversion: 只有部分谓语提前，如：
How are you doing?
  
【一些常见的倒装句】
1，由引导词there 引导的句子：原来这个也算倒装啊。
There’s an outdoor concert tonight in the park

2, 由there , here, now, then 等副词引导的句子。

3, 由so, neither, nor 引导的句子：

【一些状语从句中的倒装语序】
1、有些有If引导的条件状语从句（主要包含有were, had, should 的从句），可以把IF省略，把上述动词放到主语前面去：参见虚拟语气的倒装——这一条说的就是这个吧！
Weren’t it for their assitance, we wouldn’t be able to do so well.
Had we got there earlier, we would have caught the train.
Should Mary call, say that I'll be back in an hour.

2、有些让步状语从句中又是也有倒装的情况，（主要把标语或部分谓语提前）：
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.
Try as I would, I couldn’t make her change her mind.
Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.
Search as they would, they could find no one in the wood

【某些副词或状语引导的倒装句】
1、有否定意义的副词，若放在句首，句子常用倒装。
Never would he know what she had suffered.
Never before has such a high standard been achieved.
Scarcely was she out of sight when he came

2, 有个别其他副词放在句首时，又是也会有这个现象：
Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.

3, 有些短语，（特别是介词短语）移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序：
On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.
一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语，类似的还有：In vain, not until, at no point
还有表示唯一的，如：only in this way
So…that结构： So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.

【一些谓语前移的情况】
1、<状语前置>有些句子没有宾语且主语又比较长。又是可把状语提前，而把主语放在谓语后面去。
Before him lay miles of undulating moorland: 他前面是一片高低起伏的荒原
After the banquet came a firework display in the garden. 宴会后花园里燃放了烟火。
From the distance came occasional shots. 从远处传来零星的枪声。
In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。

2、为了描绘更生动，有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首，把主语放在谓语后面。
Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。
She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃，进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。
Down flew the eagle to seize the chicken 老鹰飞下来抓小鸡。


【分词和表语移到句首的情况】
1、进行时态中的分词有时可移到句首，来对这个动作加以强调。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about seventeen.
Standing beside the table was an interpreter
Watching the performances were mostly foreign tourists.

2, 过去分词做表语的句子，过去分词有时也可以提前，把主语放到后面去。
The most widely distributed is the Hui people
Seated on the ground are a group of young people.
Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, lead and zinc.

3, 作表语的介词短语有时也可以提前。
Among its products are farm machines and mining equipment.
Around the lake are a huge number of farms.
Near the sourthen end of the village was a large pear orchard.

4, 其他表语也可提前
Worst of all is the humiliations he suffered. 最不堪的是他经受的许多屈辱。
Below is a restaurant.
Higher up were forests of white birches. 在往上去是一片白桦林。

【其他倒装句】
1，祝愿的句子:
Long live world peace! 世界和平万岁！
May you have a long and happy life. 祝你幸福长寿。
2、间接引语后的插入语，主语有时可放在谓语后面：
“I do hope,” said Nancy, “they haven’t all forgotten about it.”
3, 有时修辞上的考虑，表语也可以提前：
Very grateful we are for your help.
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人，没问题。

---

作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-10 22:01:20

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第六期——从句

从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。

名词性从句

主语从句
1. 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。
2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.

宾语从句
1. 宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略。介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。
2. 宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
3. 在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。

表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.

同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。

用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 我喜欢理解它为一般描述
　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 新闻体，报告体，统计体~
　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句 感觉有些时刻显得相对上面三个活泼一点，毕竟有个可变的动词在。

形容词性从句（即定语从句）

定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等。who, whom, whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。也就是说，that前面怎么样都不能有逗号的。关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。

1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。

2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.

3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why等。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。

非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。关系词不可省略。

*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。
与关系副词引导的定语从句比较一下，这里的介词是固定搭配中的介词，是不能够跟which who等代词合并的，必须单独列出来。
This is the computer on which he spent all his savings
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.

as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)

副词性从句（即状语从句）

时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。
2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。

地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.   不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.

比较：because, since, as和for
1）　because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
　 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
　 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2）　由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
　 He must be ill, for he is absent today.

结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。

比较： so和 such
　其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。
　（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）
　 so…that与 such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.

条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.　
　 Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.
　 If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.

让步状语从句
引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。
Young as he is,he is quite experienced in this work.(=though he is young)
Child as he is,he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)

1）though, although
　注意：
当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用
　Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.
　伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）

2)　as, though 引导的倒装句
　 as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
　　Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
　= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.
注意： a.　句首名词不能带任何冠词。
　　　　b.　句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。
　　 Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
　 = Though he tries hard, he never seems…
　虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

3)　even if, even though.　即使

4) whether…or-　 不管……都

5)　"no matter +疑问词" 或"疑问词+后缀ever"
　　 No matter what happened, he would not mind.
　　 Whatever happened, he would not mind.
　 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。
　（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.这一句简直就是我常犯的错！
　（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.
　　　 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)
　（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
　（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.　囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。（方式状语）

从句部分练习题（1）选摘：

7. --- Would you like a cigarette?--- No. It’s several years _____ I gave up smoking.
A. after        B.  since        C.  when        D.  before
自从戒烟之后，since。

13. We’ll start off as we planned _____.
A. no matter he will come or not       B.  no matter whether he will come or not
C.  whether is he coming or not       D.  whether he comes or not
be+ing表将来呀将来~

14. To my delight, there was my purse in the back seat of the taxi, _____ the driver couldn’t possibly have seen it before.
A. that        B.  which        C.  where        D.  when
因为后面有个it，所以前面的先行词肯定不会是指代钱包。

从句部分练习题（2）选摘：

5. Because of the traffic jam _____ I was caught, I was late for the meeting.
A. by which        B.  in which        C.  that        D.  where

从句部分练习题（3）选摘：

3. The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things _____ to teach you the art of learning.
        A. than        B.  rather than        C.  nor        D.  as
not so much to xxx as to xxx，not more xxx than xxx.

5. I shall take you back to France _____ you are well enough to travel.
        A. presently        B.  quickly        C.  directly        D.  at once
directly,直接地，立即

10. I had not been reading for half an hour _____ I heard steps outside.
        A. when        B.  that        C.  while        D.  as

11. The parents were worried about their daughter because nobody was aware of _____ she had gone.
        A. to which        B.  the place which       C.  the place        D.  where
刚开始选的时候看到在of后面就把where排除了，囧……where=the place to which

12. --- They don’t have much in their house yet.
      ---_____ they’re planning to live here only until Bob gets his degree, they don’t want to buy much furniture.
        A. While        B.  Although        C.  Since        D.  As far as
答案是选B，但我选的是C，为什么不能是：因为他们打算等到Bob毕业后才搬过来，所以不打算买更多家具？

20. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _____ he can walk correctly and safely.
        A. when        B.  where        C.  which        D.  how

22. After five hours’ drive, they reached _____ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of.
        A. that        B.  where        C.  which        D.  what
reach后面缺少一个名词做宾语。which是代词，没有一个先行的名词，它找不到依托，where是介词+代词的综合，也不能有名词的功能。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-10 23:02:34



第一次作业  FW

呼，语法好纠结，赶快把今天份的FW总结一下。


FW 第六讲 文章主题

位置：必须出现在开头段的最后！

主题句的目的是两个，首先抓住读者的注意力，然后告诉他接下来他会遇到什么。

最重要的几点：要有议论的价值！简明直接！具体但不要过于庞大！态度明确！要记住自己是要说服别人，因此必须表现得确信而有底气，决不能显出犹疑、模棱两可和不确定。

这其中，态度明确这一点对于整篇文章都是很重要的。不要为了体现什么辩证性而各打五十大板，要记住AW是个persuade的过程。

而要有议论的价值，这个在写到主题句之前就该确定。所谓议论的价值一方面指能够较容易地找到论据论证；另一方面指它不是cliche，而是能够激起读者兴趣或参与感的话题。
对于第一方面，在定题之时翻阅材料和论证，选定角度时就要决定哪个题目比较有价值深入。有时候会碰到这样的情况：很中意这句话！然而它止步于此，无法发展下去。这时候只好割爱。
第二方面提到用so what大法检验价值，很有意思。谈及，应该写的主题应当是about a problem that is still debated, controversial, up in the air. 总之就是尽力引起观众兴趣。在主题句的具体写法中，有一个技巧是把对立方的观点融进来，跟自己的观点做对比，这也是为了引起争议和兴趣。作文也好演讲也好，开头都要先声夺人！

公式：
specific topic+Attitude/Argument=Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it= Thesis

检验主题句是否合格也是围绕上面的几点来的：吸引人、有价值、适合论述。还有就是它要合理，即不能过于绝对，同时要能够提示下文，起到提纲挈领的作用。

分析了几个主题句的例子，大致的组成有两种：对象+大纲，对象+态度。

对象+大纲比如：the causes of the civil war were economic, social, and political.
这样子很容易让人看出下文走向。

对象+态度比如：E-coil contamination should not happen.
这样子会让人大致预期下文会给出理由和解释。
在对象+态度中的特殊例子就是引入反对法的态度，比如：Often dismissed because it is animated, the simpsons treats the issue of ethnicity more powerfully than did the critically praised all in the family.
这样子更能够引入争议，在介绍背景的同时更好地吸引读者注意。读者会预期下文可能是对二者的比较，于是开始一个persuade的过程。

接着来看怎么构思主题句。提到的几个点都是非常精辟而有效的！尤其是对比和类比，在搜集资料和论据的时候就应该同步做。
提出系列问题，大致思路是这样：

事件——原因
     ——重要性
     ——现状——与其他选项对比
                ——改进方法——可能的状态
     ——与读者互动——如何论证自己的观点？
                        ——可能有什么反对意见？——如何反驳他？
                        ——足够而有效了么？

关于主题的头脑风暴。
1，拿到题目可以做的事有两方面：扩大范围与缩小范围。前者可以通过横向比较纵向分析来实现，后者则是定位特点词语、挖掘问题与回答、反驳与解释等，但最终都必须做到——唯一、明确、具体！

2，论据和论证的收集会随时影响自己的主题的~

3，问自己问题，确定以及对这个题目十分了解了~

关于主题的其他注意事项。
不算其他了，都是重复的几点。
1，客观！因为要客观，所以不能绝对，要有讨论和发展的空间。

2，明确！明确的意思就是只能讨论一件事。如果有多个因素，选一个做主要的，把其他的跟它串联起来。

3，具体！具体的意思就是对象要具体——定义明确范围在力所能及之内，态度或大纲要具体——能够说出下文接着会谈论什么。

而在拿到一个题目的时候，要思考主题可能的方向可以是：引入对比，解释原因，介绍背景，指出态度。

以上。

这一讲好精彩啊好精彩~！

FW 第十一讲 文章结尾

看完主题后就看去看结论写法了~段落得等明天看了~

结尾是我最觉棘手的一部分，比开头还棘手。最常用的结尾方法大概是echo，首尾呼应，但看了这一讲才知道以前用的都不叫首尾呼应，叫无意义的重复。而结尾最大忌讳之一就是此类冗赘，之二是企图以情动人，之三是妄图另辟新话题。

结尾应该做的就是一件事：让这篇文章给人留下深刻印象。
所以说可以综合全文观点写结论，可以强调文章重要性，可以尝试让读者深入思考一下，总之标准就是一定要跟本文密切相关，一定要给人印象。如果要再加一条的话，就是一定要精炼（但绝不是单薄）。

里面指出来的几个必须避免的错处，最常犯的就是in summary, in conclusion之类，记住它们是不需要——不能出现的。

==============================
这两节都相当精彩！看完之后感觉对写作有了一个新的认识，大致感觉到那是一种怎样的风格了。

今天做了单词、精读、语法、FW，睡前再复习一遍单词。明天要看的是FW的段落部分，继续语法等。

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作者: 箭矢US    时间: 2009-11-11 09:27:45

楼主笔记做的好强大，像楼主学习哦。。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-11 12:53:06



呵呵~我也是想到什么就记下来而已。每个人都有自己的笔记风格~其实我倒是希望语法部分能好好总结精炼一下，奈何语法就是这么多，不扎实的地方也这么多，再精炼也减不下来……

第一次作业  FW（看完）


今天份的FW，关于段落的部分，大致是第7-10讲。

首先是主题句的问题。
各段的主题句与全文的主题应该是紧密联系的，把它们串在一起，大致上就知道全文的组成。
每段的主题句要注意的仍然是至于句首、明确有力，注意段落之间的链接，同时要注意句式变换。
句式变换这一点是很需要注意的~！主要策略是使用复合句、提出问题。至于使用bridge sentence和pivot什么的，个人感觉某些情况下可能很适用，但应用没有前两者广吧。
signposts的部分略有启发，但理解还不深入，下一阶段结合范文分析。

接着是论据论证部分。
将论据与自己的观点结合，可以使用的方法有：正面支持、反面驳斥、多面讨论。后两者尤其能够促进对主题的深入发展。
在结合的过程中尤其要注意逻辑上的合理关系。大概是中国式思维的通病，喜欢省略一些自以为self-evident的东西，然此为论证大忌。要明确地给出思维过渡的过程。用适当解释与逻辑连接词去做。要具体，绝不空泛。
更进一步地提高与检验论证：在提供了对主题的论证之后，给出一些例子从另一角度说明该主题的应用是可行的。也就是提出观点-论证观点-应用观点并由此进一步说明其可行性。

关于段落内部的关系。
目的是两个：首先要告诉读者，所以需要逻辑性需要精炼；其次要让读者跟得上，所以需要不停地确保两个句子之间、新老概念之间的过渡是令人满意的。
有逻辑而精炼的段落中每一个句子都有自己的任务，每个句子都与其他句子相连——指示词、逻辑连接词、重复（同一个词、从句……）。很神奇的一个技巧是使用pronominal adjectives，代词！强调词也是一个方法，但要适度。
特别提到需要涉及新旧事物的时候宜用对比而非顺序罗列，但这个也不是绝对的，这种对比的情况往往会有一个侧重方，以体现进步、扩大、优势等等。在段落顺序部分也讲到了同时有好几个对象需要讨论的情况，发现可以分开罗列也可以逐步对比。

尝试做了一下这一节后面的练习。
题目：
·         1， Global Airlines carried three-million passengers last year.
·         2，They expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada.
·         3，The new DC-12 aircraft proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737's.
·         4，Older, unprofitable routes were dropped.
·         5，Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing.
·         6，Only one-million passengers flew Global two years ago.
·         7，Their record has been accident-free since 1950.
·         8，Global planes have averaged 80-percent full last year.
·         9，Profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.

连接后：

Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing more. Global Airlines carried three-million passengers last year, in contrast to only one-million passengers two years ago, which made global planes have averaged 80-percent full. Consequently, they expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada, while older, unprofitable routes were dropped. Also, the new DC-12 aircraft, having an accident-free record since 1950, proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737's. Thus Profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.

觉得不好处理的地方主要在于第五句Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing和第七句Their record has been accident-free since 1950，不知道该怎么样恰当地把它们融入整个段落讨论的主题内。此外第七句中的their不知道指代的到底是什么。求指教~


最后是段落间的关系。
排序的问题。
因为是要给读者看，所以要设身处地地换位思考一下，沿着对方的可能思路依次回答他可能提出的问题。其次，注意整篇文章的主角是自己的观点，而不是论据，在安排顺序的时候要以观点为导向，绝不是以论据为导向以至于写成堆叠的事实和例子——Be wary of paragraph openers that lead off with "time" words ("first," "next," "after," "then") or "listing" words ("also," "another," "in addition"). Alhough they don't always signal trouble, these paragraph openers often indicate that an essay's thesis and structure need work: they suggest that the essay simply reproduces the chronology of the source text (in the case of time words: first this happens, then that, and afterwards another thing . . . ) or simply lists example after example ("In addition, the use of color indicates another way that the painting differentiates between good and evil").

还有一个关于结尾段的指南，可以结合第十二节conclusion一起来理解一下。
Concluding Paragraph
·
sum up what different angles have shown in research question
·
critically evaluate what is still needed in the field, or if you looked at three equally strong cases, analyze why one is still more convincing
·
look at the implications


============================

看一遍FW，收获很大，对于写作的目的、要点、指标的认识开始明确起来了。接下来希望能够结合范文，当然也要不断回头重温FW~ 另外还需要好好研究一下AW评分标准和相关信息，更具体化一些。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-11 16:01:12



第一次作业  语法

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第七期——名词


内容多，因此这里摘的只是自己觉得要尤其注意的，其他的省略了……然而还是有这么多！

1、自测一
4.
What is the woman carrying? Some _vegetables___(vegetable).
vagetable有两种词性，既是可属名词也是不可属名词。当你要表达的意思是多种多样的蔬菜是，就可以用vegetables，即复数形式。如果你要表达的是蔬菜这个整体，那么就用单数形式，即vegetable，但这个单词的常用法一般是用作单数形式！
4. The teacher from American gave us ________ on how to learn English well.
A. an advice
B. some advices
C. some advice
D. a piece of advices
advice不可数
5. Would you like some ________? Yes, please. I’m a little thirsty.
A. bread
B. meat
C. beef
D. orange
橘子汁不可数

2、名词用法讲解

名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns）。
专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。

普通名词又可分为下面四类：
1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun，cup，desk，student。
　 2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：class，team，family。
　 3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：rice，water，cotton，air。
　 4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：love，work，life。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns）；
物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。

2 其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：
层楼：storey ---storeys　 story---stories
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：
　　a. 加s，　　b. 去f,fe 加ves，c. 均可,如：　handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3 名词复数的不规则变化
1）注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
　如： an Englishman, two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans。
2）单复同形　如：
　　deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese
　　li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin　
但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。又是复习前面说过的几个必用复数谓语的单词了：people,police,cattle,poultry.
如： people　police　cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以说 a person，a policeman，a head of cattle。the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。
4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
　　 c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。
　　 d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。
5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)　trousers,　clothes 此类形式上是复数而意义上是单数的名词，如glasses,scissors,trousers等作主语时，谓语动词用复数
若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);　suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 此时的单复数看量词短语。

4 不可数名词量的表示
1）物质名词
　　a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。
比较：　Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数)
　　　   These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)
　　b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。
　　c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。
　　　Our country is famous for tea.
　　　我国因茶叶而闻名。
　　　Two teas, please.
　　　请来两杯茶。
2）抽象名词有时也可数。
　　four freedoms 四大自由
　　the four modernizations四个现代化
　　物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。
　　如：
　　a glass of water 一杯水　
　　a piece of advice　一条建议

5 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。
　1) 用复数作定语。
如：sports meeting 运动会
　　students reading-room 学生阅览室　
　   talks table 谈判桌　
　　the foreign languages department 外语系  以前看过一个解释，好像是说此类名词后面的s不是复数的意思，而是所有格，那么上面的例子可以看做是students' reading-room, sprts' meeting，后来'被省略的结果咯。
2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。　
如：men workers　　women teachers  gentlemen officials
3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。
4) 数词+名词作定语时（中间用-连接），这个名词一般保留单数形式。
　个别的有用复数作定语的，如： a seven-years child

6 不同国家的人的单复数
名称　      　总称(谓语用复数）　一个人　　两个人
                     the                    a/an　　　　two
中国人　　the Chinese　　  a Chinese　 two Chinese
瑞士人　　the Swiss            a Swiss　　   two Swiss
日本人　　the Japanese　　a Japanese　 two Japanese
法国人　　the French　    a Frenchman　 two Frenchmen
英国人　　the English　　an Englishman　 two Englishmen
德国人　　the Germans　　a German　　two Germans   原帖误作a Germans，应为a German
澳大利亚人Australians　　  an Australian　two Australians
俄国人　　the Russians　　a Russian　　  two Russians
意大利人　the Italians　　 an Italian　       two Italians
希腊人　　the Greeks   　　a Greek　　    two Greeks 原帖做 the Greek，但查了一下好像是the Greeks
美国人　　the Americans　an American　  two Americans
印度人　　the Indians　　  an Indian　　 two Indians
加拿大人　the Canadians　a Canadian　 two Canadians
瑞典人　　the Swedish　　a Swede　  　two Swedes　　

7 名词的格
3）凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，
如：the title of the song 歌的名字。
4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，
如：the barber's 理发店。
5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。
如：John's and Mary's room（两间）　　John and Mary's room（一间）
6）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。重要。这一点此前注意得很少。
如：a month or two's absence

3、名词用法难点

一、 关于特殊名词的具体考点如下：、
　　1．容易误用为复数的不可数名词：(这些名词一般不能用作复数，谓语动词用单数)
　　advice 建议，忠告 living 生活，生计 有some advice和make a living
　　equipment 装备，设备 progress 前进，发展
　　furniture 家具，设备 scenery 风景，景色
　　information 通知；信息 machinery 机器，机械
　　knowledge 知识，学问 traffic 交通流量
　　baggage / luggage 行李，皮箱 trouble 烦恼，麻烦
　　cash 现金 thunder 雷声，轰隆声
　　apparatus 仪器 weather 天气，处境
　　clothing 衣服 work 工作，劳动
　　paper 纸，钞票 luck 运气，幸运
　　technology 工艺，技术 jewelry 珠宝
　　
二、与名词相关的主谓一致关系
　　5． and连接两个名词表示一个概念做主语时，谓语用单数; 若表示的是多个不同的概念时，谓语动词用复数。
　　War and peace is a constant theme in literature.
　　战争与和平是文学中永恒的主题。(War and peace是一对概念，看作一个主题)
　　同例： ham and eggs n.火腿蛋 steam and bread
　　law and order
     bread and butter
　　apple pie and ice cream
     folk and knife
　　wheel and axle 轮轴
     needle and thread
　 love and hate
    egg and rice 蛋炒饭

　　6．动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句做主语时+单数谓语
　　 Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise.
　　( 指“早睡早起”一件事)
　　To work hard is necessary
　 What I said and did is of no concern to you.
　 Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. ( 注意： 指不同性质的两件事，谓语用复数 )

　　13. the + adj / v-ed 表示一类人时， 用复数谓语动词; 表示抽象概念时， 谓语动词用单数。
　　The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.
　　病人得到了医治，失踪的也找回来了。
　　同例： the poor / dumb / innocent / guilty / unemployed / aged / oppressed / exploited…
　　We can do the difficult first. The impossible takes a little longer.
　　我们先从难题开始，不会的可能花的时间长一些。
　　The best is yet to come. 好戏还在后头。
　　
     15. 当主语被one ( a ) and a half （+ 复数名词）修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
　　One and a half apples is left on the plate.

　　16. 当主语由 a series of…， a portion of …， a species of …， a kind of …， a sequence of …， a chain of…， a piece of … 加名词(单数或复数)构成时， 谓语用单数。

4、自测二

13. Tables are made of ______
A. wood
B. woods
C. wooden
D. some woods
原帖的答案是B，但感觉应该选A。
15. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ______ in teaching.
A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot of experience
experience作经验解释时，为不可数名词，作经历解释时，为可数名词。此处应该是指经验吧，但是much 和 a lot of 都是可以修饰不可数名词的啊！
原帖答案是B。求教！
19. You should do more _____. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your ____
A.exercise; exercises B, exercises; exercise C. exercises; exercises D. exercise; exercise
exercise表示锻炼时 不可数；表示练习 如习题时 可数
20. What____! Where did you get them?
A. big fish
B. a big fish C a piece of big fish D. big a fish

21. Have you received ______ of his coming ?
A. a word
B. words
C, the word
D. word

22. This is a photo of my aunt when she had ______, and now she has a few ______
A. short hair; grey hair B. short hair; grey hairs
B. short hairs; grey hair D. short hairs; grey hairs
She has white hair.(一头白发)----She has white hairs.(几丝白发)
24. Last night, there was a food accident. Ten _____ were ill, but no _____ were lost.
A. child, lives
B, children, life
C. children, lives
D. child, life

---

作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-11 16:54:07

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第八期——代词

这一节的内容其实遇到过很多，但此前在理论上的认识不完善而已。同样是摘录自己不熟悉的部分，再一次，需要熟悉的太多了……

五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。

六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。

3.1 人称代词的用法
2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语）
a. -- Who broke the vase? --谁打碎了花瓶？
b. -- Me.--我。（me做主语补语= It's me.）
说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。

3.2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not 后，多用宾语。
---- I like English.--我喜欢英语。
---- Me too.--我也喜欢。
---- Have more wine?--再来点酒喝吗?
---- Not me.--我可不要了。
b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
a. 在介词 but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
b. 在电话用语中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. -- 我想和玛丽通话。
---- This is she. --我就是玛丽。
注意：在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
I thought it was she. 我以为是她。(主格----主格)
I thought it to be her.(宾格----宾格)
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她。(主格----主格)
They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她。 (宾格----宾格)

3.3 代词的指代问题
1）不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用 he, his, him代替。

3.4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：
第二人称 －> 第三人称 －> 第一人称
you －> he/she; it -> I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：
第一人称 －> 第二人称 －> 第三人称
we－>you －>They

注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
a. 在承认错误，承担责任时，
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时，
d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

3.6 双重所有格
物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。
公式为：
a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。如：
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.

3.7 反身代词
2）做宾语
a. 有些动词需有反身代词
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up 等。
Please sit down.请坐。
4） 在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如：
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意：a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
b. 但在and, or, nor 连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。
Charles and myself saw it.
5）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。

3.8 相互代词
说明：传统语法认为，相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other， 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中，两组词交替使用的实例也很多，
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格，例如：
The students borrowed each other's notes.
学生们互借笔记。

3.9 指示代词
说明1：指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：
(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人）
(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）
(错)He is going to marry this.（this作宾语时不能指人）
说明2：That和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(错) He admired that who danced well.（that作宾语时不能指人）

3.10 疑问代词
说明1：无论是做疑问代词还是限定词，which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的，而which则指在一定的范围内。
说明2：Whom是who的宾格，在书面语中，它作动词宾语或介词宾语，在口语中作宾语时，可用who代替，但在介词后只能用whom。
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁？（作介词宾语，置句首）
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了？（作介词宾语，置介词 后，不能用who取代。）

3.11 关系代词
说明： 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略

3.12 every , no, all, both, neither, nor
2） 不定代词的功能与用法
all 的主谓一致：all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。
All goes well.一切进展得很好。
all 通常不与可数名词单数连用，如：不说 all the book，而说 the whole book。
但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用，如 all day，all night， all the year； 但习惯上不说 all hour，all century。
all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用，如 all China，all the city，all my life， all the way

4)neither两者都不
b. 作定语与单数名词连用，但neither… nor 用作并列连词，可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
d.如前句是否定式从句，则主句用neither，而不用 nor。
If you don't do it，neither should I.如果你不干，我也不干。
e. 如后连续有几个否定句式，则用nor，不用neither。
He can't sing，nor dance，nor skate.

3.13 none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 无
2) none作主语，谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语，则其单复数与表语一致。
It is none of your business.
二、few 一些，少数
few 作主语时，谓语动词用复数，多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
2) 当做"某一"解时，也可与单数名词连用。（= a certain）
注意：
(2)some用于其他句式中:
b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如：
If you need some help，let me know.
d.当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1)any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
当句中含有任何的意思时，any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any.这有三本小说，你可任读一本。
五、one, ones 为复数形式
ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前，则用some, any，而不用 ones。

3.16 “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是帮我的学生之一。
第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
第二句定语从句与the one 一致。

3.17 anyone/any one；no one/none；every/each
1．anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人，any one既可指人，也可指物。
2．no one 和none
a)none 后跟of短语，既可指人又可指物，而no one只单独使用，只指人。
b)none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。
None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now?-- 刚才有人打电话给我吗?
---- No one.--没有。
3．every 和each
1)every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。
5)every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each没有。
6)every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表示全部否定。not a little 非常 not a bit一点也不

固定搭配:
only a few (=few)not a few (=many)quite a few (=many)
many a (=many) 但谓语用单数。

---

作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-11 23:43:08



0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第九期——动词的时态
这一部分有几个句型接有特定的时态，此前几乎没有留意过……需要记住~

动词的时态
1 一般现在时的用法
2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。
3) 表示格言或警句中。
注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。
例：Columbus proved that the earth is round..
4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。
I don't want so much.
Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.
比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup.
I am doing my homework now.
第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的 now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。

2 一般过去时的用法
3）句型：
It is time for sb. to do sth"到……时间了""该……了"
It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了""早该……了"
It is time for you to go to bed.你该睡觉了。
It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。
would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示'宁愿某人做某事'
I'd rather you came tomorrow.

一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。
注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。

4 一般将来时
1)shall用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。
3)be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing.
注意：be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事。
be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。

7 一般现在时表将来
1）下列动词：come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming.
3）在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
4）在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等后。
I hope they have a nice time next week.

9 现在完成时
2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。
句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。
（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.
（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

11 用于现在完成时的句型
1）It is the first / second time…. that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。
2）This is the… that…结构，that 从句要用现在完成时.

14 延续动词与瞬间动词
1) 用于完成时的区别
延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结 果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。
He has completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)
I've known him since then.我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)
2)用于till / until从句的差异
延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到 ……，才……"
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.
他到10 点才回来。
He slept until ten o'clock.
他一直睡到10点。

15 过去完成时
2） 用法
c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
注意：had no … when还没等…… 就……
had no sooner… than刚…… 就……
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

16 用一般过去时代替完成时
3)叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。
Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

18 现在进行时
c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
The leaves are turning red.
It's getting warmer and warmer.

19 不用进行时的动词
1) 事实状态的动词have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue
2) 心理状态的动词Know, realize, think, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate
4) 系动词seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn
You seem a little tired.

20 过去进行时
2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。

21 将来进行时
1) 概念：表示将来某时进行的状态或动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。
She'll be coming soon.
注意：将来进行时不用于表示"意志"，不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.

22 一般现在时代替将来时
时间状语从句，条件句中，从句用一般现在时代替将来时
When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately
He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。

23 一般现在时代替过去时
1 )"书上说"，"报纸上说"等。客观事实也始终用一般现在时。
The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow.
报纸上说明天会很冷的。
2) 叙述往事，使其生动。
Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.

24 一般现在时代替完成时
2) 句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"

25 一般现在时代替进行时
1) 句型：Here comes… ； There goes…

27 时态一致
1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。
At that time, people did not know that the earth moves.
He told me last week that he is eighteen.
2) 宾语从句中的助动词ought, need, must, dare 时态是不变的。
He thought that I need not tell you the truth.

====================
同学生日，只能晚上爬上来做一节语法。明天就是第二次作业发布滴日子，由于看到第一次作业的时候已经是九号晚上，十号才正式开始……FW看完，语法四十期恐怕完不成了~希望明天能完成到第十三期，随后慢慢补完。

今天做了：FW段落部分，语法7-9期，精读一篇，单词。巴朗看完了，明天开始红宝。

这几天才算是有点备考的状态，顿觉时间不够用，果然吾等惰性甚重者就需要任务和鞭策。静待第二次作业。下线背单词。

                                                                               11/11，节日啊！

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-12 18:33:43

12/11 语法部分

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十期——连词

这一节最大的收获就是解决了以前很没底的几个问题。

1 并列连词与并列结构
判断改错：
(错) They started to dance and sang.
(对) They sat down and talked about something.
解析： and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。注意。一直模棱两可的问题，现在清楚了。

2 比较and和or
1) 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2) 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。
判断改错：
(错) We will die without air and water.
(错) We can't live without air or water.
(对) We will die without air or water.
(对) We can't live without air and water. without是否定词，与can't一起，两个否定词用and

5 表原因关系
1) for
判断改错：
(错) For he is ill, he is absent today.
(对) He is absent today, for he is ill.
for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。好险，到今天我才第一次知道这一点，此前都有过把For放在并列分句头一句的句首的情况……以后要改正！
2) so, therefore
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game.
注意：
a. 两个并列连词不能连用，但therefore, then, yet.可以和并列连词连用。
You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.
He hurt his leg, and so / and therefore he couldn't play in the game.
b. although… yet…，但although不与 but连用。

6 比较so和such
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。

---

作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-12 18:55:50

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十一期——动词、动词语态

4） 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制，可分两类，分别是：限定动词（Finite Verb）、非限定动词（Non-finite Verb）例如：
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。（sing受主语she的限制，故用第三人称单数形式sings。）
She wants to learn English well.
她想学好英语。（to learn不受主语she的限制，没有词形变化，是非限定动词。
说明：英语中总共有三种非限定动词，分别是：动词不定式（Infinitive）、动名词（Gerund）、分词（Participle）。

1 系动词
系动词亦称联系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语），构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。注意：系动词并不是只有be动词。
2）持续系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：
He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3）表像系动词
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：
He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4）感官系动词
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
这种布手感很软。
This flower smells very sweet.
这朵花闻起来很香。
5）变化系动词
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如：
He became mad after that. 自那之后，他疯了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6）终止系动词
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：
The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）

2 什么是助动词
1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。

3 助动词be的用法 原来Be也可以当助动词啊。凡是be后面不接表语，而是某种时态、语态或接不定式表计划约定征求意见时，都做助动词用，因为它不是联系左右，本身又没有意义。

6 助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时，例如：
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai.他要去上海。
说明：
在过去的语法中，语法学家说shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在，尤其是在口语中，will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词，试比较:
He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）
He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）

9 非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。


==========================
                         动词的语态
==========================

1）若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加"to"。此类动词为感官动词feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch。
The teacher made me go out of the classroom.
--> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).
We saw him play football on the playground.
--> He was seen to play football on the playground.

1 let 的用法
1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。
They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.
2） 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。
The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.
----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.

2 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。

4 不用被动语态的情况
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch, agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

5 主动形式表示被动意义
1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…
2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build
I was to blame for the accident.
Much work remains.
4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)，have sth. done ( 要某人做某事)。有一个make sb sth让某人任XX职，冠词部分提及的，职位前面不能加冠词。

6 被动形式表示主动意义
be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get married
He is graduated from a famous university.
他毕业于一所有名的大学。
注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-12 19:38:29

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十二期——动词不定式、分词、动名词

==========================
                         动词不定式
==========================

2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge,believe,consider,think,declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想),feel find,guess, judge,imagine,know, prove,see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand
典型例题
Charles Babbage is generally considered___ the first computer.
A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。

4 It's for sb.和 It's of sb.
1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等：
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。
2）of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。
for 与of 的辨别方法：
用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：
You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。
He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

7 不定式作状语
2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.

典型例题
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案：B.如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

8 用作介词的to
to 有两种用法： 一为不定式+动词原形； 一为介词+名词/动名词, to 在下面的用法中是第二种，即to+ 名词/动名词：
admit to承认，confess to承认，
be accustomed to 习惯于， be used to 习惯于， stick to 坚持， turn to开始，着手于， devote oneself to 献身于，be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望，pay attention to 注意

9 省to 的动词不定式
1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)：
2） 使役动词 let, have, make：
3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。
注意：在被动语态中则to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4） would rather，had better：
5） Why… / why not…：
6） help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth：
7） but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。这一点最没有印象了，记住~
比较： He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
8） 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：
9） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be：
He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。

典型例题
2） Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案：B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时，to 不可省略。

11 不定式的特殊句型too…to…
3)当too 前面有only, all, but时，意思是：非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。

2)so kind as to ---劳驾
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
劳驾，现在几点了。

15 动名词与不定式
1） 动名词与不定式的区别：
动名词表达的是： 状态，性质，心境，抽象，经常性，已发生的
不定式表达的是： 目的，结果，原因，具体，一次性，将发生的
2） 接不定式或动名词，意义相同。
3） 动名词与不定式语义不同的有11 组：
1 stop to do——stop doing
2 forget to do—— forget doing
3 remember to do——remember doing
4 regret to do—— regret doing regret to do “遗憾（抱歉）去做某事。”但某事还没做。 regret doing “遗憾（抱歉）做过某事。”（这个事情以前已经做过的，现在想起来觉得遗憾，抱歉）
5 cease to do—— cease doing
6 try to do——try doing try to do sth是尽力干某事, try doing sth是试图干某事. 前者可能实现，后者比较前者困难
7 go on to do—— go on doing
8 afraid to do—— afraid doing 两个短语都有“不敢去做某事”的意思，但be afraid to do sth.真正的意思是“害怕做某事”，也就是主语对做某事内心感到恐惧；be afraid of doing sth.表示主语内心里不情愿做某事，也可以说是不希望发生某事，但自己不一定能避免它。He is afraid of being beaten by his father.他怕被他爸打。（不是他敢不敢的问题，他是不情愿。）He is afraid to touch the snake.他不敢碰那条蛇。（他内心里恐惧蛇。）
9 interested to do——interested doing interested to do　对做某事感兴趣，想了解某事。interested in doing　 对某种想法感兴趣，doing 通常为想法。
10 mean to do—— mean doing
11 begin/ start to do—— begin/ start doing  前者表示短时间的，后者表示习惯性的。谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时，使用doing

==========================
                            分词
==========================
1 分词作定语

2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speakingB. spoken C. be spokenD. to speak
答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。
spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语 language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?

2 分词作状语
注意： 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。
(Being ) used for a long time, the book looks old.
由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful.
在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。

7 分词的时态
2）先于主动词
分词作时间状语，如果先与主动词的动作，且强调先后， 要用having done。
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receivingB. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received
答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.


==========================
                            动名词
==========================
2 worth 的用法 这几个词太纠结了。
worth，worthy，worth-while都为adj.　意为"值得"。
1. worth： be worth + n.　 当名词为金钱时，表示"…… 值得……"
be worth doing sth.　"……某事值得被做"
The question is not worth discussing again and again.
2. worthy： be worthy of +n.　当名词为抽象名词时表示"……值得……"
be worthy to be done "某事值得被做" 注意用的是被动语态。
The question is not worthy to be discussed again and again.
3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth　 "值得做某事" worthwhile作定语用较多；也可作表语
worth while： It is worth while doing sth  worth (one’s)while只作表语。worth while 后多接动名词，worth one’s while后多接不定式
It is worth while sb to do sth.
典型例题
It is not ____ to discuss the question again and again.
A.worth　B.worthy　C.worth-while　D.worth while
答案C. 由worth的用法可知，此句只适合词组be worth-while to do sth.。因此选C。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-12 20:45:02



第一次作业  语法（告一段落）

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十三期——独立主格、特殊词   


“独立主格是一个高级语法项，真的在写作用一篇文章也不一定用到一个”，嗯，那么重点就放在认识它，混个脸熟。

大致看了一下，要点是：
1，独立主格的构成成分中是没有谓语动词的，可以有分词有不定式但是没有谓语动词——难怪一眼看上去感觉奇怪。
2，表伴随时常用with结构构成独立主格，要点是独立主格部分的主语跟全句的主语不一样，这个其实是比较常用的。

注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in 时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分 词，不及物动词用过去分词。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案 B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-14 11:48:21



昨晚回来之后就开始做作业写issue，搞到半夜两点= =还没写完……忘记记备考日记了~早上10点半起床把issue写完了。第一篇习作，虽然中间经历了难产，还是产出来了！除了时间问题之外，其他的还好……（时间问题就已经是很严重很严重的了啊！）

第二次作业

issue 13
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1028993-1-6.html

argument143
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1029121-1-6.html

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-14 23:53:11

今天的进展并不十分按计划——虽然完成了两篇作文，但单词的时间被大大压缩，语法也没有看。今日精读倒是有完成。准备明天看语法、好好研究一下17天，开始按它背红宝，也修改一下今天的两篇作文。
                                                               11.14

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-15 22:20:06

今日：精读完成，语法和单词还没有。惭愧，周末往往是时间最少效率最低的时候。不多说，背单词去也。
11.15

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-16 23:22:30



今天：照例是一篇economist一篇time选摘的精读；第三次作业的AW导言看了两遍；晚上回来听了2小时托福的网络课堂（好歹还记得下个月有个托福要考）；积前段时间之功，把新东方上巅峰词汇课时候的词汇教材复习了一遍，今天刚好做完；杨鹏17天，今天第二天，背4-6单元，复习1-3。
比较痛苦的是，下周有考试，这周要开始复习……
想一想，6G的时候还要挣扎在期末考试和笔试的夹缝中，很是郁闷。
呜呼，眼看就要熄灯，赶快洗漱复习单词。
11.16

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-17 22:25:39

11.17

第三次作业AW intro的翻译，今晚完成了前半部分关于概论和ISSUE的。

GRE分析性写作部分指南
1、        观点陈述
2、        论证分析


分析性写作部分概述

分析性写作是2002年10月被纳入GRE考试范围的新题型，旨在检验考生的思辨能力和分析写作技巧。它评估你的清晰阐述并举证支持某一复杂思想、分析论证、展开方向明确条理清晰的讨论的能力，而并不考察具体领域的知识。

分析性写作部分包括两个独立计时的分析写作任务：

一份45分钟的“观点陈述”任务
一份30分钟的“论证分析”任务

你可以从两个话题中择取一个作为主题。论证分析任务与话题任务不同：它要求你提出理由，对给定的论证进行批评性分析。你需要考察的是论证的逻辑合理性，而非对论题表态。

这两个任务是互补的，一个要求你就某一话题表明自己的立场并提供论据支持己方观点，另一个则要求你评估对方给出的例子批判他的论证。

备考分析性写作部分

即便是最有经验、最自信的作者也应当在赴考前对分析性写作部分做些准备。好好查看它的考核对象、评分方式、评分指南、等级表述、样题举例、答卷举例和阅卷人点评是很重要的。

这一部分的主题涵盖面很广——从艺术、人道主义到社会学、物理学——但都不需要特别的深入知识。事实上，每个话题都经过了检查以保证包含如下几个特点：

1、        背景与兴趣各异的GRE考生都能简单、清楚地了解并讨论该话题；
2、        对该话题的讨论可以显示考生的综合思维及说服性写作的能力，这正是被研究生院高度重视的一点。
3、        对该话题的回应的内容和方式是多种多样的，取决于考生。

为了帮你备考GRE分析性写作部分，GRE部门公布了整个试题库，你的考试题目将从中抽取。事先查阅话题与论证题库可能会很有帮助，你可以在www.gre.org/pracmats.html在线查看，也可以写信向GRE部门索要副本，联系方式为：GRE Program, PO Box 6000, Princeton, NJ 08541-6000.

考场策略

规划时间非常重要。短短45分钟的话题任务里，你得有足够的时间选话题、审题、回应题目、谋篇布局。论证分析的30分钟里，你得分析论题、安排论证并组织回答。虽然GRE阅卷人明白你的处境并且会视这些作文为“初稿”，你还是会想在考试中尽量写篇好文章。

每篇任务的最后，留几分钟检查明显的错误。虽然偶尔的拼写或语法瑕疵没啥关系，严重又频发的错误就会影响到整体的精炼程度，拉低你的分数。

分析性写作部分之后，你有10分钟休息，其他考试部分的间隙则是一分钟。这正是补充草稿纸的好时候。

评分方式

每篇文章将按6分制依GRE分析性写作评分指南中公布的标准（27-28页）整体评分。整体评分意味着每篇文章是被完整看待的。阅卷人不会把它分成几部分比如思想、结构、句型、语言之类，给每部分分配分值。他们会把这几部分综合起来为文章打出一个整体分数。脉络明晰或者条理不清会给阅卷人留下印象，影响到你的分数，但结构条理这一项并没有固定的权重。

一般而言，GRE阅卷人都是大学或学院中经验丰富的教职人员，他们认为写作与批判性思维能力是非常重要的。所有的阅卷人都经过严格培训并且通过了GRE资格认证考试以保证打分的准确性。

为保证评分的公正性与客观性：

1、        阅卷人随机抽取答卷；
2、        阅卷人不会得到任何可辨识的考生身份信息；
3、        每份答卷由两名阅卷人批改；
4、        两名阅卷人彼此不知道彼此的给分；
5、        两名阅卷人应当给出相同或相近的分数才认为评分有效，否则将由第三人涉入为该答卷再次评分。

最终分数取为两份作文任务的平均得分，第29页的分数等级指出了如何解释各个分值代表的考生水平。分析性写作部分的首要重点在于批判性思维和分析写作能力。

你的答卷将经历ETS论文相似性检测软件的检查，并在评分阶段由经验丰富的阅卷人检查。鉴于美国研究生院对独立思考能力的重视，ETS保留取消含有证据确凿的作弊行为的考生的分数的权力。作弊包括（但不限于）以下几点：

1、        答卷与一份或几份其他的GRE论文答卷十分相似；
2、        未经注明，擅自引用或转述他人语言或思想，无论其曾公开发行与否；
3、        将与他人共同合作的成功据为己有而隐去合作者；
4、        考生名下的答卷实际来自他人或者是由他人准备的。

当以上一项或几项情况发生时，ETS的专家评委们将认为你的论文答卷无法反映出该项考试要求的独立分析写作能力，无法对此给分。取消写作部分的给分后，整个GRE考试的分数也无法获得，因为写作部分是全程考试不可分割的部分。

分数被取消的考生的报名费视作罚款没收，下次报名参试时仍需支付全部GRE考试的费用。无论何种理由导致分数取消，该理由与分数取消的记录都不会带入寄送给校方的考生最终GRE成绩单。


观点陈述

理解观点任务

“观点陈述”任务考核你针对争议话题作出批判性思维并以书面形式清晰表述自己观点的能力。每个以引言形式提出的陈述都对某一事件发表了看法，考生可以从任何角度、对任何背景与条件展开论述。你的任务就是就该陈述的某个引人入胜的论点给出自己的见解。要确保你已经从各个方面仔细地阅读、思考过这一陈述，并考虑到了与这些方面相关的复杂性。随后记下你想要展开的方向，列出主要的支持理由和例证。

观点陈述天高凭鱼跃，虽然你得抓住中心问题，但抓取的方式随心所欲。例如，你可能：

1、        对其观点完全同意，完全不同意，部分同意部分不同意；
2、        质疑它隐含的假设；
3、        限定它提出的条目，尤其当你觉得重新定义或应用它对展开你的论述十分重要时；
4、        指出为何该观点适于某些情况而不适于另一些；
5、        评价与自己的看法抵触的观点；
6、        用好几个相关的例子或仅仅一个深入的例子支持自己的看法，展开论述。

阅卷人打分时并不寻找“正确”答案——事实上，也没有正确答案。他们考察的是你表述、发展、支持关于某话题的论点的能力。

理解写作环境：目的与读者

观点陈述任务是对思辨思维和说服性写作的练习。这项任务的目的是衡量你就某话题发展出优秀论证以支持己方观点，并以书面形式有效地将它传达给学术读者们的能力。你的读者包括大学与学院的教职工，他们都经过了GRE阅卷人培训并依据话题任务的评分指南（见27页）给分。

为了更清楚地了解阅卷人对实际答卷的评分标准，你应该浏览评分样例作文及阅卷人评点。样例作文，尤其是5分和6分作文，将向你展示一系列谋篇布局、展开论证、传达思想的技巧，比如举例、阐释与支持、组织、流利语言、精选用词。对每份答卷，阅卷人对极有说服力的亮点与拉低分数的缺点进行点评。

备考观点陈述任务

由于该任务意在考察你在多年学习过程中学到的说服性写作技巧，它并不需要任何特别的课程，也不存在因学过某门课而占优势的考生。

你可能会发现许多大学作文课本提及的说服性写作建议很有用，但对于该类任务，恐怕连这些建议都稍显理论而专门，你并不需要那么多。没人要求你掌握批判性思维或写作的术语或策略，与此对应，你应该运用各种理由、证据、例子来支持自己的观点。比如说，一个话题任务要求你考虑政府资助艺术馆的重要性。如果你的观点是政府资助很重要，你可以论证艺术的重要性，解释艺术馆是公众接触艺术的地方。如果你觉得政府不应该资助艺术馆，你可能支持财政资金有限，资助艺术馆不如资助其他更紧迫的项目。或者，如果你认为只有在有些情况下政府才应该资助艺术馆，你可能会关注艺术的标准、文化导向或者政治条件，这些因素将决定资助与否及资助方式。你的观点并不重要，重要的是在发展观点的过程中表现出的思辨能力。

备考观点任务的绝佳途径就是练习已公布的题库。没有“最好的”练习方法：有些人喜欢起先无视45分钟的时间限制；有些人喜欢一开始就尝试计时测验并一直这么练习。无论你用什么方法练习，你都该重温任务指南，然后

1、        仔细阅读题目的陈述，确保自己理解关联事项；如果有疑问，与老师或同学讨论；
2、        思考该题与你切身相关的方面，你的看法、经验、曾读过或见过的事例、认识的相关人士；以此为基础，你可以找出很有说服力的理由和事例以支持、否定、或限制其话题陈述；
3、        确定己方立场——你尽可以完全同意、反对、或部分同意它的观点；
4、        确定有说服力的证据（理由和事例）以支持己方观点。

记住这是个考核思辨思维和说服性写作的任务，所以探索问题的复杂性是很有用的，你可以问自己这些问题：

1、        关键问题到底是什么？
2、        我完全或者部分同意它的陈述吗？为什么？
3、        该陈述是否做出了某些假设？若是，它们合理吗？
4、        该陈述是否仅在特定条件下成立？若是，它们是什么？
5、        我需要对陈述中某些条目或概念做出自己的理解与解释吗？
6、        如果我采取了某一立场，该找什么理由支持？
7、        无论现实或假设，我能用哪些例子阐述理由、提出观点？哪一个是最有说服力的？

一旦选定立场，你应该考虑反对意见，问自己：

1、        别人会用什么理由反驳或削弱我的观点？
2、        我该怎么让步或辩护？

谋篇布局时，你可以简要归纳自己的观点与展开方式，审查笔记，确定文章结构，接着动笔阐述你对该话题的立场。即便不写完文章，你也会发现针对几个话题给出自己观点的练习时很有帮助的。如此这般练习一翻后，试试在45分钟内完成几篇答卷，以培养实际考试的时间感。

向教授批判性思维和写作的老师求教，或与同学就相同话题讨论、参照评分指南批改作文都将有所裨益。将自己的答卷和评分指南对照，能够帮你找出自己有待提高的地方。

选择题目

你可以从两道出自试题库的话题中选择一个，但从你见到那两道题的一刻，45分钟计时就开始，因此别在选题上花太多时间，尽快选个你准备得更充分的题目。

选题前，仔细阅读每道题，然后判断哪道更利于你展开有效而逻辑性强的论述。你可以这样问自己：

1、        我对哪题更感兴趣？
2、        哪题更靠近我的专业背景或个人经历？
3、        哪题有利于我清晰地解释并辩护自己的观点？
4、        哪题有利于我提出强有力的理由和例证以支持己方观点？

你的回答将帮助你做出选择。

答卷格式

只要认为能够有效表达观点，你尽可以以任何方式自由规划文章。你可以运用（但不一定非要用）英语作为或高级写作课上学到的写作技巧。GRE阅卷人对某种破题策略或写作风格并无偏好，相反，他们受训时浏览了数百份答卷，内容与形式多种多样，但都表现出相近水平的思辨与说服性写作能力。比如，同是6分级别，一篇答卷可能首先简单归纳作者的立场，然后明确指出各分论点。另一篇可能以作出预测、提出系列问题、描述场景或定义引言中的模糊条目引出作者观点。给出多个事例或一个深入阐述的例子均可获得高分。阅读样例话题答卷，特别是5分与6分答卷，欣赏作者是如何成功地展开并组织他们的文章的。

你尽可以依需要划分段落。比如，当你的讨论转向新的论点时，你大概得开始一个新的段落了。重要的不是例子的多少、分成几段、或者文章形式，而是你向学术读者传达观点时的说服力、清晰度和技巧。

样题举例

“In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists—people who can provide broad perspectives."

本题策略

这一陈述提出了几个相关问题：什么是通才和专才？他们对社会的贡献是什么？社会真的需要更多通才吗？专才真的被高估了吗？

针对该话题，你可以采取以下基本立场：没错，社会需要更多通才，专才被高估了。不，恰恰相反。或，依情况而定。或，二者在今天的文化中都很重要，都没被高估。你的分析可以从某一特定领域、多个领域或各种情况中选取事例。你可以聚焦于通才和专才在通信、交通、政治、信息或技术领域中的角色。只要你能运用相关理由和事例支持自己的观点，上述各种方式都没有问题。

在你选定立场之前，花点时间重读题目，提出以下问题以助分析：

1、        专才和通才的区别是什么？他们各自的优势是什么？
2、        这种区别在各个领域和情况都存在吗？是否有可能有时一个专才也需要有非常广泛的知识和能力才能做好工作？
3、        在你的领域里，专才和通才是怎么工作的？
4、        你觉得社会对专才和通才的评价如何？是否专才在某些情况被高估，另一些情况没有？
5、        社会真的需要比现在更多的通才么？若是，他们有什么用？

现在你可以把思路归为两类：

1、        支持题给陈述的理由和事例；
2、        反对题给陈述的理由和事例。

如果你发现其中一个明显比另一个好写，就从这一方面入手。组织论证时，记住另一方的观点以辩驳它。

如果两方观点都很有说服力，就构想一个与题给条件不同，而更受限或更复杂的情况。随后你可以采用双方的理由和事例论证自己的观点。

答卷举例与阅卷人点评

6分答卷
*本文所有答卷均按原文摘录，原文错处与误拼等一并摘录。

In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists. 

Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media. As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase):"I can only research what I do because there are so many who have come before me to whom I can turn for basic knowledge. It is only because of each of the narrowly focussed individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had. Each person can only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to the ladder, but together we can climb to the moon." This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of the information available to us.

Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload. While it was fine for early physicists to learn and understand the few laws and ideas that existed during their times, now, no one individual can possibly digest and assimilate all of the knowledge in any given area.

On the other hand, Over specialization means narrow focii in which people can lose the larger picture.No one can hope to understand the human body by only inspecting one's own toe-nails. What we learn from a narrow focus may be internally logically coherent but may be irrelevant or fallacious within the framework of a broader perspective. Further, if we inspect only our toe-nails, we may conclude that the whole body is hard and white. Useful conclusions and thus perhaps useful inventions must come by sharing among specialists. Simply throwing out various discovieries means we have a pile of useless discoveries, it is only when one can make with them a mosaic that we can see that they may form a picture.

Not only may over-specialization be dangerous in terms of the truth, purity and cohesion of knowledge, but it can also serve to drown moral or universall issues. Generalists and only generalists can see a broad enough picture to realize and introduce to the world the problems of the environment. With specialization, each person focusses on their research and their goals. Thus, industrialization, expansion, and new technologies are driven ahead. Meanwhile no individual can see the wholisitc view of our global existence in which true advancement may mean stifling individual specialists for the greater good of all.

Finally, over-specialization in a people's daily lives and jobs has meant personal and psychological compartmentalization. People are forced into pigeon holes early in life (at least by university) and must conciously attempt to consume external forms of stimuli and information in order not to be lost in their small and isolated universe. Not only does this make for narrowly focussed and generally pooprly-educated individuals, but it guarantees a sense of loss of community, often followed by a feeling of psychological displacement and personal dissatisfaction.

Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recongnizes the impotance of braod-mindedness and fora for sharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important. Specialists drive us forward in a series of thrusts while generalists make sure we are still on the jousting field and know what the stakes are.

阅卷人评点——6分

这是一篇相当出众的话题分析——深刻、理由充足、语言运用十分高效。引入段指出了作者的立场，并且引出了作者即将展开论述的情境："In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement . . . ."

论证本身分两个部分。第一部分给出了关于专才的有说服力的例子，主要在医学领域。第二部分给出了同样有说服力、结构严整的事例以辩驳过于单一，其三个主要分论点是：

1、        逻辑方面（受训单一的专家们常不能着眼全局）
2、        道德方面（通才们常常能够理解获得‘大局的利益’需要哪些因素）
3、        个人方面（过早地专门化/类别化可能导致心理伤害）

随后，对专家确证(quotation from a prominent medical researcher)的技巧性运用，以及生动的比喻(to inspect only one's toenails is to ignore the whole body)加强了论证的严谨脉络。

让这篇文章出类拔萃的理由并不仅限于它的推理。文章的语言精确而形象("bogged down in a Sargasso sea of information overload," "a pile of useless discoveries," and "specialists drive us forward in a series of thrusts, while generalists make sure we are still on the jousting field") 过渡性短语和观点一直指引读者沿着文章摸清其思维结构，一路向前。这是一篇对该话题的杰出回应。

5分答卷

Specialists are not overrated today. More generalists may be needed, but not to overshadow the specialists. Generalists can provide a great deal of information on many topics of interest with a broad range of ideas. People who look at the overall view of things can help with some of the large problems our society faces today. But specialists are necessary to gain a better understanding of more in depth methods to solve problems or fixing things.

One good example of why specialists are not overrated is in the medical field. Doctors are necessary for people to live healthy lives. When a person is sick, he may go to a general practitioner to find out the cause of his problems. Usually, this kind of "generalized" doctor can help most ailments with simple and effective treatments. Sometimes, though, a sickness may go beyond a family doctor's knowledge or the prescribed treatments don't work the way they should. When a sickness progresses or becomes diagnosed as a disease that requires more care than a family doctor can provide, he may be referred to a specialist. For instance, a person with constant breathing problems that require hospitalization may be suggested to visit an asthma specialist. Since a family doctor has a great deal of knowledge of medicine, he can decide when his methods are not effective and the patient needs to see someone who knows more about the specific problem; someone who knows how it begins, progresses, and specified treatments. This is an excellent example of how a generalied person may not be equipped enough to handle something as well as a specialized one can.

Another example of a specialist who is needed instead of a generalist involves teaching. In grammar school, children learn all the basic principles of reading, writing, and arithematic. But as children get older and progress in school, they gain a better understanding of the language and mathematical processes. As the years in school increase, they need to learn more and more specifics and details about various subjects. They start out by learning basic math concepts such as addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication. A few years later, they are ready to begin algebraic concepts, geometry, and calculus. They are also ready to learn more advanced vocabulary, the principles of how all life is composed and how it functions. One teacher or professor can not provide as much in depth discussion on all of these topics as well as one who has learned the specifics and studied mainly to know everything that is currently known about one of these subjects. Generalized teachers are required to begin molding students at a very early age so they can get ready for the future ahead of them in gaining more facts about the basic subjects and finding out new facts on the old ones.

These are only two examples of why specialists are not highly overrated and more generalists are not necessary to the point of overshadowing them. Generalists are needed to give the public a broad understanding of some things. But , specialists are important to help maintain the status, health, and safety of our society. Specialists are very necessary.

阅卷人点评——5分

作者展示了一篇发展得较好的文章，讨论了对专才与通才二者的需要以分析该话题的复杂性。

这篇文章基于两个延展的事例，两个例子都选的很好。第一个（第二段）首先讨论了医学通才（一般医务工作者）和专才的必要性，随后转入一个例子中的小例子（呼吸问题和对哮喘专家的需要）。下一段的事例也具备这种从一般到具体的延伸特点。它讨论了教育问题，从小学到高中，从初等运算到微积分。

其中，恰当的连接词："but," "usually," and "for instance," 有助于论述的流利展开。文章以重述作者主旨而结尾。

虽然作者较好地处理了语言和语法，几处本可清楚表述然而失之模糊的瑕疵让该文落于6分线以下。问题包括代名词缺少指示对象("When a sickness progresses or becomes diagnosed, . . . he may be referred to a specialist")、并列句型出错("how it begins, progresses and specified treatments")、语法松散语言不精确("Generalized teachers are required to begin molding students at a very early age so they can get ready for the future ahead of them in gaining more facts about the basic subjects.")

4分答卷

Specialists are just what their name says: people who specialize in one part of a very general scheme of things. A person can't know everything there is to know about everything. This is why specialists are helpful. You can take one general concept and divide it up three ways and have three fully developed different concepts instead of one general concept that no one really knows about. Isn't it better to really know something well, than to know everything half-way.

Take a special ed teacher compared to a general ed teacher. The general ed teacher knows how to deal with most students. She knows how to teach a subject to a student that is on a normal level. But what would happen to the child in the back of the room with dyslexia? She would be so lost in that general ed classroom that she would not only not learn, but be frustrated and quite possibly, have low self-esteem and hate school. If there is a special ed teacher there who specializes in children with learning disabilities, she can teach the general ed teacher how to cope with this student as well as modify the curriculum so that the student can learn along with the others. The special ed teacher can also take that child for a few hours each day and work with her on her reading difficulty one-on-one, which a general ed teacher never would have time to do.

A general ed teacher can't know what a special ed teacher knows and a special ed teacher can't know what a general ed teacher knows. But the two of them working together and specializing in their own things can really get a lot more accomplished. The special ed teacher is also trained to work on the child's self-esteem, which has a big part in how successful this child will be. Every child in the United States of America has the right to an equal education. How can a child with a learning disability receive the same equal education as a general ed student if there was no specialist there to help both teacher and child?

Another thing to consider is how a committee is supposed to work together. Each person has a special task to accomplish and when these people all come together, with their tasks finished, every aspect of the community's work is completely covered. Nothing is left undone. In this case there are many different specialists to meet the general goal of the committee.

When you take into account that a specialist contributes only a small part of the generalist aspect, it seems ridiculous to say that specialists are overrated. The generalists looks to the specialists any time they need help or clarification on their broad aspect. Specialists and generalists are part of the same system, so if a specialist is overrated, then so is a generalist.

阅卷人评点——4分

本文对话题作出了足够分析。在引入段落有些混乱地尝试定义“专才”后，作者提出了一个切题的事例（专门教育的老师）以表明专才的重要性。这个例子主导了本篇，为整体的4分做出了积极贡献。

第二个关于委员会工作的例子稍欠说服力。不过它似乎有助于表明作者关于“通才”的定义，即指称所有专才对某一主题的知识的集合。

虽然作者关于专才与通才的关系的见解与众不同，但这在文中结尾表述得很清楚。然而，这些观点在正文中并没有得到足够深入的发展，逻辑控制亦欠缺，难以获得4分以上的分数。

大体上该文没有错误。虽然语句有时不精确、冗长，但基本没有句型、语法和用法错误。整体而言，这篇文章表现了对书面英文各要素的清楚而足够的掌握。

Essay Response – Score 3

To quote the saying, "Jack of all trades, master of none," would be my position on the statement. I feel specialists in all areas of knowledge lead to a higher standard of living for everyone. Specializing in different areas allows us to use each others talents to the highest level and maximize potential. As an example, if a person required brain surgery, would they rather have a brain surgeon or a general practitioner doing the work? Clearly a specialist would do the better job and give the patient a chance at a better life.

A university education starts by laying the groundwork for general knowledge but then narrows down to a specific field. General knowledge and a broad prospective are important, but if there was no focus on specific areas, our overall knowledge as a population would be seriously lessened.

Another example of specialists not being overated would be international trade. Not every nation can provide for themselves. They need to get products and ideas from other parts of the world because they are better at providing them. This allows for a growing economy if two different nations can provide each other with two different products. If one country can produce oranges better than another, it should trade the oranges for the fish that it can not produce. If generalizing was the normal thing to do and both countries tried to produce all kinds of products, the countries would probably survive, but not have the standard of living they presently have.

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 3

The writer's position is clear: specialists are important and necessary. However, the position is not adequately supported with reasons or logical examples.

Paragraph 1 presents an appropriate example of the brain surgeon versus the general practitioner. However, the example of an increasingly narrow university education in paragraph 2, contains only two sentences and is seriously undeveloped. It does little to advance the writer's position.

Paragraph 3 offers yet another example, the most developed of all. Unfortunately, this example is not clearly logical. The writer tries to argue that the "specialist" country (one that is a better producer of oranges) is superior to the "generalist" country (presumably one that produces oranges as well as other products). This generalist country, the writer tells us, would be inferior to the other. This conclusion does not emerge logically from the writer's argument, and it seems to be at odds with everyday reality.

Although language is used with some imprecision throughout the essay, the writer's meaning is not obscured. The main reasons for the score of 3 are the lack of sufficient development and inappropriate use of examples.

Essay Response – Score 2

In the situation of health I feel that specialists are very important. For example if a person has heart problems, choose a heart specialist over a genral medicine Dr. However if a person is having a wide range of syptoms, perhaps choose a Dr. with a wide range of experience might be more helpful.

It also depends on the type of problem you are having. For example I would not suggest taking a troubled child to a theorpist who specializes in marriage problems. In some cases have a specialists helps to insure that you are getting the best possibly treatment. On the other hand dealing with a person who has a wide range of experience may be able to find different ways of dealing with a particular problem.

Since the quotation did not state exactely what type of specialist we are dealing with it is also hard to determine the importance of having a specialist is. For example the could be health or problems with a car, or basically anything else. I feel that this information should not have been left out. I guess the bottom line is that I feel sometimes a specialist is very important.

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 2

This is a seriously flawed analysis of the issue. The response argues in favor of specialists, but neither the reasons nor the examples are persuasive. The example of not taking "a troubled child to see a theropist who specializes in marriage problems" is both simplistic and off the mark since it differentiates between two specialists, not between a generalist and a specialist.

The sentences are so poorly formed and phrased that the argument is at times hard to follow. Nevertheless, this is not a 1 essay: the writer presents a position on the issue, develops that position with some very weak analysis, and communicates some ideas clearly.

Essay Response – Score 1

I disagree with the statement about specialists, we need specialists who take individual areas and specialize. A generalists can pinpoint a problem. He or she cannot determine the magnitude of the problem. A specialist can find the root of the problem. When he or she has years working in that specific field. For example, when i got sick i went to a doctor. He did blood work, x-ray, talk to me, ect. He prescribed me a medicine. I got worst. So i decided to go another doctor. Now, i am doing great. A specialist knows the facts right away. Otherwise, it will take longer or not at all.

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作者: 番茄斗斗    时间: 2009-11-17 22:28:52

啊啊啊，范文不用翻译的啊？？我愣是一篇篇翻过来了。。。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-17 22:29:16

Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 1

This response presents a fundamentally deficient discussion of the issue.

The first sentence states the writer's position in support of specialists, but that position is not followed by a coherent argument. Some of the ideas seem contradictory (e.g., "generalists can pinpoint a problem") and the example is confusing. If the essay explained that the first (unsuccessful) doctor was a generalist and the second (successful) doctor was a specialist, the example would be useful. However, as written, the example is unclear and even misleading. The concluding statement only adds to the confusion.

Since most of the sentences are short and choppy, the ideas they try to communicate are also choppy. The writer needs to provide transitional phrases and ideas to bring logical cohesion to this response. Also, basic errors in usage and grammar are pervasive, but it is primarily the lack of a coherent argument that makes this response a 1.

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作者: 木虫虫    时间: 2009-11-18 00:41:51

LZ好认真哦~值得我借鉴

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-18 12:50:01



28# 番茄斗斗

额……范文的话，觉得英文比较能看出它的句型句式用词吧，而且（这个是主要原因）我太懒了……


30# 木虫虫

大家都很认真啦，爬进你的楼就看到详详细细的FW笔记~一起加油！

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-18 19:30:06



上课前先把做好了的贴上……

第三次作业 AW introduction翻译


论证分析


理解论证分析任务

论证分析部分考核你理解分析过程、评价论证程序、以书面方式清晰表达自己观点的能力。该任务的题目由一篇短文给出，文中，作者就某些事件或行动提出某些理由和证据支持他的陈述。你的任务是批判性地检查各个论证及推理脉络，探讨该事件中作者结论的逻辑合理性。这要求你十分仔细地阅读短文，多读几遍，甚至就欲展开讨论的条目做点笔记。阅读过程中，特别注意：

1、        提供了什么证据、支持和证明？
2、        正面给出了哪些陈述、宣称和结论？
3、        有哪些假设可能是未经检验或证明的？
4、        有哪些未经言明但由作者的看法可推得的结论？

此外，你还必须考虑论证的结构——整合这些元素、组成一条推理脉络，即，你得认出分隔的、有时候未言明的思考过程，考虑这些思考步骤之间的衔接是否符合逻辑。在顺藤摸瓜的过程中，注意那些表明作者意欲作出逻辑衔接的连接词和短语(e.g., however, thus, therefore, evidently, hence, in conclusion)。

搞清楚你不被要求做什么是很重要的。你不需要讨论论题的陈述正确或精确与否；该做的是讨论能否从题中确实地得到那些结论和推论。你不用就题给观点表态；但是得就该观点的隐含信息作出评论。与观点陈述任务不同，没人要你发表意见；你要干的是评估别人论证的逻辑性，并在批判的同时展示自己的思辨能力、阅读理解能力、分析写作技巧。这些正是在研究生院制胜的法宝。

“论证分析”最看重的就是思辨能力和随之的书面表达能力，在你的评鉴中展现出来的分析技巧将作为评分的重要依据。

理解写作背景：目的与读者

该任务的目的是考核你深入分析他人论证、以书面形式向学术读者有效传达己方思辨性评论的能力。你的读者包括大学与学院的教职工，他们都经过了GRE阅卷人培训并依据论证分析任务的评分指南（见28页）给分。

为了更清楚地了解阅卷人对实际答卷的评分标准，你应该浏览评分样例作文及阅卷人评点。样例作文，尤其是5分和6分作文，将向你展示一系列谋篇布局、展开深入而有思想的批判、高效地运用语言的技巧。阅卷人将就分析性写作的具体方面，如观点的说服力、阐述与支持、组织结构、句式变换、语言有效性等做出讨论。阅卷人将对极有效而深刻的亮点与拉低整体有效性的缺点进行点评。

备考论证分析任务

由于该任务意在考察你在多年学习过程中学到的说服性写作技巧，它并不需要任何特别的课程，也不存在因学过某门课而占优势的考生。你可能会发现许多大学作文课本提及的说服性写作建议很有用，但对于该类任务，恐怕连这些建议都稍显理论而专门，你并不需要那么多。没人要求你掌握批判性思维或写作的术语或策略。比如，某题目是，一个小学校长称新建操场能提高学生出勤率，因为自从有了新操场，缺课率就下降了。你用不着看出该校长的错误因果谬论，只要知道还有别的能提高出勤率的原因，能举出点常识性的例子，或者提出点能修正这个结论的建议。比方说，缺课率下降也可能是由于天气变好了，要让校长的结论正当，就得把这一项因素排除。

虽然你用不着知道具体技能和术语，熟悉一下论证方向和关键概念还是必须的，包括：

1、        其他解释——可能引发题给事件的另一个有竞争性的理由；由于它也可能导致现有事实，所以将削弱或限制原有的理由；
2、        分析——将某事（如一段论证）分解成各个组成成分的过程，用以理解它们之间是如何协作组成整体的；也是对该过程的结果的描述（常以书面形式）；
3、        论证——以证据和理由支持的某项陈述；表明某事的正确或错误性的推理脉络；
4、        假设——为了维持立场而必须坚持的简洁、通常未经说明或查证的观点；被认为理所当然的东西，但只有它正确结论才可能正确；
5、        结论——推理线的终点，若推理正确则结论有理；结果陈述；
6、        反例——一个真实或虚构的例子，与论证中的陈述相悖。

备考论证分析任务的绝佳途径就是练习已公布的题库。没有“最好的”练习方法：有些人喜欢起先无视30分钟的时间限制；如果你这么做，就尽你所需花时间分析题目。无论你用什么方法练习，都应该：

1、        仔细审题——可能读不只一次；
2、        尽可能多地认出它的陈述、结论及隐含假设；
3、        尽可能多地想出其他解释和反例；
4、        想想哪些其他的证据可以支持或削弱该陈述；
5、        问问自己，更改论证的哪些部分能让它的推导更合理。

简短写下上述思路，分析得差不多时，参考这些笔记，组织讨论（可以分条列举它们）。随后充实内容，依次展开各论点。即使你不写完全文，分析几个题目、写写提纲也是很有帮助的。更加熟练迅速有自信之后，你该试着在30分钟内完成全文，以培养应考时的时间感——没人愿意在考场上因为就某点谈论过深入彻底、或提供了太多势均力敌的例子，以至于时间花光都没法引出其他的主要论点。

向教授批判性思维和写作的老师求教，或与同学就相同话题讨论、参照评分指南批改作文都将有所裨益。将自己的答卷和评分指南对照，能够帮你找出自己有待提高的地方。

如何解释题目中的数字、比例和统计数据

有些论证中，为了支持结论，会给出一些数字、比例和统计数据。比如，某题可能宣称，今年的社区活动没有去年的受欢迎啦，因为去年有150个人参加，今年只有100个，少了30%。要记得没人让你动计算器去算那些数字比例和统计。你只要评估这些用于支持结论的证据就好。该例中，结论是社区活动不受欢迎了。你应该问问自己：100个人和150个人之间的差别能够支持这个结论吗？记住，这儿还有别的解释；比如，今年天气可能很糟，今年的社区活动开展时间没选好，今年的活动花费多了，或者今年同时还有别的活动在举行。每一个理由都能让今年社区活动的参与率下降，从而削弱“社区活动不受欢迎”的结论。同样的，鉴于比例所代表的实际数字有所不同，比例证据可能支持、也可能削弱一个结论。设想有人称一个学校戏剧社应该得到更多资金，因为它的会员增加了100%。如果原本就有100个人，现在有200人了，那么这100%增长率可谓十分显著。如果原先只有5个人，现在变10个，翻一番也没什么了不起。记住，论证分析题目中的所有数字、比例和统计数据都是作为支持结论的论据出现的，你要时刻考察它们是否真能支持结论。

答卷格式

只要认为能够有效表达观点，你尽可以以任何方式自由规划文章。你可以运用（但不一定非要用）英语作为或高级写作课上学到的写作技巧。GRE阅卷人对某种破题策略或写作风格并无偏好，相反，他们受训时浏览了数百份答卷，内容与形式多种多样，但都表现出相近水平的思辨与说服性写作能力。比如，同是6分级别，一篇答卷可能首先简单归纳作者的立场，然后明确指出各批判点。给出多个批判点或指出一个主要谬误、深入批判均可获得高分。阅读样例话题答卷，特别是5分与6分答卷，欣赏作者是如何成功地展开并组织他们的批判的。

你应考虑如何提高论证有效性，从而谋篇布局。这就是说，你尽可以依论证便利的需要划分段落。比如，当你的讨论转向新的分析时，你大概得开始一个新的段落了。你可以就论题本身展开布局，一行一行地挑刺、讨论；或者首先挑明关键性的存疑假设，随后讨论推理过程中的相关漏洞。同样的，若有利于展示你的重要批判点或引出讨论，你可以采用一些例子（不过得记住，你的论证分析写作考核的不是你举例的能力，而是思辨思维和分析写作的能力）。答卷用什么形式不重要，有见解地分析论证、向学术读者们清晰地表述自己的分析结果才重要。

样题举例

对溜冰后赴急诊室的人群的医院统计数据表明，人们需要保护能力更强的装备。被统计人群中，那些在街道或停车场出事的人里有75%都没有穿戴任何防护服（头盔、护膝等）或任何反光物件（可夹式小灯、发光腕表等）显然，这些数据表明若我们投资高质量的防护和反光装备，溜冰者在事故中受重伤的危险将大大降低。

本题策略

本题引用了具体的医院统计数据以支持“投资高质量的防护和反光装备”能减少溜冰者在事故中受重伤的危险的结论。

展开分析时，你应该问问自己，医院数据是不是真的能支持这个结论。你可以问自己以下问题：

1、        所有的溜冰者中，在溜冰事故后赴急诊室的人占多大比例？
2、        那些在溜冰事故后赴急诊室的人能代表一般的溜冰者吗？
3、        有没有因溜冰事故受伤但没去急诊室的人？
4、        那些去急诊室的溜冰者伤得重吗？
5、        那25%的穿了防护服的溜冰者伤得跟75%的没穿的人一样重吗？
6、        对溜冰者而已，街上和停车场是不是本来就比其他地方危险？
7、        中等质量的防护服和装备与高质量的相比，在减轻溜冰伤害方面是不是一样有效？
8、        除了防护服和装备外，是不是还有其他的因素——比如天气、能见度、溜冰技巧——可能与这些溜冰伤害更有联系？

考虑上述问题的可能答案，这能帮你辨认假设、其他理由和弱点，以之展开批判。

答卷举例与阅卷人点评

6分答卷

The notion that protective gear reduces the injuries suffered in accidents seems at first glance to be an obvious conclusion. After all, it is the intent of these products to either provent accidents from occuring in the first place or to reduce the injuries suffered by the wearer should an accident occur. However, the conclusion that investing in high quality protective gear greatly reduces the risk of being severely injured in an accident may mask other (and potentially more significant) causes of injuries and may inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear.

First of all, as mentioned in the argument, there are two distinct kinds of gear - preventative gear (such as light reflecting material) and protective gear (such as helmets). Preventative gear is intended to warn others, presumably for the most part motorists, of the presence of the roller skater. It works only if the "other" is a responsible and caring individual who will afford the skater the necessary space and attention. Protective gear is intended to reduce the effect of any accident, whether it is caused by an other, the skater or some force of nature. Protective gear does little, if anything, to prevent accidents but is presumed to reduce the injuries that occur in an accident. The statistics on injuries suffered by skaters would be more interesting if the skaters were grouped into those wearing no gear at all, those wearing protective gear only, those wearing preventative gear only and those wearing both. These statistics could provide skaters with a clearer understanding of which kinds of gear are more beneficial.

The argument above is weakened by the fact that it does not take into account the inherent differences between skaters who wear gear and those who do not. If is at least likely that those who wear gear may be generally more responsible and/or safety conscious individuals. The skaters who wear gear may be less likely to cause accidents through careless or dangerous behavior. It may, in fact, be their natural caution and repsonsibility that keeps them out of the emergency room rather than the gear itself. Also, the statistic above is based entirely on those who are skating in streets and parking lots which are relatively dangerous places to skate in the first place. People who are generally more safety conscious (and therefore more likely to wear gear) may choose to skate in safer areas such as parks or back yards.

The statistic also goes not differentiate between severity of injuries. The conclusion that safety gear prevents severe injuries suggests that it is presumed that people come to the emergency room only with severe injuries. This is certainly not the case. Also, given that skating is a recreational activity that may be primarily engaged in during evenings and weekends (when doctors' offices are closed), skater with less severe injuries may be especially likely to come to the emergency room for treatment.

Finally, there is absolutely no evidence provided that high quality (and presumably more expensive) gear is any more beneficial than other kinds of gear. For example, a simple white t-shirt may provide the same preventative benefit as a higher quality, more expensive, shirt designed only for skating. Before skaters are encouraged to invest heavily in gear, a more complete understanding of the benefit provided by individual pieces of gear would be helpful.

The argument for safety gear based on emergency room statistics could provide important information and potentially saves lives. Before conclusions about the amount and kinds of investments that should be made in gear are reached, however, a more complete understanding of the benefits are needed. After all, a false confidence in ineffective gear could be just as dangerous as no gear at all.

阅卷人点评——6分

这份出类拔萃的答卷显示了作者洞若观火的分析能力。引言部分首先指出题目的错误推理可能导致". . . inspire people to over invest financially and psychologically in protective gear,"，随后全面地审查了每个论证漏洞。作者特别指出了削弱论证的几点：

1、        防护性和预防性装备是不同的；
2、        有些溜冰者不容易出事，是因为他们天生谨慎负责；
3、        统计数据没有区分受伤的严重程度；
4、        不那么高质量的装备可能也很有用。

论证流畅、结构合理，每个论点都充分而有说服力地展开了。此外，作者的文字简洁经济，一般而言没有错误。句式复杂而多变，措辞精确而有表现力。

总而言之，这篇答卷展示了评分指南中6分级别的极高水准。如果作者的辞藻不那么出色，或驳斥的论点不那么多，该文同样能拿到6分。

5分答卷

The argument presented is limited but useful. It indicates a possible relationship between a high percentage of accidents and a lack of protective equipment. The statistics cited compel a further investigation of the usefulness of protective gear in preventing or mitigating roller-skating related injuries. However, the conclusion that protective gear and reflective equipment would "greatly reduce.risk of being severely injured" is premature. Data is lacking with reference to the total population of skaters and the relative levels of experience, skill and physical coordination of that population. It is entirely possible that further research would indicate that most serious injury is averted by the skater's ability to react quickly and skillfully in emergency situations.

Another area of investigation necessary before conclusions can be reached is identification of the types of injuries that occur and the various causes of those injuries. The article fails to identify the most prevalent types of roller-skating related injuries. It also fails to correlate the absence of protective gear and reflective equipment to those injuries. For example, if the majority of injuries are skin abrasions and closed-head injuries, then a case can be made for the usefulness of protective clothing mentioned. Likewise, if injuries are caused by collision with vehicles (e.g. bicycles, cars) or pedestrians, then light-reflective equipment might mitigate the occurences. However, if the primary types of injuries are soft-tissue injuries such as torn ligaments and muscles, back injuries and the like, then a greater case could be made for training and experience as preventative measures.

阅卷人点评——5分

这篇强有力的答卷驳斥了题给论证，指出它"indicates a possible relationship"然而它的结论"is premature."。该答卷提出了三个中心问题，它们的答案可能削弱题给论证的合理性：

1、        溜冰者的总人数是多少？
2、        在预防或减轻溜冰伤害方面，防护服和反光装备有什么用？
3、        伤害的类型是什么，原因是什么？

作者从不同方面讨论了上述问题的答案，有的能支持题给论证，有的则会削弱。本文的分析与批评尚未达到6分所要求的深刻程度，但其清晰的组织结构、有力的语言运用以及论题展开的充实度超过了4分标准。

（4分及以下的答卷样例和阅卷人点评不再翻译。
附录的样题也不在此翻译。）

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-18 23:01:20

GRE评分指南：观点陈述

6分
6分答卷应对话题的复杂性展开说服力强、论述清晰有力的分析，并且技巧纯熟地传达作者观点。

该层次的典型答卷应当：

1、        表现出对话题的见解深刻的观点；
2、        用有力的理由和/或有说服性的例证发展观点；
3、        分析过程中保持重点突出，结构严谨，观点的衔接合理而有逻辑；
4、        流利、精确地阐释观点，文字精炼，句式多样；
5、        可能略有瑕疵，但表现出熟练运用标准书面英文写作（即，语法、用法、组织结构）的能力。

5分
5分答卷应对话题的复杂性展开基本有深度、论述清楚的分析，并且清楚地传达作者观点。
6分跟5分的标准里面，语言方面的要求是完全一样的（4.5点），区分度主要在观点和逻辑。
该层次的典型答卷应当：

1、        表现出对话题的思索较深入的观点；
2、        用逻辑合理的理由和/或恰当的例证发展观点；
3、        有重点，大体上结构清晰，观点衔接合适；
4、        清楚、较好地阐释观点，文字恰当，句式多样；
5、        可能略有瑕疵，但表现出熟练运用标准书面英文写作的能力。

4分
4分答卷能够对话题的复杂性展开分析，并且足够地传达作者观点。

该层次的典型答卷应当：

1、        表现出对话题的明确观点；
2、        用相关理由和/或例证发展观点；
3、        有所侧重，结构完整；
4、        合理清楚地阐释观点；
5、        可能有些错误，但基本上表现出对标准书面英文写作的掌握。

3分
3分答卷展现出对话题复杂性展开分析的部分能力，传达了作者观点，但该观点有明显漏洞。

该层次的典型答卷包括一个或多个如下特点：

1、        对话题的观点展开较模糊或有限；
2、        相关理由的运用不当，或者例证不够切题且/或组织较差；
3、        重点模糊且/或结构不当；
4、        语言的语法、用法或组织上偶有重大错误或常有小错，影响文意。

2分
2分答卷表现出分析性写作方面的严重弱点。

该层次的典型答卷包含一个或多个如下特点“

1、        对话题的观点展开不清不楚或非常有限；
2、        给出（如果确实有的话）相关理由或例证；
3、        毫无重点且/或结构混乱；
4、        语言运用和句子结构方面有严重问题，常常影响文意；
5、        语法、用法或组织方面有严重错误，常常让文意模糊不清。

1分
1分答卷表现了分析性写作方面的重大缺陷。

该层次的典型答卷包含一个或多个如下特点：

1、        少有或没有证据表明作者能够理解和分析该话题；
2、        少有或没有证据表明作者能够对其展开有条理的回复；
3、        语言和句子方面有极大问题；
4、        语法、用法或组织方面有分布广泛的错误，让文意难以连续。

0分
离题、用非英语写作、基本上是复制题目、只有几个任意敲击出的单词、或无法阅读、空白或非语言。

NS
空白。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-18 23:19:41



GRE评分指南：论证分析

6分
6分答卷让人信服而阐述清晰有力地批判论证，技巧纯熟地传达作者意图。

该层次的典型答卷应：

1、        清晰地辨识论证中的重要特点，对其作出有洞察力的分析；
2、        令人信服地展开论点，逻辑合理地组织结构，用清晰的连接衔接各成分；
3、        有效地支持批判的主论点；
4、        展现出对语言的控制，包括用词恰当，句式多样；
5、        可能略有瑕疵，但表现出对标准书面英文写作能力的掌握。

5分
5分答卷基本有深度、论述清楚，清晰地传达作者意图。
6分和5分的语言方面是同样要求。
该层次的典型答卷应：

1、        清晰地辨识论证中的重要特点，对其作出较有见解的分析；
2、        清晰地展开论点，逻辑合理地组织结构，用恰当的连接衔接各成分；
3、        明智地支持批判的主论点；
4、        展现出对语言的控制，包括用词恰当，句式多样；
5、        可能略有瑕疵，但表现出对标准书面英文写作能力的掌握。

4分
4分答卷表现出批判论证、足够地传达作者意图的能力。

该层次的典型答卷应：

1、        辨识和分析论证中的重要特点；
2、        让人满意地发展和组织观点，但可能没有使用连接成分；衔接如此重要啊！
3、        支持批判的主论点；
4、        表现出对语言的足够控制，以合理的清晰度传达观点；
5、        可能有错误，但基本表现出对标准书面英文写作能力的掌握。

3分及以下的评分标准不再翻译。

分数等级水平描述



虽然GRE分析性写作部分包括两个独立的分析性写作任务，二者的平均分——而非各自得分——作为该部分的分值才更加合理。该分值范围为0分至6分，增减单位为0.5分。

以下针对各分数等级的描述基于整个分析性写作部分（包括观点陈述与论证分析）的完成度。因为该考试衡量的是“分析性写作”，批判性思维的技巧（推理、提炼证据展开观点、阐述复杂概念的能力）比作者掌握的语法和文法等更重要。

6分-5.5分

始终对复杂观点进行了有深度和有洞察力分析；采用逻辑上支持力强的理由和/或非常有说服力的例子发展、支持文章主旨；重点突出，组织结构优秀；句型变换熟练，语言精确，高效地传达文意；可能有不影响文意的瑕疵，但表现出对句子结构和语言运用的纯熟掌握。

5分-4.5分

对复杂观点给出了较有深度的分析；采用逻辑完备的理由和/或选择恰当的例子展开、支持文章主旨；大体上重点突出、组织结构优秀；句型和语言有变换，清晰地传达文意；有不影响文意的瑕疵，但表现出对句子结构和语言运用的擅长。

4分-3.5分

对复杂观点给出了完备的分析；用相关理由和/或例子展开并支持主旨；结构组织合理；清晰合理地传达文意；表现出让人满意的对句子结构及语言用法的掌握能力，但可能有些许影响清晰度的错误。

3分-2.5分

对某一问题进行了部分有效的分析，但在以下几个方面中，文章至少有一方面的缺陷：分析或发展不够；组织结构太弱；常出现因错误而导致的文意模糊或不够清晰，句型或语言用法掌握不够。

2分-1.5分

在分析性写作方面表现出严重不足。在以下几个方面中，文章至少在一个方面漏洞很严重：严重缺乏分析和发展；缺少组织结构；句子结构和语言用法常犯大错，让文意晦涩。

1分-0.5分

在分析性写作方面表现出致命缺陷。在以下几个方面中，文章至少在一个方面出现根本性的缺陷：内容极度混乱或几乎与题目无关；极少或没有发展；严重而贯穿始终的错误导致文意支离破碎。

0分

无法评定该考生的分析性写作能力，因为其文章没有谈论任何与题目相关的内容，而仅是尝试复制题目，或用非英语写作，或文字混乱无法解析。

NS

白卷



=======



好，那么第三次作业基本完成……还要多看啊AWintro~

今天：单词，第四天，背10-12，复习7-9和1-3，待睡前复习最后一遍；精读，TIME的完成了，ECONOMIST的待会就做；下午做了半套托福模考（时间不够啊），阅读和听力部分，一般吧……泪目。下周有两门考试，加油复习！

11.18

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-20 13:35:19



昨晚关机之后才猛然想起，没有写日记……今天来补上。

11.19
单词第五天，背13-15，复习10-12和4-6完成；精读TIME和ECONOMIST各一篇完成；开始复习精度笔记，第一天，看了4篇，预计以后每天4篇；晚上听XDF的托福网络课堂写作。

今天开始赶第四次作业~~任务好多啊……30篇……
分开贴，刚刚看了两篇（低效率= =），如下。
============================

============================

第四次作业 版友Argument30篇

============================
============================

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=990958&highlight
1、限时argument206，考前求拍 BY xhl1988

TOPIC: ARGUMENT206 - The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper.

"Throughout the country last year, as more and more（？） children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth（age？）-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages(not mentioned), we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition(比赛=培训么？) for children under nine（？）."

本篇作文里面写到的点：
1、        认为本城的九岁儿童的受伤情况跟全国儿童（这位G友用的是those throughout the country，私以为不太恰当，因为调查也不是调查全国，而是几个大城市而已啊）受伤情况是一样，这种看法是不对的。分论点，首先可能本地儿童偏好的运动种类不同，其次没提供去年全国（又是全国）受伤确切人数，再次没有证据表明受伤是因为运动还是因为别的原因。（私以为这三项的排序可以调整一下，感觉最后一个是最重要的，可以放前面……额，个人习惯把最重要的前置）。
2、        认为本城儿童受到教练和父母的压力，是不恰当的。
3、        质疑运动影响学业的说法。
4、        否定所有比赛太草率。
私以为1、2点可以合并，因为都是说没有联系本地实际情况。
这位G友的做法，就是官方AW指南里面所说的一行行挑刺（line by line）了。嗯，感觉这种方法自然是好用的，但使用时最好再自己归类一下，让结构更清晰。

自己想了一下：
1、        作者称弊大于利，但他根本没有列出“利”，也没有比较就宣称了这个结论，这样是草率而不负责任的。该点下面可以分几个方面，首先是没有比较身体方面的影响，到底是受伤多，还是促进健康多，其次是没有比较心理上的影响，到底是受到的压力多，还是团队合作能力提高多，学业方面同样没有得到比较，到底是影响学习时间多，还是让人精力充沛更好地学习多。
2、        由参与某项运动训练有害，并不能推出所有比赛都有害。所有比赛都只意味着严酷、高强度的训练么？当然不，比赛也可以是友谊性娱乐性的，促进身心健康发展，这并不一定需要残酷的高压训练，同时鉴于这里讨论的比赛是面向九岁儿童的，那么那些轻松娱乐的项目应该是多于那些艰难环节的。单因为某些项目的训练压力大就放弃所有比赛是不合理的。
3、        调查细节不明确，也没有结合本城的具体因素考虑问题。说越来越多的9岁孩子参赛，但没说具体多少；给出了受伤的运动员人数，但没给出运动员总数、受伤轻重、受伤是因为训练本身还是因为场地设备不好等等；说采访青年垒球联盟的运动员，但这些运动员难道都只是九岁吗？他们的经历可以代表九岁的孩子吗？此外，这些调查都是对其他城市的调查，没有本地调查。
综上，作者片面地突出了弊端、并且不甚严谨地由于部分训练项目的缺点全盘否定了所有比赛，在没有确证调查、了解本地实际的情况下就做出了结论，这是非常草率的。

===============================

2、同一作者的另一篇
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=990800&highlight
限时argument131，过两天就考了，请求指点 BY xhl1988

TOPIC: ARGUMENT131 - The following appeared in an environmental newsletter published in Tria Island.

"The marine sanctuary on Tria Island was established to protect certain marine mammals. Its regulations ban dumping and offshore oil drilling within 20 miles of Tria, but fishing is not banned. Currently many fish populations in Tria's waters are declining, a situation blamed on pollution. In contrast, the marine sanctuary on Omni Island has regulations that ban dumping, offshore oil drilling, and fishing within 10 miles of Omni and Omni reports no significant decline in its fish populations. Clearly（？another explanation）, the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters is the result of overfishing, not pollution. Therefore, the best way to restore Tria's fish populations and to protect all of Tria's marine wildlife（范围扩大）is to abandon our regulations and adopt those of Omni."

这篇G友作文里提到的理由是：
1、        认定鱼类数量减少是由于过度捕捞太草率。首先可能有其他因素，其次虽然严禁污染，但也有可能发生污染，再次，污染物如油可能是从其他地区飘过来的。（后两点我就没想到~这两点可以合并为一点的）。
2、        即便是由于过度捕捞造成的，在O处适用的规定不一定适用于T处。
3、        即便O的规定适用于T，也有可能有更好的规定，此外，也不能保证保护所有的水生动物。（私以为‘有更好的规定’这一项有点牵强，‘不能保护所有的水生动物’应当是一个很明显的攻击点）
他用了两次让步——此前看过作文版另一位G友关于让步的帖子，称，让步不是万金油，而应该是从题给信息开始让步，不能以自己的假设让步，也不要二次让步——此处的用法有待商榷。

本题明显有漏洞，但是不像206一样容易分条列举，来参考一下官方AW指南的建议：

1、        其他解释——可能引发题给事件的另一个有竞争性的理由；由于它也可能导致现有事实，所以将削弱或限制原有的理由；
2、        分析——将某事（如一段论证）分解成各个组成成分的过程，用以理解它们之间是如何协作组成整体的；也是对该过程的结果的描述（常以书面形式）；
3、        论证——以证据和理由支持的某项陈述；表明某事的正确或错误性的推理脉络；
4、        假设——为了维持立场而必须坚持的简洁、通常未经说明或查证的观点；被认为理所当然的东西，但只有它正确结论才可能正确；
5、        结论——推理线的终点，若推理正确则结论有理；结果陈述；
6、        反例——一个真实或虚构的例子，与论证中的陈述相悖。

其中，2、1、6是可以放在一块联系起来讲的，这也是本题比较容易采用的一个手法（这篇作文就用啦，用于解释鱼量减少）。再来看看4，显然本题隐含的一个错误假设就是O和T的情况一样，O能用的规定T也能用。随后说明一下论证和结论的错误。
…………………………
…………………………
刚刚一边写，一边觉得不对劲。再看一遍题目，知道有什么不对劲了。
这道题的欺骗性太强了，阴险啊！

且看题目第一句：The marine sanctuary on Tria Island was established to protect certain marine mammals.是为了保护一些特定的海洋哺乳动物！鱼类是海洋哺乳动物么！当然，这些哺乳动物可能是以一些鱼类为食的，所以肯定也不能太忽视鱼类保护，但这句话说明了什么？说明保护鱼类根本不是问题的中心！这就是AW指南里面提出要首先弄明白的——“What is the central problem?”

这样一分析，自己想了一下：
1、        指出T处的目的是保护哺乳动物不是鱼类，但不知道O处的目的是什么，不能照搬条款。万一按O的，10里禁渔，人们跑到10里外保护动物出没的地方打渔，岂不是更可能伤害那些动物？（让步一下）确实，那些海洋哺乳动物可能以一些鱼类为食物，我们也应该维持该水域的食物链食物网，但要在继续保护那些哺乳动物的前提下，我们才可以继续考虑保护其他无关的鱼类。再未知O、T两地目的的情况下不能照搬条款。
2、        如前所述，若此时这些保护动物的生存没有受到威胁而我们想保护其他鱼类，就需要因地制宜分析原因，而这个原因显然不能简单归结为是过度捕捞。由于不一定是过度捕捞，且两地环境不同，那么直接采纳O处的条款显然是不行的。
3、        题目结尾将保护范围毫无理由地扩大到all of Tria's marine wildlife，这明显是没有必要也没有依据的。

审题是何等的奇妙！当然我这个审题也不一定很恰当，第一次看到这个题目，也没有多看其他版友的理解。但就我个人认为，应该是要重视这个“目的性”的。

这两篇由于是同一个作者，所以很清楚可以看到他有自己的写作模板，可能是自己的习惯或自己总结的吧。结构上，都是段落间大并列，段内再小并列；开头重述题目，句型都是In this argument, the author concludes that……To support his conclusion,……However, the argument suffers from a few flaws；结尾总结，句型都是To sum up, the author fails to substantiate his conclusion that……To support his conclusion, the author should provides more information.
句式上there be句型稍微多了一点。

=================================

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=941673&highlight
3、Argument 35 首次限时，欢迎猛拍 BY leolee22

35. The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia. 
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates（那么M居民可能本来就吃过这些含S的食物，照样头痛？）, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives（会不会有些工艺影响了它对人体的作用？）. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study（可能有S作用，但也可能有其他因素影响）. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates（未指明该发现是否有可能被实现、实现范围、M人能否吃上）, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia." 

Leo提出的理由：
1、        作者假设S就是治头痛的原因，有误。可能有其他解释。
2、        即使（让步一次）S跟治头痛有关系，那个调查也表述得不够详细有说服力。
3、        即使（第二个让步）上面两点都满足，也不能证明S会继续用作防腐剂。

又是让步的问题。让步到底该怎么用？那篇关于让步的帖子在这里
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=921368&highlight=
退一步海阔天空---论argument的段落间让步关系

这个帖子里谈到的几点，我觉得很有道理，摘录如下。

“1让步必须建立在你要批驳者的观点上，对于argument来说，就是作者的观点上。二次让步一般来说是不合逻辑的，因为第二次让步的东西，实际上是你第一次让步后得出的结论，而不是作者本来的意思。

2让步的作用是为了找出更加隐晦，更加深层的逻辑谬误，或者直接归谬否定。对于argument来说，就是从外表错误推断到本质错误的一个过程。

经典让步的所有的让步条件，都是从原文里面抓出来的，目的是为了深刻的批驳原文的其他错误。”

对照一下，leo这里的让步确实都是基于原文的。不过第一个让步显得有点不自然，不用让步也可以表述，直接说survey不清不楚就完了嘛。由于第一个让步不自然，下面的段落意图二次让步就觉得也有点不自然。让步好难……

但这篇的文字功底好啊，句式变换，词语的选择有待学习。

坚持自己来试试思路：
1、        除了S外可能有其他治头痛的因素，考虑到工业生产中各种工艺的影响。
2、        就算S能治、又被推广用于添加剂，也不能保证应用范围大、M的居民能吃上，
3、        很多食物里本来就富含S，而且S已经被这么广泛应用了，M的居民还头痛，是不是他们这地方本身有特别之处？

---

作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-20 15:06:29



题目括号内红色为自己审题时的想法，绿色是自己的思路，蓝色是评论，其他杂七杂八的……额，反正就是记号啦！

4、Argument203~[限时]求拍~有拍必回~~ BY parisy

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=940038&highlight
TOPIC: ARGUMENT203 - The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.

"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days（未指明病种等）. Also, the cure rate（基数是多少，具体数目是多少） among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital（也许S地方小去的人也少都是简单的病呢！）. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient（again，实际总数是多少） than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical（住院时间短不一定很经济，万一治不好呢，万一化验和用药贵呢？要依病情看啊） and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals.（不能以两所医院就涵盖所有这两种医院吧！）"

Parsisy童鞋的提纲为：
1，在医院时间长短不能说明治疗质量
2，治愈比率同样不能说明治疗质量
3，医院有更多工作人员不一定能提供更好服务(这一点我没想起来，忽略了)
4，投诉少不能说明服务好(这一点我没想起来，忽略了)

嗯，帖子后面还有irvine666斑竹的点评，精彩~ 我还是漏看了几点啊。尤其斑斑首先分析了题目~嗯，题目的分析如此重要！

官方指南有言：
1、        提供了什么证据、支持和证明？
2、        正面给出了哪些陈述、宣称和结论？
3、        有哪些假设可能是未经检验或证明的？
4、        有哪些未经言明但由作者的看法可推得的结论？

irvine666斑竹分析的作者理由：
1.医院治愈时间长短和治愈比率，作者实际上是想说的“医术”和“医疗器具”的优势
2.作者提到的是more employees per patient，而不是单纯的more workers.这个里面是有很大的猫腻的，大家应该一眼就开出来（惭愧，我就没看出来= =|||）
3.抱怨是面对的服务质量

个人认为，这题目里面最大的漏洞就在于——以偏盖全！这将是我的首要攻击对象。接着让步一下，即，依据作者的隐含假设，认为这两所医院就可以代表两种医院全体，逐次批驳上述理由，说明即便是这个“偏”都没有“偏”到位。

==================================

5、就快考了，Argument第一次限时，求拍 BY firealice
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=930237&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT159 - The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity（这句话的逻辑关系是什么？）. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling（喂喂喂，太无理取闹了吧，除了制冷，就没别的方面要用电了？）. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity. 

这题目就是传说中的“一眼就看出有问题，但是不好分析”的类型吧——至少对我是这样。

Fire童鞋的几个点是：
1、        调查的数据和背景情况介绍得不够，无法让人信服。
2、        作者给出的比较三种制冷方式从而得出结论的论证太模糊了。
3、        制冷不是唯一的耗电原因，也不算耗电大户。
私以为这几个点的划分不是很清晰。比如第二点和第三点，第二点和第一点。总之这个第二点感觉可以拆开化到前后两段当中去。

个人思考时间~~
再回顾一下官方指南。
1、        提供了什么证据、支持和证明？—— 调查，对三种方式的比较，但该调查细节未知。
2、        正面给出了哪些陈述、宣称和结论？—— 宣称同时用扇子和空调最省电，政府应该支持这个。
3、        有哪些假设可能是未经检验或证明的？—— 隐含假设是（1）耗电只源于制冷（2）对不同地区可以采用一样的推荐。
4、        有哪些未经言明但由作者的看法可推得的结论？—— 额，这个好难想，没想到。

可以发现，关键点就是第三条——未经检验或证明的假设！一开始审题时，我对那句But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity不是很理解，但现在看看隐含假设（2）就会发现，这是暗示着由于国家很大，所以必须考虑地区差异！凭着批判这两条隐含假设，就足够推翻题目的论证了。

题目中一句废话、一个多余的词都没有，只要scrutinize每一个词，一定能发现猫腻！

本文开头结尾中间句子都逃不开那几个，不说了。
文字方面，本篇的句式和搭配变换得还不错，嗯，又是面熟的让步问题，还有有点面熟的“me”的问题——到底能不能出现第一人称？第一人称好不好？查阅了一些版友意见和资料后决定：
——能不用，就没必要用第一人称。要显得客观公正，而非站在个人角度。

===================================

9、argument159 限时第二篇 （done by 草木也知愁）BY Rainbow12
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=924921&highlight

第9篇，因为跟上面第5篇是同主题的，就提前来看了。嗯还有草木的点评~觉得表达是不错的，至于模板和思路么——这题的思路真的好难出彩啊！


===================================


6、16号考试,刚限时模考一argument163 希望大家帮帮忙，提点意见，感激涕零 BY zycly86
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=927700&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT163 - The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.

"In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn down and replaced by the larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number of people who are employed by the town（更高能效的就能够accommodate了吗？就没有别的建筑可以accommodate了吗？）. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter and cool it in summer（高能效，万一面积太大，控温不是一样很贵）. The new, larger building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall. Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating income for the town of Rockingham（收入跟建房子供热的支出相比哪个更大？）."

Zy的观点是：
1、        新居比老房子大，花的总的控温钱可能更多。
2、        拆老居建新居花钱可能更多，且人们不一定愿意把新居租出去也就没有收入了。
3、        老房子可能有历史价值。（这一点好！我就忽略了）

思路方面想不到什么更不同的了。另外这篇的表达赞！学习学习。

===================================


7、第一篇限时，argument137【4月同心砥砺组】第4周 第1次 BY 同心砥砺
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=926446&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT137 - The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper. 

"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be（这是一个表推测的句型，这说明这个不一定是事实，而是推测！） avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River（何时实施，效果将如何？）. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase（何种活动？）, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands（哪里？多大？与那些可能的活动相关吗？这样的投资有必要吗？）along the Mason River."

同心的思路：
1、        认为居民不喜欢在河里进行水上娱乐就是因为河水很脏，这种看法是没道理的。
2、        清理河水的计划不明确。
3、        整改沿河路不一定需要，且没有征求民意。（征求民意一项我没想到）

个人暂时想不到新思路了。另，文中有一些语法错误，标点运用（问号与句号）的使用有点问题。


==============================


8、【同心砥砺冲刺小组】强化周 限时ARGUMENT71 by irvine666(Irvine)
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=924929&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT71 - Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less（到底是多少）electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore（产出效率是多少？）, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high（这个时候老方法的效率如何？缺乏比较）. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly（新方法能推广么，它有什么其他缺陷？它是否很贵或对场地要求比较高或在其他环节耗电？老方法是不是在某些情况下特别好用？）.

666的思路：
1、        产品的纯度等质量问题、开销问题应列入考虑。
2、        对环境的影响。
3、        除了新设备外，还有其他方法可以降低能耗。
唔~2和3是我没有考虑到的。其中3等于是提出其他解释，嗯。开头和结尾写得好~但中间显得冗余了，不是太清晰。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-20 18:47:02



10、argument180 限时成功 求拍 BY 碰碰
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=924327&highlight

"Many other companies（什么领域的公司） have recently stated that having their employees（哪类员工？） take the Easy Read Speed-Reading Course has greatly improved productivity（具体多少？）. One graduate of the course was able to read a five-hundred-page report in only two hours（没上过课的呢？缺比较）; another graduate rose from an assistant manager to vice president of the company in under a year（可能是因为其他因素，例子没有代表性）. Obviously, the faster you can read, the more information you can absorb in a single workday（无根据，工作知识非要用读的？非要速读？）. Moreover, Easy Read costs only $500 per employee（其余教育机构呢？公司内部培训呢？）-a small price to pay when you consider the benefits to Acme. Included in this fee is a three-week seminar in Spruce City（而本公司的地址是？）and a lifelong subscription to the Easy Read newsletter. Clearly, Acme would benefit greatly by requiring all of our employees（所有人？） to take the Easy Read（没有调查自身情况，不能妄下推论）

嗯，这题目，真是句句都有问题……
碰碰的思路：
1、        作者认为参加了培训就能提高，这个假设有误。
2、        没有考虑Acme跟其他公司的差异，有误。
3、        全员培训有浪费之嫌。

试试自己的思路：

1、假设有误，举例没有代表性——分别批判两个例子，结曰，速读的效果不明显，且不一定是获得工作知识的方法。
2、（让步）即使效果明显（对应obviously句），也不能不考虑各公司和公司内员工的各项差异。
3、（再让）即使效果明显且需要让全员参加培训（对应最后一句前半句），也不是非要去ER的，可以自己办培训班什么的。

没把握的地方又是这个让步问题。不知道这样让合不合理……看来要开始好好研究这个问题！

============================

11、argument65 限时第一篇，真诚求拍 BY zycly86
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=919292&highlight

"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year,（其他年份呢？） however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest（那其他店呢？）store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers（这家杂志是哪国的，它的订户是哪国的，他们所称的本国是哪国？）. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory（其他降低成本的可能？）, the best way to improve profits（降低成本真的就是提高利润的最好方法吗？） in all（全部？） of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."

嗯，题目第一眼看有点模糊（红色标注是俺对照官方指南边理清边做的）。那么就重新搬出官方指南！

1、        仔细审题——可能读不只一次；
2、        尽可能多地认出它的陈述、结论及隐含假设；
3、        尽可能多地想出其他解释和反例；
4、        想想哪些其他的证据可以支持或削弱该陈述；
5、        问问自己，更改论证的哪些部分能让它的推导更合理。

陈述：1、我们以前是都存的。2、去年的一家新店里最畅销的五种奶酪都是威斯康辛的国产货。3、杂志调查称订户偏爱国产货。4、减少库存可降低成本，这是提高利润的最好方法。
结论：应该不存进口奶酪，只存国产货是提高利润的最好方法。
隐含假设：1、去年那家新店畅销国货，说明以后所有分店都会畅销国货。2、杂志调查的那些人都是本国人。3、库存量是影响成本的主要因素，没有考虑其他的成本损失比如变质或缺货损失问题。

官方指南曰：你得认出分隔的、有时候未言明的思考过程，考虑这些思考步骤之间的衔接是否符合逻辑。

本题中作者是基于隐含假设1、2由陈述2、3推出国产货受欢迎，隐含的一个中间推论就是他们认为存国产货就能够满足（大部分）顾客需求。基于隐含假设3由陈述4推出不存进口奶酪可以降低成本。最后综合满足需求和降低成本两点，得到结论。

其中有断点：1、国产货和进口货的价格如何，库存花费、缺货损失如何，各项的利润如何？2、比较一下以前的国产货和进口货销量如何，基于陈述23的推断合理吗，大部分顾客真的偏爱国产货吗？

思路：1、根据断点2攻击其论据；2、根据断点1攻击减少库存一定会提高利润的说法（即陈述4）；3、给出提高利润的其他可能。

Zyc这篇主要集中在攻击陈述2和陈述3的不合理，略窄了。帖子后面附有irvine666(Irvine)斑竹的批改，非常清楚！斑竹的几番点评尤其受教：

“argument，每个小段批的都是推断，不是批的结论，更不是批的材料！”
“批驳的中间段一定要记住：你批的不是结论，是推出结论的直接或者间接的“推论”，就是那个-->”

然后看完后对照自己的思路，小开心了一下~嗯~俺还算是批到了推论吧~

==================================


12、Argument6 新手限时第二篇 求拍 BY 玻璃渣
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=919282&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT6 - The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe. 

"A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself（过于绝对）. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people （这一千人不一定是本地人）attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe（在这住不等于在这活动）, and the highest-rated radio program（万一没人听广播呢？） in Monroe is 'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide（适用于本地情况吗） study indicates that the typical jazz fan（爵士流行不代表很多人是典型爵士迷） spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."

练脑子~显然有好几处试图推理，分别来看。

很明显的分线1：最近的爵士吧很远，所以新吧会垄断本地客户。这里面有个隐含假设1，见下面的讨论。
很明显的分线2：由那3点推出爵士在M很流行。批判的点我已经在题目里标出了。
间接但也算明显的分线3：全国的典型爵士乐迷喜欢在爵士上烧钱，所以新吧会赚钱。隐含假设2（或者说，由分线2的一个推论）和3。
总体论证：由分线1、2推出会有客源，由分线3得到客人都是金主，于是合起来推出能赚大钱。

接着来看隐含的假设：1、假设爵士酒吧是爵士爱好者的主要访地，并且不论酒吧规模格调只论地域；2、假设爵士乐流行的地方典型爵士乐迷就多（注意是‘典型’，而事实上，可能大家只是喜欢听听而已并不那么迷恋）；3、M地情况跟全国性的调查反映的情况是一致的，没有什么地区特点，即，不考虑本地收入水平生活习惯等等。

于是乎，从错误的假设和推论入手。

来看本文玻璃筒子的攻击点：
1、        电台节目受欢迎不代表大家爱去爵士俱乐部。
2、        M的爵士迷不一定跟其他地方的一样那么爱花钱。
3、        就算他们爱花钱，C也不一定能赚钱，因为开个酒吧的成本费用是很高的。（这一点我没有想到~）

---

作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-20 20:50:51



13、argument51 限时第一篇，还有10天考试了，恳请大家指点，帮帮兄弟 BY 成成
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=918840&highlight

"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary（只有初步的实验结果，怎能草率总结）results of a study of two groups（样本容量、代表性？）of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries（未提到严重程度） by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent（具体是多少） quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician（医生不一样、医生的专攻不一样）, were given sugar pills（会有什么副影响吗）, although the patients believed（心理因素？）they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all（过分了）patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain（程度范围扩大了） would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."

成成筒子的攻击点：
1、        批实验不合理。
2、        批抗生素有副作用——这个貌似比较偏了。
3、        先让步抗生素都没副作用，再批没有区分受伤程度。这个让步让的不好。

个人认为主要攻击点应当在范围扩大这一点上——some扩大到all，severe扩大到无区别的injuries。还有就是要考虑这是一个preliminary的实验，它能不能有代表性，能不能convincable的推出结论。

这么多篇看下来，发现审题一个非常关键的点就在于，抓关键词！关键词包括时间、地点、人物、数据、比例、统计、各类有限定意思的词如范围词，这些词的背后都可以做文章，比如问他到底意味着什么，问他的情况是否放之四海皆准，问他的意义在后文有没有被误读或曲解，问他的范围有没有被扩大或缩小……

====================================

26、Argument51 限时作品，快考了，大家来狠拍,有拍必回 BY Wraithboy
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=806595&highlight

跟上面第13篇是同主题。

作者的头两个批判段都是批的实验，冗余重复，应该合并，第三个批判段批了all的问题，基于二次感染和副作用，然而没有提到受伤程度。

=====================================

14、argument4 第一篇限时成功的A,接着伸手要红包 BY irvine666(Irvine)
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=912200&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT4 - The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site.
"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town-Adams Realty and Fitch Realty-Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time（数量不代表质量，时间长不代表利润高）. Moreover, Adams' revenue（这点该怎么批？）last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales（这个指的是国内销售，而不是住房销售！） that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000（也许人家是远销国外呢！）. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month（喂，10年前和去年有可比性么！你一个人的例子有代表性么！）. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price（这个可根本没提到）, you should use Adams."

666的攻击点：
1、        指出人多不一定力量大。
2、        卖的多不一定利润高（考虑了成本进去）。成本我没有想到~
3、        举例没考虑十年前和去年的区别。
语言顺畅，但不能说是很轻松舒服的。

嗯，我自己的思路hint都在题目的括号里注明啦！

但我始终觉得，要表现自己的逻辑、要展现自己的思辨、分析、归纳能力，就最好能够跳出这些具体的细节，从一个更抽象的、总结性的角度归纳缺点。

======================================

15、argument169 【FF小组】 by duyuan3377 第二次限时模考 
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=900005&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT169 - The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University. 

"Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also（also暗示本地，即PU，也是小镇） located in a small town, reveal that both male and female professors are happier（这是个比较级，那么原级的程度如何？） living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area（调查信息不明确，有数据吗，有对比吗？）. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted（有根据么！） teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff（到底全员里有多少人会受影响）, we at Pierce University（PU与BC毕竟地区不同背景不同啊）should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire（无论对方是否有意？）. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers.（最后这句话的意思是招到新教授的机会比其他的学校多？明显不合理，alternatives, another explanation!）"

Duyuan的思路：
1、        批调查。
2、        批招到的一定是“有能力”的。
3、        批能提高“全体”士气。

个人认为，其中还有一个重要的隐含条件就是，作者没有考虑小镇与大城市相比天生的一些劣势，这些劣势会导致这些政策都没法让PU跟大城市的学校竞争。这个问题也就是我在题目里面标记出来的“比较级的原级”的问题。其他的点想到的都跟Duyuan差不多。

===================

………………不行了……今天下午一直看到现在……第一个读后感的贴子是八小时之前的，一直到现在除了出去打个饭之外就没挪过地方……
完成了16篇，俺得喘口气了，腰痛……
今天的两篇精读还没做，下周考试的复习还没弄完，明天上课的预习还没做……杯具了……

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-20 23:41:09

嗯，关机之前记得来写日记~~

今天：单词第6天，背16-18单元，复习7-9，13-15，留待睡前；精读economist刚做完，times关机后就做（买了本书）；今天的主要成就就是把第四次作业啃动了不少了，16篇~哦耶！然而还是有很多……（嗯，把明天上课的预习做完了~很好）

做着这个作业，最大的收获就是，明白argument是个怎么回事了！第二次作业的时候虽然写了argument，但那个时候根本还刚听过这个名字，甚至连argument要我干嘛都不知道= =||| 匆忙翻了翻同主题，就开写了（刚弄清楚"原来argument是让人反驳啊~”之后1小时候就开写，囧）,而现在在翻看版友习作的过程中，慢慢了解到什么样才是好的argument，什么样才是有逻辑有深度的思考。尤其是偶时会有斑竹改习作，看到批改帖，学到好多~~~

此外，也算是初步训练自己的思维吧，第一次面对这些argu题目，上面帖子里都附着我自己对这个题目的第一想法。感觉argument很有意思!（要不然也不会七八个小时连续看还挨得下去……）

嗯，待会去做精读和单词复习。

明天下午有事，时间不多，希望能再看几篇版友习作。同时看了番茄同学的楼，才想起来……第三次作业的翻译，我忘记翻最后一页的分数等级的解释了……囧，明后天补上。也想抽空整整自己的日记楼——太乱了，满眼都是字= =|||

11.20

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作者: 番茄斗斗    时间: 2009-11-21 20:19:59

每次看完PLUKA的楼就觉得特有动力～～

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作者: 中原527    时间: 2009-11-21 20:53:38

28# 番茄斗斗
你太厉害了，那篇6分范文我很多看不懂...都是照着你的翻译然后对原文再总结我的意思...
呜呜呜

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-21 21:51:52



11.21，继续作业

第四次作业


16、argument188【FF小组】 by duyuan3377 第一篇限时模考的argu，限时基本成功

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=897984&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT188 - A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids-a painkiller-to 28 men and 20 women（实验永远是破绽之一）who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids（非要这种药？）should be prescribed for women whenever（前面不是牙疼么）pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication（对男的就无效吗）. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all （明显的范围扩大，无根据）medications on men versus women.

Duyuan筒子的思路：
1、        将范围扩大到所有药物是不合理的。
2、        实验太模糊。
3、        认为K对女性效果强于男性是不合理的。
私以为2和3点可以合并，因为都是关于实验的。像这一种题目不太好写啊……除了实验这个点比较明显之外，很难批驳……

这篇的模板化是一眼就可以看得出来的（大概是前面看了十多篇，有底了——才十多篇就觉得大家的模板都很相似，那么阅卷人看了NNNNN篇，岂不是满脑子都是了？确实，看到相同的开头模式、相同的中段安排、相同的结尾结构，甚至连句子都出现了高频重复句——还是在非常重要的开头和结尾——不觉得无聊才怪。这种情况下只能依靠你的观点来吸引他的注意。问题是，能做到吗？呜呼，模板问题很重要、很重要。语言表达很重要、很重要。要让阅卷人看得眼前一亮，至少觉得不那么僵硬陈腐，才有可能分给你更多的注意力啊！）

=====================================


17、argument80~限时完成~还有三天考试~给点建设性意见~斑竹空的话帮忙拍BY wt_2005
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=890901&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT80 - The following appeared as an editorial in a health magazine.

"Clormium 5 is an odorless, tasteless, and generally harmless industrial by-product that can enter the water supply. A preliminary study has linked cooking with water containing clormium 5 to an increased incidence of allergies and skin rashes. Tests of the drinking water in several areas（有病例吗？）have revealed the presence of clormium 5. Although it is possible to remove clormium 5 from water, the costs of routine testing and purification are higher than many communities can afford. Therefore, in order to prevent allergies and skin rashes, communities that cannot afford to rid their drinking water of clormium 5 should（有其他方法吗？）replace drinking fountains in public（？前面的研究可只提到cooking!）buildings, such as schools and libraries, with bottled-water coolers."

Wt的思路：
1、        实验存疑。
2、        让步，就算实验结果正确，那几处的含量也不一定致病。
3、        让步，就算上述假设都成立，也可以有其他方法不一定要更换成瓶装水。

帖子后面有cadget筒子的点评，嗯~跟我的想法差不多。Argu里面实验啊调查什么的肯定有漏洞，要批，但不应当作为重点！重点应当是那些隐含的假设、推论什么的。

==================================


18、argument15, 终于限时完整了 BY kingplough
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=886725&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT15 - The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors.

"Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire（会实施吗）to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol, and today low-fat products（种类种类）abound in many food stores（与OD的销售区的位置、顾客群一样吗）. Since many（哪些？是不是这些食物本身就应该高热高脂）of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol, the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease. We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock in this company."

Kingp筒子的点：
1、        调查可信度不够。（提到了好几点，都不错！）
2、        低热量食物多并不能说明什么。
3、        让步，就算能说明什么，这时候卖股票也不一定是最好的选择。（这一点好！我就没能分析出来……）

很不错的一篇！观点解释得清楚，语言也很自然，模板痕迹不多。怎么说呢，这个模板痕迹的准则……就是一种感觉吧！细细想一下，发现其实是很看语言的。语言质量一上去，句式多变了，氛围轻松了，整体自然了，模板的僵硬感自然就少了。更重要的恐怕还是要轻松自然。

==================================


24、Argument15--求拍，（限时完成） BY zwolfe
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=817124&highlight

同主题，提前来看。模板化重了点。在攻击调查不合理的时候指出，参与这种调查的可能本身对健康就比较关注，自然会选低热量食物——这种人的天生倾向因素往往是我忽略的啊！

==================================


19、Argument1,球拍(限时没有完成，拖延五分钟) BY dugufly
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=885971&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT1 - The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products. 

"Previous experience（!）has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives.（能考虑健康生活的起码就不是穷人，卖得好很有可能，但不一定是因为健康）We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville（没有实地调查）, which has many such residents. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time（空前的高，那么是不是有外因影响比如要办奥运会了= =）highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full（以上只能泛泛说明重视运动，但并不等于重视健康生活！）. We can even anticipate a new generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age.（喂，后面完全离题了吧！）"

这个错处还是比较明显的，一环套一环的错误假设错误推论，越偏得越多。
然而dugu同学批的三个点分别是运动衫、俱乐部和儿童健身，流于表面，偏题了。

again，要注意的是推理过程，时刻要提醒自己结论是什么，中心问题是什么！

===============================

20、argument137,终于限时写出来了 BY kingplough
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=883504&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT137 - The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper. 
"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River."

哎呀，这个跟第7篇是同主题……归的时候忘记了。
这一篇很难写啊，思路什么的很难想到新的，基本上就是围着another explanation之类来的。

===============================


21、限时写的argument38，往死里拍吧~~ BY hx880603
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=878125&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT38 - The following memo appeared in the newsletter of the West Meria Public Health Council. 

"An innovative treatment has come to our attention that promises to significantly reduce absenteeism in our schools and workplaces. A study reports that in nearby East Meria, where fish consumption is very high, people visit the doctor only once or twice per year for the treatment of colds（难道感冒了人人都看医生？不是吃个药就好了嘛！不吃药也能好！）. Clearly, eating a substantial amount of fish can prevent colds（完全无道理）. Since colds are the reason（很多时候大家只是找个借口，不是真的感冒吧）most frequently given for absences from school and work, we recommend the daily use of Ichthaid, a nutritional supplement（为啥不直接吃鱼） derived from fish oil（什么种类的鱼，跟前面的一致么）, as a good way to prevent colds and lower absenteeism."

论证过程中用了好多错误假设和武断的判断，一步一步就偏题了……

Hx的思路：
1、        批看病少和没感冒的联系。
2、        批逃课是因为感冒。
3、        批I药有用。
4、        提出降低逃课率的其他原因。

大方面跟我想的差不多，细节有不同，但觉得段落的顺序可以调整一下，这样子看不出什么逻辑联系，最好能将各个段落联系起来，一环一环地批，力量增加很多的。一个常用手法就是让步，问题是，让步也是很复杂的啊……一着不慎就误用了啊……sigh，多看多练多把握吧！

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28、快考了，急求拍！第一篇限时，未完成。ARGUMENT38，哭死了！BY xushaonan611051
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=799974&highlight

跟第21篇是同主题。

Xus的思路：
1、        批调查结果。
2、        批鱼油能治感冒提高出勤。把治感冒和提高出勤放在同一位置？感觉混乱了，作者的意思应该是因果而不是并列
3、        批缺席是因为感冒。这与上一段很有些连接问题，上一段应该好好改一下
4、        批地理因素不同应加以考虑。这是一个点，但不是重点

==================================


22、argument17，第一次限时写，球拍,谢谢！（已修正简单语法错误）BY ustcmc(Shaka)
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=863955&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT17 - The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper. 

"Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ-which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks-has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance."

啊呀，这一篇！此前看过一篇帖子分析的……额……不记得是哪一篇帖子了，总之很厉害！嗯这篇的思路跟那个差不多：环保、车多不等于表现好、为啥涨价。
貌似17是很难写的一篇（看到有说法称17是最难写的之一，本人连题库都没看完一遍，没有发言权）。说到难写，就是思路啊思路！argument这东西最根本的最重要的总是思路，再想到是跟NNNNNN个人一起写……就觉得思路要出彩是多么的困难……

============================


好，8篇，休息。
看了这些篇，感觉出模板是个什么概念了。说实话，我一直都不知道那是什么= =||| BS俺吧，俺新东方只上过一个词汇课，没上过别的，也没上过其他培训，诸如机经啊模板啊这个那个的考试术语，一直是不懂的……因为听说模板很影响分数，所以心中对其怀有一种莫名的恐惧，同时又不知道那到底是个啥，于是恐惧加深= =|||……现在虽然也不能完全把握那是个啥东西，不过大概能体会到为什么说模板很影响分数了。真是很缺少个性和灵活感~主要是不够自然啊。如果哪天俺每篇作文不用事先想要套什么结构，大笔一挥唰唰唰……那是不要命了= =||| 呜呼！其实模板这东西跟个人写作习惯也有关吧，大家都有爱用的结构嘛！嗯接下来要锻炼的，就是努力让自己爱用的结构变得精炼有效与众不同，养成好习惯，不一定要模板~

11.22,  发现第28篇跟21是同主题，忽略了，编辑到一起。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-21 22:48:37

今天提早下线，因为后天电化学考试！还没复习完！杯具的诞生。
今天完成的不多：单词第7天，背19-21，复习16-18和10-12，睡前再看一遍；精读两篇；版友习作8篇。
预感到明天的工作量很大（别忘了还有翻译评分指南最后一页啊提醒自己），补充咖啡~
永恒的罪恶之地就是那温暖的被窝啊被窝！

11.21

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-22 16:04:52



11.22 继续作业……

第四次作业  30篇版友习作（看完）


23、argument101 考前限时 BY pb030920
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=818370&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT101 - The following appearedin a memo from the president of a company that makes breakfast cereals. 

"In a recent study, subjects who ate soybeans at least five times per week had significantly lower cholesterol levels than subjects who ate no soy products. By fortifying our Wheat-O cereal with soy protein(other element?flavor?regular customers?), we can increase sales by appealing to additional consumers who are concerned about their health. This new version of Wheat-O should increase company profits（cost?）and, at the same time, improve the health of our customers."

推论1：根据study推出豆类制品（但cotrast的组是大豆和豆制品？这二者不等同，同样的，与下面的大豆蛋白也不怎么等同，不过这些更趋于细节，不是主要攻击点）有助健康。
推论2：根据“新顾客关心健康”+推论1+在产品里加大豆蛋白 —> 会有新顾客买产品。
推论3：根据推论2 —> 利润增加的同时有助于顾客健康。

推论1主要是根据实验，很好找碴。
推论2里的隐含条件：以前的老顾客没有新顾客这么关心健康、关心健康就会食用豆制品、关心食用豆制品就会买他们的新式麦片而不是别人的、新式麦片不会丢失老顾客。
推论3基于推论2，以及隐含的条件，不考虑新式麦片的成本。

Pb的思路：
1、        批实验数据不清楚
2、        批实验结果（这个跟1可以合并嘛，不知道为啥要分开讲）。
3、        让步实验结果，批会买产品，主要提到口味问题。
4、        让步会买产品，批利润增加。
还有一点就是文里面太多忘记空格了！两个单词写在一起不空格，跟一个单词一样。要练打字呀~

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25、argument46 发现限时太困难，请指教 BY 陈晓辉(cxh.moon)
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=809159&highlight

ARGUMENT46 - Although black bears are common in the eastern Canadian province of Labrador, grizzly bears-often similar in color, but much larger-were believed to（推测耳）exist only in the western provinces. Despite a nineteenth-century explorer's account of having startled and narrowly escaped from a grizzly bear deep in the woods in Labrador, modern scientists find no physical evidence that grizzly bears have ever lived in Labrador. But recent research into the language and legends of the Innu, a people who have lived in Labrador for thousands of years, reveals that their language has words for two different kinds of bears（不一定是这两种）, and their ancient legends attribute different characteristics（？毛色不是吧）to the two kinds of bears. Therefore, there probably were grizzly bears in Labrador, and the explorer's account probably accurately identified the bear.

Chx指出题目的结论有两部分，一是L可能真曾经有灰熊，二是探险故事可能是真的。批判点：
1、        批语言和传说研究的可靠性。
2、        让步有灰熊居住，批探险故事的真实性。

这个题目，呜……我想不出来。首先，题目的结论是两部分，这点我没搞清楚；其次，题目的结论里面用了“probably”这种不确定的词语，该怎么批？面对这种本身就是一个不确定的结论，应该怎么下手啊！

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27、argument150 限时失败~~泪奔~ BY ustcroad(飞来飞去)
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=806542&highlight

ARGUMENT150 - The following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine. 

"The decline in the numbers of amphibians worldwide clearly（？）indicates the global pollution of water and air（后面没有一句提到的）. Two studies（代表性？）of amphibians in Yosemite National Park（是个无干涉的自然系统吗）in California confirm my conclusion. In 1915 there were seven species of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant numbers of each species. However, in 1992 there were only four species of amphibians observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. The decline in Yosemite has been blamed on the introduction of trout into the park's waters, which began in 1920 (trout are known to eat amphibian eggs). But the introduction of trout cannot be the real reason for the Yosemite decline（why?）because it does not explain the worldwide decline.(本来就是两码事好咩)"

这题目的漏洞比较明显。作者试图用“A的原因不是B”这个理由来证明“C的理由是D”，显然他是假定A就是C的，这个假定问题太大啦~而且就算这个假定没有问题，凭啥就是D？何况“A的原因不是B”这一条的正确性都存疑。总之是一塌糊涂。

噢，看了帖子后面zephyrqq同学的点评，发现我忽略了一个重点~~第一句话的结构不是“C的理由是D”，而是“C意味着D”，审题呀审题！嗯，那么这样子题目问题又多了一个，即，根据“C的理由是D”来推出“C意味着D”。

Ust的提纲：
1. 公园两栖动物减少值得怀疑 
2. 全球两栖动物减少值得怀疑 
3. 不应该排除其它可能

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29、argument162 限时完成,求各位同学拍砖 BY xiaolinlhx
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=643100&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT162 - A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none.（联系） It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties（什么疾病，前文的两种是什么疾病）. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy（alternatives）on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression.

隐含环节：大豆能治的病里包括慢性疲劳和抑郁；亚洲人就是靠大豆才不那么抑郁；美国人不吃大豆，所以抑郁了。美国人要治抑郁只能吃大豆。

Xiao的理由：
1、        批疲劳和抑郁调查数据。
2、        批大豆对亚洲人的疗效。
3、        批大豆对美国人的疗效

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30、argument53 同主题写作限时，留链回拍 BY xmbjowl
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=498294&highlight

TOPIC: ARGUMENT53 - Thirteen years ago, researchers studied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress（如何衡量？）when exposed to unfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknown voice（样本少，代表性，太多不明确）. They discovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have been conceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin-a hormone known to affect some brain functions-would naturally increase in response to decreased daylight. In a follow-up study conducted earlier this year, more than half of these children-now teenagers（成长过程中的其他影响？）-who had shown signs of distress identified themselves as shy（其他人呢？缺对照）. Clearly, increased levels of melatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and this shyness continues into later life.

Xmb的理由：
1、        批实验数据。
2、        让步实验，批害羞与褪黑素的联系。
3、        让步害羞与褪黑素的练习，批影响延续。

个人认为还有一个点就是它始终只观察了那些从小就表现出所谓的mild distress的孩子，没考察别人，缺对照组。

======================================


30篇看完。
argument首先是个考逻辑的东西，所以思路是非常关键的，但是在表达方面下的功夫绝对也不能少啊。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-22 22:41:01

今天：单词第八天，任务量陡增= = 背22-24，复习19-21，13-15，1-3，开始觉得痛苦了……精读完成TIME一篇。完成第四次作业剩余的6篇版友习作。翻了版上一些精华帖，受益良多。
明天电化学考试，呜呼！还好是开卷= =     不过开卷也不容易……
11.22

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-23 23:01:02

今天挫折了。单词第九天，背25-27，复习22-24，16-18，4-6；精读尚未完成，待会做。听了一下午报告，奈何自己差距太远，没啥收获，呜呼。晚上回来想起看看托福，此前一篇作文都没有做过，试着写独立写作，虽然心中有话，却枯坐无法开头，心中愕然焦急无以言表。12月20日考试，哀哉。明天开始要加上托福作文任务！这星期过题库，克服开头的困境。一直觉得自己作文还行，然而，唉……争取状态啊！
嗯，如果第五次作业布置的话，也要好好做作业。
嗯，本周五又有另外一门考试。
= =……风中凌乱。

11.23

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-24 00:10:23

不信邪，精读做到一半，又忍不住跑去憋作文，蓦然发现刚刚看过的精读句子恰好可以用上，总算开了点头。又试了几个题目，都没做完。虽然20分钟才写了130多个字，但总算是能动笔了，心里好受很多。
然后忽然意识到精读的意义重大。还好一直有做笔记，虽然目前只看了26篇，但也记录下这么多句型和表达，再背一些名人名言……嗯，解决开头！克服心理障碍克服心理障碍克服心理障碍………………

已经“今天”了，但我“昨天”的单词复习还没做完……速度过掉25-27！

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-24 23:13:19

单词第十天，背28-30，复习7-9，19-21，25-27.
精读两篇time两篇economist，把前两天落下的进度赶回来了~现在觉得做精读是最有趣的一件事，因为很多文章实在很有意思，不仅学到了句型和例子，还顺便消遣。
晚上又尝试着练托福作文，下了独立写作计时模考的软件，一开始是练开头，心理障碍克服了不少。开头勉强OK之后，却发现接下来的正文又开始卡了……刚刚的最好结果是倒数第五分钟恰好写到第150个词……感觉比昨天已经好一些了。然而题库也没有看（老题库？貌似现在没题库？），也仍然没有写完一篇完整的，sigh。
希望快点进入状态~~~！不要卡啊不要卡！
写作文实在是个痛苦的过程，看着别人的高分范例仍觉有待改进，轮到自己动笔才知道其中艰难。明天抽半个上午看范文！先通读一遍了解大概那是个什么感觉。（下午要开始四周的CAD实践，我恨它……）
（在AW版诉说自己准备ibt的纠结，稍微有点，呃，奇怪？）

11.24

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作者: ginor    时间: 2009-11-25 00:26:26

追赶你的进度快要成我的目标了……OTL
我每天都在专业课，作业和备考中挣扎着~
每次看到你神速的完成作业~~都觉得你很牛x，让我不禁怀疑我的效率是否很低？还是你一天比我多了一两个小时，怎么有那么多的时间啊做得了那么多的事~！！
同时备考ibt，您的时间安排真是很。。。充实。嗯~了不起！

您别松了~~~我会在后面追着你跑。。（觉得我水的话，就请无视我这不知所谓的路人甲经过……）

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-25 12:53:39

49# ginor

呃……我的专业课确实不多就是了，一周十节大课，这周五再考完一门后就剩三门专业课，接下来是四周计算机实践和零散的一些实验，只是前段时间拉下了一些课要补，有些痛苦。每天占时间最多的是单词，按17天的计划做的，不过我放了不少水，有时候昏昏沉沉看一遍没记住几个，也懒得翻回去，新单词+复习大概要近四个小时，sigh。所以说今天上午预计的看作文书，没做~~
大概是我性子比较急，有时候劲头上来了非要做完才安心，于是老出现今天卯起来赶工到半夜，第二天睡到日上三竿还懒懒散散提不起劲，第三天又开始打鸡血……这样的情况。可怜的胃。这样的生活习惯其实很不好，非常不好，晚上看单词都爱走神。sigh，希望赶快过完这段时间，好好调整一下作息。
所以，ginor同学，身体是革命的本钱，好好保重是对的！我们的目标是可持续发展！（自我反省）

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作者: 番茄斗斗    时间: 2009-11-25 18:40:06

追赶你的进度快要成我的目标了……OTL
我每天都在专业课，作业和备考中挣扎着~
每次看到你神速的完成作业~~都觉得你很牛x，让我不禁怀疑我的效率是否很低？还是你一天比我多了一两个小时，怎么有那么多的时间啊做得 ...
ginor 发表于 2009-11-25 00:26

同感。。。现在每天一大早起来，我脑中闪现的就一个单词。。。PLUKA。
嘿嘿，咱们一块慢慢赶超哈～～

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作者: 番茄斗斗    时间: 2009-11-25 18:46:25

49# ginor

呃……我的专业课确实不多就是了，一周十节大课，这周五再考完一门后就剩三门专业课，接下来是四周计算机实践和零散的一些实验，只是前段时间拉下了一些课要补，有些痛苦。每天占时间最多的是单词，按 ...
pluka 发表于 2009-11-25 12:53

我们双周十二大节课，单周是十四大节。。。泪奔。。。

不过每次携带了看下PLUKA的楼真的是大大的激励哈～～像我这种忙的时候还要憋出时间来的，到了周末完全就不行了。。。SIGH，补作业去了～～

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-26 00:07:55

独立写作首次限时成功！撒花~ 不过抽到的是两个最拿手的题目，科技是否让地球更适宜人类居住，以及政府是否要在太空探索上花最多的钱，都是cliche，平时课本上啊口语啊什么的出现过N次类似的了，如果考试能考这个那真是捡到宝了。不管怎么说，限时成功~~~字数三百上下，知足了。克服写作心理障碍！先拿T调整情绪和手感。
下午CAD提前逃回来，看了会ibt高分范文，发现关键是要不停地写，只要自己思路不模糊，兼写够那么多字，整体感觉起码会很连贯完整，句型什么的另算。当然也感叹了下T跟G的差距……
几个月以前有想过做名人名言的摘抄，现在发现这个还是很值得重新捡起来的。用在T里混字数骗分最合适不过。同时很多名言实在是太精彩了，一个句子就能带来新的思考，对issue的准备大概也会有所帮助的吧？（自我臆想中，实际上俺还没有开始碰issue……）
今天最喜欢的一句来自George Orwell:
Every generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the one that went before it,and wiser than the one that comes after it.
太精辟贴切了。

今日精读完成，单词第11天，to be continue。

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作者: cinderella1016    时间: 2009-11-26 18:35:26

你的issue作业，第一段那个survival of the fittest，就用错了。

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作者: 番茄斗斗    时间: 2009-11-26 18:55:47

PLUKA，你语法第二部分给忘了。。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-26 19:28:57

你的issue作业，第一段那个survival of the fittest，就用错了。
cinderella1016 发表于 2009-11-26 18:35

啊，多谢提点！我一直记的是survival the fittest……原来它欺骗了我~~

PLUKA，你语法第二部分给忘了。。
番茄斗斗 发表于 2009-11-26 18:55

其实没忘，打印出来了，存在手边想随时翻，但发现这样子效率很低……  
额，说实话是打算就这么翻过去的蹭完它，但结果被番茄同学发现了呀~~~好！刚好第五次作业没接到，就来补语法贴上来~
懒惰是不行的，嗯。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-26 20:27:01



不能偷懒……补作业！

第二次作业 语法下半场

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】14期

Active and Passive Voice

This resource was written by Purdue OWL.
Last full revision by April Toadvine.
Last edited by Allen Brizee on March 5th 2009 at 2:24PM
Summary: This handout will explain the difference between active and passive voice in writing. It gives examples of both, and shows how to turn a passive sentence into an active one. Also, it explains how to decide when to choose passive voice instead of active. 讨论重点：主动与被动的区别，换被动为主动，何时用被动
Active Versus Passive Voice
Active voice is used for most non-scientific writing.非科学性的写作中常用主动语态，好处是清晰简练不冗赘，也不会太复杂 Using active voice for the majority of your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keeps the sentences from becoming too complicated or wordy. Even in scientific writing, too much use of passive voice can cloud the meaning of your sentences.其中比较重要的是简洁的问题，个人认为语言的质量在很大程度上可以用信息量/单词量来衡量，语句越精炼，往往越有力。
More about Passive Voice
Reasons to Generally Avoid Passive Voice
由于被动态强调客观性，一般文章中滥用被动态会让文章呆板无趣，科学写作中常用被动态，但这也不应牺牲太多简洁性。
Helpful Hint
You can recognize passive voice because the verb phrase will include a form of be (was, am, are, been, is). Don't assume that just because there is a form of 'be' that the sentence is passive, 被动式结构中包括系动词，但有be的不一定是被动式however. Sometimes a prepositional phrase like "by the" in the sentences above indicates that the action is performed on the subject, and that the sentence is passive. BY短语往往暗示着被动。
Choosing Passive Voice
Choosing Passive Voice
While active voice helps to create clear and direct sentences, sometimes writers find using an indirect expression is rhetorically effective in a given situation, so they choose passive voice.被动优势之一：修辞！
Also, writers in the sciences conventionally use passive voice more often than writers in other discourses. Passive voice makes sense when the agent performing the action is obvious, unimportant, or unknown or when a writer wishes to postpone mentioning the agent until the last part of the sentence or to avoid mentioning the agent at all. The passive voice is effective in such circumstances because it highlights the action and what is acted upon rather than the agent performing the action.被动优势之二：强调！强调动作和受方，当动作发起人并不重要时可节省精力分散。
In each of these examples, the passive voice makes sense because the agent is relatively unimportant compared to the action itself and what is acted upon.也就是说，当动作发起人不能忽略的时候，用被动就不太恰当了。
Changing Passive to Active Voice

主动与被动的互换，其实只要理解动作发起人和接收人就好办了。

Further Suggestions for Using Passive and Active Voices
1. Avoid starting a sentence in active voice and then shifting to passive.最容易被忽略的错误之一！在一句话内部的语态要统一！
Unnecessary shift in voice        Revised
Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but it was still ordered frequently.        Many customers in the restaurant found the coffee too bitter to drink, but they still ordered it frequently.
He tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but he was still laughed at by the other students.        He tried to act cool when he slipped in the puddle, but the other students still laughed at him.
2. Avoid dangling modifiers caused by the use of passive voice. A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence.易犯错误之二! 当句子里面出现必须依赖于主动主语存在的成分，如目的状语，就不能用被动语态（这样会忽略主动主语而导致语意不明）
Dangling modifier with passive voice        Revised
To save time, the paper was written on a computer. (Who was saving time? The paper?)        To save time, Kristin wrote the paper on a computer.
Seeking to lay off workers without taking the blame, consultants were hired to break the bad news. Who was seeking to lay off workers? The consultants?)        Seeking to lay off workers without taking the blame, the CEO hired consultants to break the bad news.
3. Don't trust the grammar-checking programs in word-processing software. Many grammar checkers flag all passive constructions, but you may want to keep some that are flagged. Trust your judgment, or ask another human being for their opinion about which sentence sounds best.语法更正软件往往不能识别被动语态，小心~
The Paramedic Method is an effective process for helping eliminate passive voice.
Verbs- Voice and Mood
Active and Passive voice:
Verbs in the active voice show the subject acting. Verbs in the passive voice show something else acting on the subject. Most writers consider the active voice more forceful and tend to stay away from passives unless they really need them.主动比被动更有力。被动的客观性限制了传达情绪和情感因素，不那么empathetic。这告诉我们，表达survey用被动，做结论、说服、呼吁用主动~
Indicative, Imperative, and Subjunctive Mood:
Most verbs we use are in the indicative mood, which indicates a fact or opinion:
Examples:
•        He was here. 
•        I am hungry. 
•        She will bring her books.
Some verbs are in the imperative mood, which expresses commands or requests. Though it is not stated, the understood subject of imperative sentences is you.
Examples:
•        Be here at seven o'clock. (Understood: You be here at seven o'clock.) 
•        Cook me an omelette. (Understood: You cook me an omelette.) 
•        Bring your books with you. (Understood: You bring your books with you.)
When verbs show something contrary to fact, they are in the subjunctive mood.
When you express a wish or something that is not actually true, use the past tense or past perfect tense; when using the verb 'to be' in the subjunctive, always use were rather than was: 虚拟语气，总之就是时态后移，一般现在时变一般过去时，现在进行时变过去进行时，现在完成时变过去完成时，一般将来时变过去将来时……值得注意的还有虚拟语气的倒装问题。倒装很能够增加sentence variety，要掌握！
Examples:
•        If he were here... (Implied: ...but he's not.) 
•        I wish I had something to eat. (Implied: ...but I don't.) 
•        It would be better if you had brought your books with you. (Implied: ...but you haven't brought them.)

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0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十五期——Apostrophe & Hyphens

Apostrophe省略符号，也就是那个'~

The apostrophe has three uses: 
1.to form possessives of nouns 
2.to show the omission of letters 
3.to indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters 

Forming Possessives of Nouns

three days' journey = journey of three days 
If the noun after "of" is a building, an object, or a piece of furniture, then no apostrophe is needed! 上文中，journey不是“物品”，所以不能省'！
room of the hotel = hotel room 
door of the car = car door 
leg of the table = table leg 


规则：1、单数名词，无论是否以S结尾，都+'S；2、复数名词结尾有S则+’，没有S则+'S，这时候注意所有格后面加的名词也该是复数的；3、复合名词最后+‘S；4、若表示共有的所有格，在并列成分的最后+’S。

•add 's to the end of compound words: 
my brother-in-law's money 

•add 's to the last noun to show joint possession of an object: 
Todd and Anne's apartment 

Showing omission of letters

Apostrophes are used in contractions. A contraction is a word (or set of numbers) in which one or more letters (or numbers) have been omitted. The apostrophe shows this omission. Contractions are common in speaking and in informal writing. To use an apostrophe to create a contraction, place an apostrophe where the omitted letter(s) would go. Here are some examples: 在正式文体中，是不能使用缩写的！
could've= could have (NOT "could of"!) 
'60 = 1960 

Forming plurals of lowercase letters
这个部分貌似不是很相关……印刷和语法习惯的差异。
Apostrophes are used to form plurals of letters that appear in lowercase; here the rule appears to be more typographical than grammatical, e.g. "three ps" versus "three p's." To form the plural of a lowercase letter, place 's after the letter. There is no need for apostrophes indicating a plural on capitalized letters, numbers, and symbols (though keep in mind that some editors, teachers, and professors still prefer them). Here are some examples: 

p's and q's = a phrase taken from the early days of the printing press when letters were set in presses backwards so they would appear on the printed page correctly. The expression was used commonly to mean, "Be careful, don't make a mistake." Today, the term also indicates maintaining politeness, possibly from "mind your pleases and thankyous."

Nita's mother constantly stressed minding one's p's and q's. 
three Macintosh G4s = three of the Macintosh model G4 
There are two G4s currently used in the writing classroom. 
many & s = many ampersands 
That printed page has too many & s on it. 
the 1960s = the years in decade from 1960 to 1969这个年代的记法我老是不记得，重复：in the 1960s=in '60,然而也有看到过说应该是+'的，即1960’s……再次混乱，自此就记没有'的吧！
The 1960s were a time of great social unrest. 

Don't use apostrophes for possessive pronouns or for noun plurals.


Proofreading for apostrophes

A good time to proofread is when you have finished writing the paper. Try the following strategies to proofread for apostrophes: 
•If you tend to leave out apostrophes, check every word that ends in -s or -es to see if it needs an apostrophe. 
•If you put in too many apostrophes, check every apostrophe to see if you can justify it with a rule for using apostrophes. 

Hyphens 连字号

Hyphen Use复合词！

Two words brought together as a compound may be written separately, written as one word, or connected by hyphens. For example, three modern dictionaries all have the same listings for the following compounds:
hair stylist
hairsplitter
hair-raiser

Another modern dictionary, however, lists hairstylist, not hair stylist. Compounding is obviously in a state of flux, and authorities do not always agree in all cases, but the uses of the hyphen offered here are generally agreed upon.

1.Use a hyphen to join two or more words serving as a single adjective before a noun: 置于名词前面用作定语，注意是表达同一意义的。
a one-way street
chocolate-covered peanuts
well-known author
However, when compound modifiers come after a noun, they are not hyphenated: 置于名词后，不用连字符。
The peanuts were chocolate covered.
The author was well known.

2.Use a hyphen with compound numbers: 用于复合数字。
forty-six
sixty-three
Our much-loved teacher was sixty-three years old.

3.Use a hyphen to avoid confusion or an awkward combination of letters: 
re-sign a petition (vs. resign from a job)
semi-independent (but semiconscious)
shell-like (but childlike)

4.Use a hyphen with the prefixes ex- (meaning former), self-, all-; with the suffix -elect; between a prefix and a capitalized word; and with figures or letters: 某些前缀和后缀
ex-husband
self-assured
mid-September
all-inclusive
mayor-elect
anti-American
T-shirt
pre-Civil War
mid-1980s

5.Use a hyphen to divide words at the end of a line if necessary, and make the break only between syllables: 注意必须按音节划开！
pref-er-ence
sell-ing
in-di-vid-u-al-ist

6.For line breaks, divide already hyphenated words only at the hyphen: 还有按结构……
mass-
produced
self-
conscious

7.For line breaks in words ending in -ing, if a single final consonant in the root word is doubled before the suffix, hyphenate between the consonants; otherwise, hyphenate at the suffix itself: 
plan-ning
run-ning
driv-ing
call-ing

8.Never put the first or last letter of a word at the end or beginning of a line, and don't put two-letter suffixes at the beginning of a new line: 
lovely (Do not separate to leave ly beginning a new line.)
eval-u-ate (Separate only on either side of the u; do not leave the initial e- at the end of a line.)

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-26 21:36:36

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十六期——Parallel Structure

Parallel Structure

表述几个同等重要的成分，常用连词连接，其成分可以使从句、短语、分词、不定式等。
Parallel: Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.
OR Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
(Note: You can use "to" before all the verbs in a sentence or only before the first one.)注意不定式的并列结构可以省略to~

Do not mix forms.并列就要并列到底！这个理由同上节的主动与被动语态问题。同一个句子内部的结构应该是连贯完整的。

Example 1 
Not Parallel: 
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and to ride a bicycle. 混合了不定式与ING。
Parallel: 
Mary likes hiking, swimming, and riding a bicycle. 

Example 2 
Not Parallel: 
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurate ly, and in a detailed manner. 混合了短语和副词。这个很容易犯！
Parallel: 
The production manager was asked to write his report quickly, accurately, and thoroughly. 

Example 3 
Not Parallel: 
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and his motivation was low. 
Parallel: 
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he waited until the last minute to study for the exam, completed his lab problems in a careless manner, and lacked motivation. 

Clauses

A parallel structure that begins with clauses must keep on with clauses. 从句并列要有始有终。Changing to another pattern or changing the voice of the verb (from active to passive or vice versa) will break the parallelism. 

Example 1 
Not Parallel: 
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and to do some warm-up exercises before the game. 
Parallel: 
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, that they should not eat too much, and that they should do some warm-up exercises before the game. 
— or — 
Parallel: 
The coach told the players that they should get a lot of sleep, not eat too much, and do some warm-up exercises before the game. 

Example 2 
Not Parallel: 
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that questions would be asked by prospective buyers. (passive) again，句子内部语态一致。
Parallel: 
The salesman expected that he would present his product at the meeting, that there would be time for him to show his slide presentation, and that prospective buyers would ask him questions. 

Lists After a Colon

Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the same form.


Example 1 

Not Parallel: 
The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and looking up irregular verbs. 
Parallel: 
The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings, and irregular verbs. to被省略了。

Proofreading Strategies to Try:

•Skim your paper, pausing at the words "and" and "or." Check on each side of these words to see whether the items joined are parallel. If not, make them parallel. 
•If you have several items in a list, put them in a column to see if they are parallel. 
•Listen to the sound of the items in a list or the items being compared. Do you hear the same kinds of sounds? For example, is there a series of "-ing" words beginning each item? Or do your hear a rhythm being repeated? If something is breaking that rhythm or repetition of sound, check to see if it needs to be made parallel.嗯，这一点很有意思。

总而言之，就是要时刻谨记并列成分的结构、语态、重要性都是相同的！

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作者: QuincySM    时间: 2009-11-26 21:40:18

52# 番茄斗斗
我每周14大节，有一半是研究生的课。。。我现在复习GRE，复习着复习着就想骂人。
偶想看数学。。。数学家年轻不干活，将来就废物了。。。什么大器晚成在信息密集的今天就是扯。。。
算了，冷静。做好眼前的事情。对不起占用你的帖子发牢骚啦～

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-26 22:52:51

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十七期——Commas

Commas: Quick Rules

The rules provided here are those found in traditional handbooks; however, in certain rhetorical contexts and for specific purposes, these rules may be broken. 
Quick Guide to Commas


1. Use commas to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet. 以前以为可分可不分，不过分开显然要清晰一些
3. Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause.语气作用，插入语。
4. Do not use commas to set off essential elements of the sentence, such as clauses beginning with that (relative clauses). That clauses after nouns are always essential. That clauses following a verb expressing mental action are always essential.尤其要注意！逗号和插入语的插入让语气变得和缓、意思略有停顿，这样子是不利于强调的。特别是我喜欢用插入语……要控制自己！
6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives.多个形容词修饰同一个名词的时候，在最后一个形容词之后不能够用逗号将其与名词分开
7. Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift.这一点暂时想不到例子……
9. Use commas to set off all geographical names, items in dates (except the month and day), addresses (except the street number and name), and titles in names.
11. Use commas wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misreading.

Extended Rules for Using Commas 

Comma Use 

2. Use commas after introductory a) clauses, b) phrases, or c) words that come before the main clause.
a. Common starter words for introductory clauses that should be followed by a comma include after, although, as, because, if, since, when, while.
However, don't put a comma after the main clause when a dependent (subordinate) clause follows it (except for cases of extreme contrast).
Incorrect: She was late for class, because her alarm clock was broken.在非独立的定语前面不能用逗号，即，逗号前后都是完整的句子结构，而且要记得加连接词~这里的非独立的定语，应该是说从结构上和意思上都与主句不能分开的。
Incorrect: The cat scratched at the door, while I was eating.
Correct: She was still quite upset, although she had won the Oscar. (this comma use is correct because it is an example of extreme contrast)
b. Common introductory phrases that should be followed by a comma include participial and infinitive phrases, absolute phrases, nonessential appositive phrases, and long prepositional phrases (over four words).
Having finished the test, he left the room.
To get a seat, you'd better come early.
After the test but before lunch, I went jogging.
The sun radiating intense heat, we sought shelter in the cafe.
c. Common introductory words that should be followed by a comma include yes, however, well.true也是。 


3. Use a pair of commas in the middle of a sentence to set off clauses, phrases, and words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Use one comma before to indicate the beginning of the pause and one at the end to indicate the end of the pause.就是说用逗号把不重要的成分单独分割开来，要删也可以删。


4. 前文关于不能分开重要成分的原则的举例。
That clauses after nouns:
The book that I borrowed from you is excellent.
The apples that fell out of the basket are bruised.
That clauses following a verb expressing mental action:
She believes that she will be able to earn an A.
He is dreaming that he can fly.
Examples of other essential elements (no commas):
The baby wearing a yellow jumpsuit is my niece.
The candidate who had the least money lost the election.
Examples of nonessential elements (set off by commas):
My niece, wearing a yellow jumpsuit, is playing in the living room.
The Green party candidate, who had the least money, lost the election.
Professor Benson, grinning from ear to ear, announced that the exam would be tomorrow.

6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives.并列的形容词
确定形容词是否并列：看能否调整顺序、能否在期间+and。能，则是并列的。这用于确定系列非并列的形容词尤其有用啊~！
Here are some examples of coordinate and non-coordinate adjectives:

They lived in a white frame house. (non-coordinate)
She often wore a gray wool shawl. (non-coordinate)
The 1) relentless, 2) powerful 3) summer sun beat down on them. (1-2 are coordinate; 2-3 are non-coordinate.)

7. Use a comma near the end of a sentence to separate contrasted coordinate elements or to indicate a distinct pause or shift.嗯，上面那个想不到例子的找到例子了
He was merely ignorant, not stupid.
The chimpanzee seemed reflective, almost human.貌似也不完全是相反的，也有些递进的意味，对照嘛
You're one of the senator's close friends, aren't you?
The speaker seemed innocent, even gullible.

8. Use commas to set off phrases at the end of the sentence that refer back to the beginning or middle of the sentence. Such phrases are free modifiers that can be placed anywhere in the sentence without causing confusion. (If the placement of the modifier causes confusion, then it is not "free" and must remain "bound" to the word it modifies.)
Nancy waved enthusiastically at the docking ship, laughing joyously. (correct)
Incorrect:Lisa waved at Nancy, laughing joyously. (Who is laughing, Lisa or Nancy?)
Laughing joyously, Lisa waved at Nancy. (correct)
Lisa waved at Nancy, who was laughing joyously. (correct)

9. (When you use just the month and the year, no comma is necessary after the month or year: "The average temperatures for July 1998 are the highest on record for that month.")

11. Use commas wherever necessary to prevent possible confusion or misreading.
To George,Harrison had been a sort of idol.
Comma Abuse

Commas in the wrong places can break a sentence into illogical segments or confuse readers with unnecessary and unexpected pauses.

12. Don't use a comma to separate the subject from the verb.主语不应与动词分开，这一个错误比较容易犯，尤其是当主语很长时可能觉得语气应该停顿，但不能在写法结构上分开！ 
Incorrect:The most important attribute of a ball player, is quick reflex actions.

13. Don't put a comma between the two verbs or verb phrases in a compound predicate.复合谓语中几个动词不能用逗号分开
Incorrect:We laid out our music and snacks, and began to study.这个可以跟逗号的另一个用法一起记，逗号前后的句子都是有完整结构的。
Incorrect:I turned the corner, and ran smack into a patrol car. 

14. Don't put a comma between the two nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses in a compound subject or compound object.总结曰，同样语法功能的部分不能分开。

Commas After Introductions 


Introductory Clauses

Introductory clauses are dependent clauses that provide background information or "set the stage" for the main part of the sentence.Introductory clauses start with adverbs like after, although, as, because, before, if, since, though, until, when, etc.

Introductory Phrases

Introductory phrases also set the stage for the main action of the sentence, but they are not complete clauses. Phrases don't have both a subject and a verb that are separate from the subject and verb in the main clause of the sentence. Common introductory phrases include prepositional phrases, appositive phrases, participial phrases, infinitive phrases, and absolute phrases.

Introductory Words

Introductory words like however, still, furthermore, and meanwhile create continuity from one sentence to the next.

When to Use a Comma

Introductory elements often require a comma, but not always. Use a comma in the following cases:
•After an introductory clause. (Does the introductory element have a subject and verb of its own?) 
•After a long introductory prepositional phrase or more than one introductory prepositional phrase. (Are there more than five words before the main clause?) 
•After introductory verbal phrases口语词，参见前文提到的yes，well等, some appositive phrases, or absolute phrases. 
•If there is a distinct pause. (When you read the sentence aloud, do you find your voice pausing a moment after the introductory element?) to avoid confusion. (Might a reader have to read the sentence more than once to make sense of it?) 语气问题，传意问题

When not to Use a Comma

Some introductory elements don't require a comma, and sometimes the subject of a sentence looks like an introductory element but isn't. Do not use a comma in the following cases:
•After a brief prepositional phrase. (Is it a single phrase of less than five words?) 
•After a restrictive (essential) appositive phrase. (See our document on appositives.) 
•To separate the subject from the predicate. 此处容易犯错的主要原因是有时候主语实在太长，但无论多长，主语都不能跟谓语分开！

Commas vs. Semicolons分号 in Compound Sentences

A group of words containing a subject and a verb and expressing a complete thought is called a sentence or an independent clause.

有连词，就用逗号。
没连词，就用分号。或者以下连接副词也可以用分号：however, moreover, therefore, consequently, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, etc.
They couldn't make it to the summit and back before dark; therefore, they decided to camp for the night.

Commas with Nonessential Elements
即是前文提到过的把不重要的成分框起来。


小结一下。
该节的注意点：逗号的结构功能（不能分割主谓、不能分割非限定性从句、不能分割一起构成同一语法功能的成分）；逗号的传意功能（引入成分太长可以加逗号，容易引起混淆时加逗号，语气自然停顿处加逗号）。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-26 22:58:49

52# 番茄斗斗  
我每周14大节，有一半是研究生的课。。。我现在复习GRE，复习着复习着就想骂人。
偶想看数学。。。数学家年轻不干活，将来就废物了。。。什么大器晚成在信息密集的今天就是扯。。。
算了，冷静。 ...
QuincySM 发表于 2009-11-26 21:40

专业重要，GRE紧迫，大家的痛苦来源都是相似的。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-26 23:25:03



0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十八期——Dangling Modifiers  垂悬修饰语
Dangling Modifiers and How To Correct Them

A dangling modifier is a word or phrase that modifies a word not clearly stated in the sentence. A modifier describes, clarifies, or gives more detail about a concept.
Dangling——垂悬：属于或是修饰词的，尤指分词或分词词组，其在语法上修饰句子的主语，但语意上是修饰句子的另一个部分或未说明的指示对象。
非垂悬修饰语的要点是：修饰语的主语可以从逻辑上（语意上）推断出其实是主句的主语。如：

Having finished the assignment, Jill turned on the TV.没有垂悬成分。

The following sentence has an incorrect usage:
Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on.
"Having finished" is a participle expressing action, but the doer is not the TV set (the subject of the main clause): TV sets don't finish assignments. Since the doer of the action expressed in the participle has not been clearly stated, the participial phrase is said to be a dangling modifier.从逻辑上也推不出主语是谁，就是垂悬的。这是一种错误用法。


Strategies for revising dangling modifiers:

1. Name the appropriate or logical doer of the action as the subject of the main clause:分析修饰语与主句的主语是否相同。
Having arrived late for practice, a written excuse was needed.
Who arrived late? This sentence says that the written excuse arrived late. To revise, decide who actually arrived late. The possible revision might look like this:
Having arrived late for practice, the team captain needed a written excuse.
The main clause now names the person (the captain) who did the action in the modifying phrase (arrived late).

2. Change the phrase that dangles into a complete introductory clause by naming the doer of the action in that clause:提出修饰语的主语，补完句子
Without knowing his name, it was difficult to introduce him.
Who didn't know his name? This sentence says that "it" didn't know his name. To revise, decide who was trying to introduce him. The revision might look something like this:
Because Maria did not know his name, it was difficult to introduce him.
The phrase is now a complete introductory clause; it does not modify any other part of the sentence, so is not considered "dangling."

3. Combine the phrase and main clause into one:
To improve his results, the experiment was done again.
Who wanted to improve results? This sentence says that the experiment was trying to improve its own results. To revise, combine the phrase and the main clause into one sentence. The revision might look something like this:
He improved his results by doing the experiment again. 
从几个例子都可以看出，其实这种垂悬修饰语的主要原因是修饰语部分遵循的是主动语态的规则，而主句则用的是被动，这样就让两句的主语合不上了。因此要注意修饰语与主语保持语态一致！

===========================================

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第十九期——Capital Letters 首字母

Use capital letters in the following ways:

The first words of a sentence
The pronoun "I"
Proper nouns (the names of specific people, places, organizations, and sometimes things)

Worrill Fabrication Company
Golden Gate Bridge
Supreme Court
Livingston, Missouri
Atlantic Ocean
Mothers Against Drunk Driving应该是个组织

Family relationships (when used as proper names)

I sent a thank-you note to Aunt Abigail, but not to my other aunts.看出区别了吧，一个是特指，一个是泛指。
Here is a present I bought for Mother.
Did you buy a present for your mother?

The names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books

God the Father
the Virgin Mary
the Bible
the Greek gods 这个gods没有大写
Moses
Shiva
Buddha
Zeus

Exception: Do not capitalize the non-specific use of the word "god."
The word "polytheistic" means the worship of more than one god.

Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names
She worked as the assistant to Mayor Hanolovi.
I was able to interview Miriam Moss, mayor of Littonville. 前面的人名和后面的职位都是讲同一个人的，所以只大写第一个？

Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections of the country, but not as compass directions) 
The Patels have moved to the Southwest. 本身可以作为一个名词用的就大写，只表示方向的就不用大写。
Jim's house is two miles north of Otterbein.

The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the seasons used generally) 季节一般是不用大写的~
Halloween
October
Friday
winter
spring
fall

Exception: Seasons are capitalized when used in a title. 
The Fall 1999 semester

The names of countries, nationalities, and specific languages 
Costa Rica
Spanish
French
English

The first word in a sentence that is a direct quote
Emerson once said, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds."

The major words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (but not short prepositions or the articles "the," "a," or "an," if they are not the first word of the title) 
One of Jerry's favorite books is The Catcher in the Rye.

Members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups 
Green Bay Packers
African-Americans
Anti-Semitic
Democrats
Friends of the Wilderness
Chinese

Periods and events (but not century numbers) 
Victorian Era
Great Depression
Constitutional Convention
sixteenth century

Trademarks 
Pepsi
Honda
IBM
Microsoft Word

Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from specific things but are now general types) 
Freudian 
NBC
pasteurize
UN
french fries
italics

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-27 00:00:31



0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十期——Spelling

Spelling: Common Words that Sound Alike

Forms to Remember

•effect = verb meaning to bring about, to accomplish: 常用它的名词形式，但要记住也有动词~
Our efforts have effected a major change in university policy.
A memory-help for affect and effect is RAVEN: Remember, Affect is a Verb and Effect is a Noun.

I/E Rule

Write I before E
Except after C
Or when it sounds like an A
As in "neighbor" and "weigh"
i before e: relief, believe, niece, chief, sieve, frieze, field, yield
e before i: receive, deceive, ceiling, conceit, vein, sleigh, freight, eight

Exceptions
seize, either, weird, height, foreign, conscience, counterfeit, forfeit, leisure, neither, science, species, sufficient 

-ible, -able Rule
-ible        -able
If the root is not a complete word, add -ible.
aud + ible = audible
If the root is a complete word, add -able.
accept + able = acceptable
If the root is a complete word ending in -e, drop the final -e and add -able.
excuse - e+ able = excusable

Some exceptions:
•contemptible 
•digestible 
•flexible 
•responsible 
•irritable 
•inevitable

===========================================

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十一期——HOCs\LOCs
Higher Order Concerns (HOCs) and Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)

The most important parts of your paper, often called "Higher Order Concerns (HOCs)," are the "big picture" elements such as thesis or focus, audience and purpose, organization, and development. After you have addressed these important elements, you can then turn your attention to the "Lower Order Concerns (LOCs)," such as sentence structure and grammar.

Keep in mind, however, that moving between HOCs and LOCs might be a natural process for you. Experienced writers may begin with HOCs and dip into the LOCs as they revise. Inexperienced writers may revise systematically through the HOCs and then the LOCs. In addition, LOCs, such as punctuation and spelling, may affect HOCs. For example, if the first sentence of your introductory paragraph is riddled with punctuation and spelling errors, readers may not move far enough into your work to get to your thesis statement. In these cases, you should address LOCs first.

Some HOCs
再熟悉一下基本写作课~
Thesis or focus:

•Does the paper have a central thesis? 
•Can you, if asked, offer a one-sentence explanation or summary of what the paper is about? 
•Ask someone to read the first paragraph or two and tell you what he or she thinks the paper will discuss. 开头和TS的重要性

Audience and purpose:

•Do you have an appropriate audience in mind? Can you describe them? AW都是学术读者~
•Do you have a clear purpose for the paper? What is it intended to do or accomplish? 
•Why would someone want to read this paper? 
•Does the purpose match the assignment? 切题

Organization:

•Does the paper progress in an organized, logical way? 
•Go through the paper and jot down notes on the topics of the various paragraphs. Look at this list and see if you can think of a better organization. 让各段的关键点相互联系
•Make a brief outline. Does the organization make sense? Should any part be moved to another part? 
•Ask someone to read the paper. At the end of each paragraph, ask the person to forecast where the paper is headed. If the paper goes in a direction other than the one forecasted by the reader, is there a good reason, or do you need to rewrite something there? 

Development:

•Are there places in the paper where more details, examples, or specifics are needed? 
•Do any paragraphs seem much shorter and in need of more material than others? (For more help, see our handout on paragraphing.) 
•Ask someone to read the paper and comment if something is unclear and needs more description, explanation, or support. 

Some LOCs

Sentence structure, punctuation, word choice, spelling

•Are there a few problems that frequently occur? Keep a list of problems that recur and check for those. 这种东西只能靠实际多写才能发现
•Read the paper aloud watching and listening for anything that sounds incorrect. 
•Ask yourself why you put punctuation marks in certain places. Do you need to check any punctuation rules? (For more help see our handouts on punctuation.) 
•For possible spelling errors, proofread backwards, from the end of a line to the beginning.

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-27 00:14:37



欠的始终要补，逃避是不行的~~~~~~~~~~
感谢番茄的提醒!

今天，单词第12天，精读~
摘取Franklin的一句共勉：
At twenty years of age, the will reigns; at thirty, the wit; and at forty, the judgment.

11.26

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-27 23:57:37

单词13天~
然而一天的课，晚上做完作业已经到现在了……正赶着预习明天的课，呜呼。今日精读什么的都还没有做……还好明早可以睡懒觉~
11.27

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-28 12:28:48



0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十二期——Sentence Clarity
Improving Sentence Clarity

Go from old to new information
即先提出较熟悉的事物，再引出相关的新事物——先后顺序要注意，且各句间善用代词
Introduce your readers to the "big picture" first by giving them information they already know. Then they can link what's familiar to the new information you give them. As that new information becomes familiar, it too becomes old information that can link to newer information.

Transitional words

There are many words in English that cue our readers to relationships between sentences, joining sentences together. See the handout on Transitional Devices (Connecting Words). There you'll find lists of words such as however, therefore, in addition, also, but, moreover, etc.

Be careful about placement of subordinate clauses
前面的几讲说过，重要成分如强调部分、主谓之间是不能用逗号、插入语、从句隔开的。Avoid interrupting the main clause with a subordinate clause if the interruption will cause confusion:
not as clear (subordinate clause embedded in the middle):
Industrial spying,because of the growing use of computers to store and process corporate information, is increasing rapidly.

Use active voice
主动式更简洁易懂。
Sentences in active voice are usually easier to understand than those in passive voice because active-voice constructions indicate clearly the performer of the action expressed in the verb. In addition, changing from passive voice to active often results in a more concise sentence. So use active voice unless you have good reason to use the passive. For example, the passive is useful when you don't want to call attention to the doer; when the doer is obvious, unimportant, or unknown; or when passive voice is the conventional style among your readers.

Use parallel constructions
上一节提及了如何使用并列结构，这里指出何时使用：当意思对应、并列更有益于理解时。并列也有修辞作用。
When you have a series of words, phrases, or clauses, put them in parallel form (similar grammatical construction) so that the reader can identify the linking relationship more easily and clearly.

Avoid noun strings
名词太多堆在一起不好理解，改成有故事性的动词+名词混合结构
Try not to string nouns together one after the other because a series of nouns is difficult to understand. One way to revise a string of nouns is to change one noun to a verb.
unclear (string of nouns):
This report explains our investment growth stimulation projects.
clearer:
This report explains our projects to stimulate growth in investments.

Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs
不要滥用动词的名词形式。这个在FW里面也有讲过！冗赘一节。用动词的名词形式显然要耗费更多单词才能解释同一个意思。
Use verbs when possible rather than noun forms known as "nominalizations."

Avoid multiple negatives
避免否定的堆积，免得把人绕糊涂
Use affirmative forms rather than several negatives because multiple negatives are difficult to understand.
unclear (multiple negatives, passive):
Less attention is paid to commercials that lack human interest stories than to other kinds of commercials.
clearer:
People pay more attention to commercials with human interest stories than to other kinds of commercials.

Choose action verbs over forms of be
与动词的名词化相连。也要控制there be句型的数量，尽量用动作性的动词。
When possible,avoid using forms of be as the main verbs in your sentences and clauses. This problem tends to accompany nominalization (see above). Instead of using a be verb, focus on the actions you wish to express, and choose the appropriate verbs.
Unclear (overuse of be verbs):
One difference between television news reporting and the coverage provided by newspapers is the time factor between the actual happening of an event and the time it takes to be reported. The problem is that instantaneous coverage is physically impossible for newspapers.
Clearer:
Television news reporting differs from that of newspapers in that television, unlike newspapers, can provide instantaneous coverage of events as they happen.用be different的动词形式differ from，用unlike完成了二者对比，简洁清晰，赞。

Avoid unclear pronoun references
这是很容易不小心就犯的一点！一定要自己清楚地知道代词指的是前文的什么成分。
Be sure that the pronouns you use refer clearly to a noun in the current or previous sentence. If the pronoun refers to a noun that has been implied but not stated, you can clarify the reference by explicitly using that noun.若指代之物在前文有暗示但没有清楚的说出来过，就用它的名词而不用代词。
This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we are useful pronouns for referring back to something previously mentioned. Be sure, however, that what you are referring to is clear.
Unclear (unclear pronoun reference):
With the spread of globalized capitalism, American universities increasingly follow a corporate fiscal model, tightening budgets and hiring temporary contract employees as teachers. This has prompted faculty and adjunct instructors at many schools to join unions as a way of protecting job security and benefits.
Clearer:
With the spread of globalized capitalism, American universities increasingly follow a corporate fiscal model, tightening budgets and hiring temporary contract employees as teachers. This trend has prompted faculty and adjunct instructors at many schools to join unions as a way of protecting job security and benefits.

Sentence Fragments

Fragments are incomplete sentences. Usually, fragments are pieces of sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. One of the easiest ways to correct them is to remove the period between the fragment and the main clause. Other kinds of punctuation may be needed for the newly combined sentence. 
Below are some examples with the fragments shown in red. Punctuation and/or words added to make corrections are highlighted in blue. Notice that the fragment is frequently a dependent clause or long phrase that follows the main clause. 
Fragment: The current city policy on housing is incomplete as it stands. Which is why we believe the proposed amendments should be passed. 
Possible此为新闻习惯，即，当后面的句子片段与前面的主句之间的关系十分明确时，用该片段做为一个独立句子以强调。在学术写作中不应采用此习惯。
Revision: Because the current city policy on housing is incomplete as it stands, we believe the proposed ammendments should be passed. 

You may have noticed that newspaper and magazine journalists often use a dependent clause as a separate sentence when it follows clearly from the preceding main clause, as above. This is a conventional journalistic practice, often used for emphasis. For academic writing and other more formal writing situations, however, you should avoid such journalistic fragment sentences. 


辨别句子碎片：
No main verb 

•Fragment: A record of accomplishment beginning when you were first hired. 
Possible Revisions: 
oDirect object: I've noticed a record of accomplishment beginning when you were first hired 
oMain verb: A record of accomplishment began when you were first hired. 

No Subject 

•Fragment: With the ultimate effect of all advertising is to sell the product. 
Possible Revisions: 
oRemove preposition: The ultimate effect of all advertising is to sell the product. 
These last three examples of fragments with no subjects are also known as mixed constructions, that is, sentences constructed out of mixed parts. They start one way (often with a long prepositional phrase) but end with a regular predicate. Usually the object of the preposition (often a gerund, as in the last two examples) is intended as the subject of the sentence, so removing the preposition at the beginning is usually the easiest way to edit such errors.保持句子结构的一致。

====================================

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十三期——Relative Pronouns 关系代词

Introduction and General Usage in Defining Clauses

Relative pronouns in defining clauses

Defining relative clauses (also known as restrictive relative clauses) provide some essential information that explains the main clause. The information is crucial for understanding the sentence correctly and cannot be omitted. Defining clauses are opened by a relative pronoun and ARE NOT separated by a comma from the main clause. 限定性从句的关系代词不可省略，要小心选择，且从句与主句不可用逗号分隔。该代词可作为主语、宾语（作宾语时代词可能会省去；whom比who在宾格位置更正式）或所有格（whose人、物均可用）

2) whom:
In American English, whom is not used very often. Whom is more formal than who and is very often omitted in speech。
However, whom may not be omitted if preceded by a preposition:
I have found you the tutor for whom you were looking.

General remarks: That, Who, Which compared
The relative pronoun that can only be used in defining clauses. It can also be substituted for who (referring to persons) or which (referring to things). That is often used in speech; who and which are more common in written English. 书面语中要用who或which等明确指出主从句之间的关系
the sentence with which is more formal than the one with that: Note that since it is the defining clause, there is NO comma used preceding which。 

Some special uses of relative pronouns in defining clauses

that / who 一般而言可互换。However, when a particular person is being spoken about, who is preferred:
The old lady who lives next door is a teacher. 

that / which
There several cases when that is more appropriate than and is preferred to which: 
After the pronouns all, any(thing), every(thing), few, little, many, much, no(thing), none, some(thing):这些不定代词后用that比which好。
Marrying a congressman is all (that) she wants. - that used as the object 
After verbs that answer the question WHAT? For example, say, suggest, state, declare, hope, think, write, etc. In this case, the whole relative clause functions as the object of the main clause: 回答what问句，从句做宾语时用that
Some people say (that) success is one percent of talent and ninety-nine percent of hard work. 
After the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree: 在被形容词最高级修饰的名词后面。
This is the funniest story (that) I have ever read! - that used as the object 
After ordinal numbers, e.g., first, second, etc.:序数词后。
The first draft (that) we submitted was really horrible. - that used as the object 
If the verb in the main clause is a form of BE: BE结构后。
This is a claim that has absolutely no reason in it. - that used as the subject 

Relative Pronouns in Non-Defining Clauses
被逗号分开，关系代词不能省略，不能用that引导。从句代词可做主语、宾语、所有格。

b.of whom, of which
Use of whom for persons and of which for things or concepts after numbers and words such as most, many, some, both, none: 
I saw a lot of new people at the party, some of whom seemed familiar.

Defining vs. Non-Defining and ESL Tips

Defining vs Non-Defining Clauses: Difference in Meaning

There is a difference in meaning between defining and non-defining clauses that depends on the presence or absence of the comma. For example:
They have two sons who are doctors. 
Defining clause; the meaning is that there are more sons in the family, e.g.: 
They have two sons who are doctors and one who is an architect. 
Compare: 
They have two sons, who are doctors. 
non-defining clause; the meaning is that there are no more sons in the family. 

Although there is no one single rule to cover all the cases, the following summary may be helpful if you need to make a quick decision:
1.Use that if the main clause poses the question WHAT? answered by the relative clause; 
2.Do not use that presenting non-essential, additional information (that is, in non-defining relative clauses); use who or which instead; 
3.Use who to refer to people; 
4.Use which to refer to things or to refer to the previous clause as a whole; 
5.If you choose between who or that, use who in writing; 
6.If you choose between which and that, use which in writing; 
7.Do not put a comma before that.
即：书写中能用which、who就不用that，用了that前面必不可加逗号（即不能是非限定性）；特例是回答WHAT问句用that（还有上文提到的几个点）。

Sentence Punctuation Patterns

Pattern Three: Compound Sentence
This pattern is an example of a compound sentence with a semicolon.有连词用comma，没有用semicolon，可参考前几节comma和连词部分的讲解
Independent clause [ ; ] independent clause [ . ]
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; they are unsure of its cause.

Pattern Four: Compound Sentence
This pattern is an example of a compound sentence with an independent marker.
Independent clause [ ; ] independent marker [ , ] independent clause [ . ] 
Examples of independent markers are the following: therefore, moreover, thus, consequently, however, also.这些之前可以用;
Example: Doctors are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma; therefore, they have called for more research into its causes.

Pattern Eight
This pattern includes an independent clause with an embedded essential clause or phrase
First part of an independent clause essential clause or phrase rest of the independent clause [ . ]
An essential clause or phrase is one that cannot be removed without changing the overall meaning of the sentence. 
Example: Many doctors who are concerned about the rising death rate from asthma have called for more research into its causes. 

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-28 20:22:25

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十四期——Punctuation

Brief Overview of Punctuation

Comma

Use a comma to separate elements in a series. Although there is no set rule that requires a comma before the last item in a series, it seems to be a general academic convention to include it. 在并列成分的最后一项前习惯加逗号（虽然有了and）
On her vacation, Lisa visited Greece, Spain, and Italy.

Use a comma between coordinate adjectives (adjectives that are equal and reversible). 
The irritable, fidgety crowd waited impatiently for the rally speeches to begin.

Use a comma after a transitional element (however, therefore, nonetheless, also, otherwise, finally, instead, thus, of course, above all, for example, in other words, as a result, on the other hand, in conclusion, in addition) 
"Yes," she promised. Todd replied, saying, "I will be back this afternoon."

Use a comma in a date. 
October 25, 1999数字写在一起，用逗号分开
Monday, October 25, 1999
25 October 1999

Use a comma in a personal title. 
Pam Smith, MD
Mike Rose, Chief Financial Officer for Operations, reported the quarter's earnings.
Semicolon


Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses when the second clause begins with a conjunctive adverb (however, therefore, moreover, furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless, otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example, that is, for instance, in addition, in other words, on the other hand, even so). 不止连接副词，transition也可以加semicolon
Terrorism in the United States has become a recent concern; in fact, the concern for America's safety has led to an awareness of global terrorism.
Use a semicolon to join elements of a series when individual items of the series already include commas. 

Recent sites of the Olympic Games include Athens, Greece; Salt Lake City, Utah; Sydney, Australia; Nagano, Japan.

Colon

Use a colon to join 2 independent clauses when you wish to emphasize the second clause. 冒号强调的是后半句
Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town: parts of Main, Fifth, and West Street are closed during the construction.

Use a colon after an independent clause when it is followed by a list, a quotation, appositive, or other idea directly related to the independent clause. 用于解释、名单、引语等前
Julie went to the store for some groceries: milk, bread, coffee, and cheese.
I know the perfect job for her: a politician.

Parenthesis


Parentheses are used to emphasize content. They place more emphasis on the enclosed content than commas. Use parentheses to set off nonessential material, such as dates, clarifying information, or sources, from a sentence. 括号内部的成分对主句无影响，括号强调其内部成分
Muhammed Ali (1942-present), arguably the greatest athlete of all time, claimed he would "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee."

Dash

Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses. 

Use a dash to set off an appositive phrase that already includes commas. An appositive is a word that adds explanatory or clarifying information to the noun that precedes it. 
The cousins—Tina, Todd, and Sam—arrived at the party together.

Quotation Marks

Use quotation marks to enclose direct quotations. Note that commas and periods are placed inside the closing quotation mark, and colons and semicolons are placed outside. The placement of question and exclamation marks depends on the situation. 逗号在引号内，句号和分号在引号外，感叹号和问号视情况而定。

Use quotation marks around the titles of short poems, song titles, short stories, magazine or newspaper articles, essays, speeches, chapter titles, short films, and episodes of television or radio shows. 诗、歌、文章、节目等的标题可用引号
"Self-Reliance," by Ralph Waldo Emerson有逗号
"The Smelly Car," an episode of Seinfeld
Do not use quotation marks in indirect or block quotations. 

Italics 斜体字
斜体与下划线可互换表示强调，现在更倾向用斜体，但注意保持文章中只能采用二者中的一种。
Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films, television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical albums, works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships. 

Italicize foreign words. 

Italicize a word or phrase to add emphasis. 

Italicize a word when referring to that word. 

Punctuation in Types of SentencesCompound: composed of 2 or more independent clauses.Join 2 independent clauses by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so).

Join 2 independent clauses by a colon when you wish to emphasize the second clause.后句是前句的重述时也用分号隔开。
Join 2 independent clauses by a semicolon when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis.
Road construction in Dallas has hindered travel around town; streets have become covered with bulldozers, trucks, and cones.

Complex: composed of 1 or more dependent clauses and 1 or more independent clauses.Join an introductory dependent clause with the independent clause by a comma. 
Because road construction has hindered travel around town, many people have opted to ride bicycles or walk to work.
Many people have opted to ride bicycles or walk to work because road construction has hindered travel around town.

Compound-Complex: composed of 1 or more dependent clauses and 2 or more independent clauses.Join an introductory dependent clause with an independent clause with a comma. Separate 2 independent clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, for, nor, so).
When it is filtered, 逗号连接引导作用的限定性和非限定性water is cleaner, and 逗号和连词连接两个非限定性it tastes better.
Join an introductory dependent clause with an independent clause with a comma. Separate 2 independent clauses by a colon when you wish to emphasize the second clause.
Whenever it is possible, you should filter your water:连接两个非限定，要强调后一个时用冒号 filtered water is cleaner and tastes better.
Join an introductory dependent clause with an independent clause with a comma. Separate 2 independent clauses by a semicolon when the second clause restates the first or when the two clauses are of equal emphasis. 
When it is filtered, water is cleaner and tastes better; 两个非限定，后句重述前句或两句同等重要时用分号all things considered, it is better for you.

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-28 21:36:35

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十五期——A versus An

Articles: A versus An

With one exception: Use "an" before unsounded h.按发音而非字母选择a和an
•an honorable peace 
•an honest error 

With two exceptions: When u makes the same sound as the y in you, or o makes the same sound as w in won, then a is used.
•a union 
•a united front 
•a unicorn 
•a used napkin 
•a U.S. ship 
•a one-legged man 

Note: The choice of article is actually based upon the phonetic (sound) quality of the first letter in a word, not on the orthographic (written) representation of the letter. 

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0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十六期——Use Articles 冠词
How to Use Articles (a/an/the)

Indefinite Articles: a and an 泛指

Remember, using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. So...
•In some cases where "h" is pronounced, such as "historical," us an:
An historical event is worth recording.
In writing, "a historical event" is more commonly used.
Remember that this rule also applies when you use acronyms:缩写也是按读音来确定a和an的！
Introductory Composition at Purdue (ICaP) handles first-year writing at the University. Therefore, an ICaP memo generally discusses issues concerning English 106 instructors.
Another case where this rule applies is when acronyms start with consonant letters but have vowel sounds:
An MSDS (material safety data sheet) was used to record the data. An SPCC plan (Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasures plan) will help us prepare for the worst.

If the noun is modified by an adjective, the choice between a and an depends on the initial sound of the adjective that immediately follows the article:
•an unusual problem 
•a European country (sounds like 'yer-o-pi-an,' i.e. begins with consonant 'y' sound) 

Remember, too, that in English, the indefinite articles are used to indicate membership in a group:
•I am a teacher. (I am a member of a large group known as teachers.) 
•Seiko is a practicing Buddhist. (Seiko is a member of the group of people known as Buddhists.)

Definite Article: the


Count and Noncount Nouns
The can be used with noncount nouns, or the article can be omitted entirely.不可数名词前面可以不加冠词表泛指——记住啊记住，不要再困惑了
•"I love to sail over the water" (some specific body of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water). 
Most of the time, you can't say, "She wants a water," unless you're implying, say, a bottle of water.

Geographical use of the
There are some specific rules for using the with geographical nouns.

Do not use the before:
•names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia; however, the Netherlands, the Dominican Republic, the Philippines, the United States 
•names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami 
•names of streets: Washington Blvd., Main St. 
•names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes 
•names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji except with ranges of mountains like the Andes or the Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn 
•names of continents (Asia, Europe) 
•names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West) except with island chains like the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands 

Do use the before:
•names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile, the Pacific 
•points on the globe: the Equator, the North Pole 
•geographical areas: the Middle East, the West 
•deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula

Omission of Articles
Some common types of nouns that don't take an article are:
•Names of languages and nationalities: Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian 
•Names of sports: volleyball, hockey, baseball 
•Names of academic subjects: mathematics, biology, history, computer science

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-28 22:50:08

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十七期—— Non&Count Nouns
Count and Noncount Nouns: Basic Rules

Count and Noncount Nouns with Adjectives
Most of the time, this doesn't matter with adjectives. For example, you can say, "The cat was gray" or "The air was gray." However, the difference between a countable and uncountable noun does matter with certain adjectives, such as "some/any," "much/many," and "little/few."

Some/Any: Some and any countable and uncountable nouns. 
Much/Many: Much modifies only uncountable nouns. Many modifies only countable nouns. 
Little/Few: Little modifies only uncountable nouns. Few modifies only countable nouns. 

Other basic rules

A lot of/lots of:A lot of/lots of are informal substitutes for much and many. 啊原来much和many是正式而lots是非正式的，那么正式文体中用前者。They are used with uncountable nouns when they mean much and with countable nouns when they mean many.
A little bit of:A little bit of is informal and always precedes an uncountable noun.Enough: Enough modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

Plenty of: Plenty of modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.plenty是二者都可修饰的，记住！
No: No modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

Count and Non-Count Nouns (with Plurals, Articles, and Quantity Words)

Section 1: Definition of Count and Noncount nouns

Noncount nouns refer to things that can't be counted because they are thought of as wholes that can't be cut into parts. They often refer to abstractions and occasionally have a collective meaning (for example, furniture).

Note: Since the issue is complicated and almost no rule is absolute, there will be exceptions to the above definitions; however, we can show some general patterns. Bear in mind that what is countable in another language may not be countable in English, and vice versa.

Section 2: Uses of Count and Noncount Nouns
Pluralizing
An Exception to the Rule

For a number of nouns, the rule needs slight revision. Certain nouns in English belong to both classes: they have both a noncount and a count meaning. Normally the noncount meaning is abstract and general and the count meaning concrete and specific. Compare:

Count
•I've had some difficulties finding a job. (refers to a number of specific problems) 
•The talks will take place in the Krannert building. (refers to a number of specific lectures) 
•The city was filled with bright lights and harsh sounds. (refers to a number of specific lights and noises) 

Noncount
•She succeeded in school with little difficulty. (refers to the general idea of school being difficult) 
•I dislike idle talk. (refers to talking in general) 
•Light travels faster than sound. (refers to the way light and sound behave in general) 

Note: A special case of the use of noncount nouns in a count sense has to do with classification. Sometimes a usually noncount noun can be understood as one item separate and distinct from other items of the same category. The nouns that function in this way often denote foods and beverages: food(s), drink(s), wine(s), bread(s), coffee(s), fruit(s), and so on. Examples:作为种属时不可数变得可数
•There are several French wines to choose from. (= kinds of wine) 
•We use a variety of different batters in our bakery. (= kinds of batter) 
A Revision of the Rule

These exceptions require that the rule for pluralizing be revised: count nouns and nouns used in a count sense pluralize; noncount nouns and nouns used in a noncount sense（对既可做可数也可做不可数的名词而言） do not.

Articles
Nouns and Articles
Choosing which article to use (if any) with a noun is a complex matter because the range of choices depends on whether the noun in question is 1) count or noncount and 2) singular or plural. Both count nouns (whether singular or plural) and noncount nouns take articles.

Combinations of Nouns and Articles
The following chart shows which articles go with which kinds of nouns. Notice that this, that, these, and those have been included because, like the, they mark the noun that they modify as definite, which means that the noun refers 1) to a unique individual or 2) to some person, event, or object known to both the writer and reader from their general knowledge or from what has been previously mentioned in a piece of writing.
Count singular 
a, an        the        this, that
Count plural         

the these, those        no article
Noncount         
the that no article
Quantity Terms

The following chart shows which quantity words go with which kinds of nouns. Note that quantity words can be used in combinations such as many more, many fewer, much more, and much less, any of which can be preceded by how to form questions or relative clauses. Negatives like not and no can also be applied to many of these terms.
 much, less, little, a little, very little        some, any, most, more, all, a lot of, no, none of the        many, both, several, few/fewer/fewest, a few, one of the, a couple of        each, every, any, one
Count singular                         
every, one
Count plural         
some, a lot of,  many, few/fewer/fewest, a few
Noncount 
much, less, little, a little, very little        some, a lot of

Count and NonCount Nouns (with Articles and Adjectives)
Using Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
A countable noun always takes either the indefinite (a, an) or definite (the) article when it is singular. When plural, it takes the definite article if it refers to a definite, specific group and no article if it is used in a general sense.

Uncountable nouns never take the indefinite article (a or an), but they do take singular verbs. The is sometimes used with uncountable nouns in the same way it is used with plural countable nouns, that is, to refer to a specific object, group, or idea.不可数名词可以零冠词
Information is a precious commodity in our computerized world.

The information in your files is correct.
Sugar has become more expensive recently.
Please pass me the sugar.

Categories of Uncountable Nouns
Abstract
trouble
enjoyment
recreation
Material
ice cream

grass
hair       
Generic
wildlife

Non-Plurals
mail
luggage
jewelry
clothing
        with -s
civics

mumps
measles
tennis
(other games)
Quantity Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns


Some, Any
Both words modify either countable or uncountable nouns.

Little, Quite a little, Few, Quite a few
Little and quite a little modify only uncountable nouns.
Few and quite a few modify only countable nouns.

A little bit of, Quite a bit of用于不可数！以前误解了
These informal phrases usually precede uncountable nouns. Quite a bit of has the same meaning as quite a little and is used more commonly.
There's a little bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning "a small amount")
There's quite a bit of pepper in the soup. (meaning "a large amount")

Plenty of可数不可数均可
This term modifies both countable and uncountable nouns.

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-28 22:57:16

周末往往反而是最忙的时候，sigh，精读把昨天的进度赶上了，单词新进度完成，复习还没做，下线去做~
11.28

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-29 17:39:19



0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十八期——In/Dependent Clauses

Connecting dependent and independent clauses
1. Coordinating Conjunction

2. Independent Marker Word
An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word.
Some common independent markers are: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.

Some Common Errors to Avoid

Comma Splices
即，两个非限定句若用逗号连接，必须要连词。
Fused Sentences
即，两个非限定句一定要隔开。

Sentence Fragments
即，要认真辨认限定句，避免成分残缺的句子出现。

=======================================

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二十九期——Adjective or Adverb 形容词与副词
What is the Difference between Adjectives and Adverbs?
The Basic Rules: Adjectives
So, generally speaking, adjectives answer the following questions:
•Which? 
•What kind of? 
•How many?

The Basic Rules: Adverbs

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.副词可修饰其他副词 The most common question that adverbs answer is how.
So, generally speaking, adverbs answer the question how. (They can also answer the questions when, where, and why.)

Avoiding Common Errors

1.Bad or Badly? 形容词修饰名词，副词修饰动词
o"The dog smells badly." Here, badly means that the dog does not do a good job of smelling. 
o"The dog smells bad." Here, "bad" means that dog needs a bath. 
N.B. Sometimes people say "I feel badly" when they feel that they have done something wrong. 做错事也用badlyLet's say you dropped your friend's favorite dish, and it broke into a million pieces. You might say, "I feel really badly about what happened."

2.Good or Well? 
Good is an adjective, so you do not do good or live good, but you do well and live well. Remember, though, that an adjective follows sense-verbs and be-verbs, so you also feel good, look good, smell good, are good, have been good, etc.
N.B. Many people confuse this distinction in conversation, and that's okay. You will hear people say, "I feel well" when they mean that they feel good. However, if you're taking about action verbs, you'd say "well." "I did well on my exam." "She plays tennis well."

3.Sure or Surely? 
Sure is an adjective, and surely is an adverb.
N.B. Surely can also be used as a sentence-adverb. For example, "Surely, you're joking." Here, surely describes the entire sentence "you're joking." The sentence more or less means, "You must be joking."

4.Near or Nearly? 
Near can function as a verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition. Nearly is used as an adverb to mean "in a close manner" or "almost but not quite." Here are some examples that demonstrate the differences between various uses of near and nearly.
o"The cat crept near." Near is an adverb that describes where the cat crept. 
o"Don't worry; we're nearly there." Here, nearly describes how close we are. 
o"My graduation neared." Here, neared is the verb of the sentence. near也可以做动词，表示接近、走近
o"I want the couch near the window." Near is a preposition at the head of the phrase "near the window."

=========================================


0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十期——Adjectives and Adverbs
与上节内容有重复
Adjectives with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
The Basic Rules: Adjectives

Rule #2: An adjective always follows a form of the verb to be when it modifies the noun before the verb. Here are some examples that show this rule.be和to be结构后面接的形容词修饰的是其前方的名词
•I was nervous.
•They tried to be helpful.
Rule #3: Likewise an adjective always follows a sense verb or a verb of appearance — feel, taste, smell, sound, look, appear, and seem — when it modifies the noun before the verb.

Avoiding Common Errors

•Good or Well?
•Confusion can occur because well can function either as an adverb or an adjective. When well is used as an adjective, it means "not sick" or "in good health." For this specific sense of well, it's OK to say you feel well or are well — for example, after recovering from an illness. When not used in this health-related sense, however, well functions as an adverb; for example, "I did well on my exam."当与健康相关的感觉相连时，well做形容词，否则作副词。
•Double-negatives
•Scarcely and hardly are already negative adverbs. To add another negative term is redundant, because in English only one negative is ever used at a time
•Sure or Surely?
•Sure is an adjective, and surely is an adverb. Sure is also used in the idiomatic expression sure to be.习语，sure to be  Surely can be used as a sentence-adverb. Here are some examples that show different uses of sure and surely.
•She is sure to be a great leader.
•Here sure to be is an idiomatic phrase that functions as an adjective that modifies the pronoun she.
•Surely, environmental destruction has been one of the worst catastrophes brought about by industrial production.
•Here surely is an adverb that modifies the verb has been.

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0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十一期——Appositives 同位语

Appositives
同位语用于解释或定义名词，位置可在名词前或后
An appositive is a noun or pronoun — often with modifiers — set beside another noun or pronoun to explain or identify it. An appositive phrase usually follows the word it explains or identifies, but it may also precede it.

Punctuation of appositives

In some cases, the noun being explained is too general without the appositive; the information is essential to the meaning of the sentence. When this is the case, do not place commas around the appositive; just leave it alone. If the sentence would be clear and complete without the appositive, then commas are necessary; place one before and one after the appositive.首先确定哪部份是名词，哪部份是同位语，随后确定如果没有了该同位语，句意是否仍然清晰，若是，可加括号，若不是，不可。
Here are some examples.

The popular US president John Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches.
Here we do not put commas around the appositive, because it is essential information. Without the appositive, the sentence would be, "The popular US president was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches." We wouldn't know which president was being referred to.

John Kennedy, the popular US president, was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches.
Here we put commas around the appositive because it is not essential information. Without the appositive, the sentence would be, "John Kennedy was known for his eloquent and inspirational speeches." We still know who the subject of the sentence is without the appositive.

John Kennedy the popular US president was quite different from John Kennedy the unfaithful husband.
Here we do not put commas around either appositive because they are both essential to understanding the sentence. Without the appositives, the sentence would just be John Kennedy was quite different from John Kennedy. We wouldn't know what qualities of John Kennedy were being referred to without the appositive.

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-29 18:38:59

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十二期——Irregular Verbs
List of Irregular Verbs in English

blow        blew        blown
deal        dealt        dealt
fly        flew        flown
forbid        forbade        forbidden
hide        hid        hidden
lie        lay        lain
quit        quit        quit
ride        rode        ridden
shake        shook        shaken
shine        shone        shone
sing        sang        sung
spring        sprang        sprung
swim        swam        swum
swing        swung        swung

Commonly Confused Verbs
Lie vs. Lay usage

lie, lying (to tell a falsehood)        I lied to my mother.        I have lied under oath.lie的过去分词lied表说谎，lain表放置
lie, lying (to recline)        I lay on the bed because I was tired.        He has lain in the grass.
lay, laying (to put, place)        I laid the baby in her cradle.        We have laid the dishes on the table.
Example sentences:
After laying down his weapon, the soldier lay down to sleep. 
Will you lay out my clothes while I lie down to rest?
SIT versus SET 
sit (to be seated or come to resting position)        I sat in my favorite chair.        You have sat there for three hours.
set (to put or place)        I set my glass on the table.        She has set her books on my desk again.
RISE versus RAISE 

============================================

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十三期——Numbers
Writing Numbers

Here are some examples of specific situations.

Days and Years总算找到日期的确切表达法了
December 12, 1965 or 12 December 1965
A.D. 1066
in 1900
in 1971-72 or in 1971-1972没有定冠词，除非特指
the eighties, the twentieth century
the 1980's or the 1980s带不带单撇号皆可
Time of Day
8:00 A.M. (or) a.m. (or) eight o'clock in the morning
4:30 P.M. (or) p.m. (or) half-past four in the afternoon
Addresses道路名称及号码不用逗号隔开，见逗号一节。
16 Tenth Street
350 West 114 Street
Identification Numbers
Room 8
Channel 18
Interstate 65
Henry VIII人名一般用罗马数字
Page and Division of Books and Plays
page 30
chapter 6
in act 3, scene 2 (or) in Act III, Scene ii
Decimals and Percentages
a 2.7 average
13 1/4 percent
.037 metric ton
Large Round Numbers
four billion dollars (or) $4 billion
16,500,000 (or) 16.5 million

Notes on Usage

Repeat numbers in legal or commercial writing.
The bill will not exceed one hundred (100) dollars.

Numbers in series and statistics should be consistent.又是句内一致的问题，要么都用阿拉伯数字要么都拼写，但正式文体中多用拼写。
two apples, six oranges, and three bananas
115 feet by 90 feet (or) 115' x 90'
scores of 25-6 (or) scores of 25 to 6
The vote was 9 in favor and 5 opposed

Write out numbers beginning sentences. 句首的数字要用拼写形式
Six percent of the group failed.
NOT: 6% of the group failed.

Use a combination of figures and words for numbers when such a combination will keep your writing clear. 
Unclear: The club celebrated the birthdays of 6 90-year-olds who were born in the city. (may cause the reader to read '690' as one number.)
Clearer: The club celebrated the birthdays of six 90-year-olds who were born in the city.额……原来可以这样用，此前没有见过。不过弄不清楚还是别用了吧。

=========================================


0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十四期——Prepositions 介词
Prepositions for Time, Place, and Introducing Objects

One point in time
On is used with days:
At is used with noon, night, midnight, and with the time of day:
In is used with other parts of the day, with months, with years, with seasons:

Extended time 
To express extended time, English uses the following prepositions: since, for, by, from—to, from-until, during,(with)in

Place
To express notions of place, English uses the following prepositions: to talk about the point itself: in, to express something contained: inside, to talk about the surface: on, to talk about a general vicinity, at.
•        She was waiting at the corner. 

To express notions of an object being lower than a point, English uses the following prepositions: under, underneath, beneath, below. 

To express notions of an object being close to a point, English uses the following prepositions: near, by, next to, between, among, opposite.

English uses the following prepositions to introduce objects of the following verbs. 
At: glance, laugh, look, rejoice, smile, stare smile+at sb
•        We rejoiced at his safe rescue. 
•        That pretty girl smiled at you. 
Of: approve, consist, smell
•        I don't approve of his speech. 
•        My contribution to the article consists of many pages. 
•        He came home smelling of alcohol. 

Prepositions of Direction: To, On (to), In (to)

To the extent that these pairs do differ, the compound preposition conveys the completion of an action, while the simple preposition points to the position of the subject as a result of that action. 复合介词有动作完成之意。This distinction helps us understand how directional and locational prepositions are related: they stand in the relationship of cause and effect. 
The paper went into the garbage can.
Position of subject: the paper is in the garbage can.
The crab washed up onto the shore.
Position of subject: the crab is on the shore. 

See the sections below for some exceptions to this rule.
Uses of "to"
To occurs with several classes of verbs.
Verb + to + infinitive
Verbs in this group express willingness, desire, intention, or obligation.

In other cases "to" is used as an ordinary preposition. 
Verbs of communication: listen, speak (but not tell), relate, appeal (in the sense of 'plead,' not 'be attractive')
Verbs of movement: move, go, transfer, walk/run/swim/ride/drive/ fly, travel
Except for transfer, all the verbs in listed here can take toward as well as to. However, "to" suggests movement toward a specific destination, while "toward" suggests movement in a general direction, without necessarily arriving at a destination:to是具体方向而toward是泛泛的方向并且可能还没到目的地。查了一下，toward还有形容词性，towards是toward的变体，仅作介词。
 
Uses of "onto"可用on代替，但有些动词只能用on不能用onto
"Onto" can generally be replaced by "on" with verbs of motion.
Some verbs of motion express the idea that the subject causes itself or some physical object to be situated in a certain place。Of these verbs, some take only "on". Others take both on and onto, with the latter being preferred by some speakers.省事起见，干脆都用on
Verbs taking only "on" are rare: set may be another one, and so perhaps is put. Other verbs taking both prepositions are raise, scatter (when it takes a direct object), pour, and add.

The farmer scattered seed on(to) the fertile ground. We're adding on a wing at the back of the building. We're adding a porch onto the house. 
In "We're adding on a wing at the back of the building" on is really part of the verb, while in "We're adding a porch onto the house" onto is a simple preposition. This contrast points to a fairly important and general rule:
Simple prepositions can combine with verbs, but compound prepositions cannot. 当与动词合成时，组成动词短语，该介词的意义可能改变

Uses of "into"
With verbs of motion, "into" and "in" are interchangeable except when the preposition is the last word or occurs directly before an adverbial of time, manner, or frequency。In this case only in (or inside) can be used.介词位于句尾，或直接加在时间、方式、频率状语前时，只能用in不能用into
Spike is lying in his house. (Not into.)
Our new neighbors moved into the house next door yesterday. ('to take up residence in a new home')
In "Our new neighbors move in yesterday", the last word is the time adverbial yesterday, so the object of the preposition in can be omitted. Of course, in an information question, "into" also can be last word except for an adverbial when its object is questioned by a wh- word: 
Now what kind of trouble has she gotten herself into?
Now what sort of trouble is she in? 

Verbs expressing stationary position take only "on" or "in" with the ordinary meanings of those prepositions.静态动词不加带to的复合介词
If a verb allows the object of the preposition to be omitted, the construction may have an idiomatic meaning. 有些习语省略了介词
The doctor is in his office. 
The doctor is in. ('available for consultation') 

In(to) has two special uses with move.
When "move in" is followed by a purpose clause, it has the sense of "approach".跟目的从句，有接近义
In "The lion moved in for the kill." and "The Police moved in to rescue the hostages inside the building" "in" is part of the verb, so "into" cannot be used; We cannot say: "The lion moved into for the kill."
When "into" is used with move, it functions as an ordinary preposition to convey the idea of moving something from one place to another.
We'll move your brother's old bed into your room. 
 
Prepositions of Spatial Relationship

Against
She leans against the tree.
 
Ahead of
The girl is ahead of the boy.

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-29 19:07:16



0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十五期——Pronouns 代词
Using Pronouns Clearly

Because a pronoun REFERS BACK to a noun or TAKES THE PLACE OF that noun, you have to use the correct pronoun so that your reader clearly understands which noun your pronoun is referring to.代词的关键就是要能够清晰地找到指代物，保持单复、人称一致
Therefore, pronouns should:

1. Agree in number
Remember: the words everybody, anybody, anyone, each, neither, nobody, someone, a person, etc. are singular and take singular pronouns.
Everybody ought to do his or her best. (NOT: their best)
Neither of the girls brought her umbrella. (NOT: their umbrellas)
NOTE: Many people find the construction "his or her" wordy, so if it is possible to use a plural noun as your antecedent so that you can use "they" as your pronoun, it may be wise to do so. If you do use a singular noun and the context makes the gender clear, then it is permissible to use just "his" or "her" rather than "his or her." 

2. Agree in person第一、二、三人称不可混乱

3. Refer clearly to a specific noun.
Don't be vague or ambiguous.前文提过，若指代的名词是隐含的、没有直接说出来过的，那么最好就用此名词，而不要用代词。
NOT: I don't think they should show violence on TV. (Who are "they"?)
NOT: Vacation is coming soon, which is nice. (What is nice, the vacation or the fact that it is coming soon?)
NOT: If you put this sheet in your notebook, you can refer to it. (What does "it" refer to, the sheet or your notebook?)

Pronoun Case 可用做主语、宾语、所有格
The pronouns This, That, These, Those, and Which do not change form.
Some problems of case:
1. In compound structures, where there are two pronouns or a noun and a pronoun, drop the other noun for a moment. Then you can see which case you want. 检查主语对应动词的格：主格还是宾格。

Not: Us men like the coach.
(Would you say, "us like the coach"?)

2. In comparisons. Comparisons usually follow than or as:比较句中，把后半截的省略成分补完，以决定代词是主格或宾格
He is taller than I (am tall).
This helps you as much as (it helps) me.
3. In formal and semiformal writing:


Use the subjective form after a form of the verb to be.
Formal: It is I.原来正式文体是这么写的
Informal: It is me.
Use whom in the objective case.
Formal: To whom am I talking?
Informal: Who am I talking to?

==================================================


0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十六期——Subject/Verb Agreement 主谓一致
Making Subjects and Verbs Agree

1. When the subject of a sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb.
She and her friends are at the fair.用and连接的多个名词作主语，用复数谓语

2. When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or or nor, use a singular verb.
The book or the pen is in the drawer.用or或nor链接的多个单数名词作主语，用单数谓语

3. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is nearer the verb.用or或nor链接的多个单数与复数名词作主语，谓语就近
The boy or his friends run every day.
His friends or the boy runs every day.

4. Doesn't适用单数主语，Don't 适用复数，但 I and you用don't.

5. Do not be misled by a phrase that comes between the subject and the verb. The verb agrees with the subject, not with a noun or pronoun in the phrase.辨别句子的真正主语
One of the boxes is open。

6. The words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anybody, anyone, nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are singular and require a singular verb.单数

7. Nouns such as civics, mathematics, dollars, measles, and news require singular verbs.因为它们是以s结尾的单数名词，但dollars例外
Note: the word dollars is a special case. When talking about an amount of money, it requires a singular verb, but when referring to the dollars themselves, a plural verb is required.
Five dollars is a lot of money.
Dollars are often used instead of rubles in Russia.

8. Nouns such as scissors, tweezers, trousers, and shears require plural verbs. (There are two parts to these things.)复数意义的名词，用复数谓语，但若被量词修饰，就跟数量词。

9. In sentences beginning with there is or there are, the subject follows the verb. Since there is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows.

10. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but that are considered singular and take a singular verb, such as: group, team, committee, class, and family.集合名词看当时的意义来决定单数或复数谓语
In some cases, a sentence may call for the use of a plural verb when using a collective noun.

11. Expressions such as with, together with, including, accompanied by, in addition to, or as well do not change the number of the subject. If the subject is singular, the verb is too.

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0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十七期——Verb Tenses

Sequence of Tenses
严格说来，英语中只有现在时和过去时，其余诸时态皆为衍生物。嗯时态相对来说是比较熟悉的。

The future perfect tense designates action that will have been completed at a specified time in the future.亦即将来完成时的句子中要出现明确的时间成分。（To express action that will be completed by or before a specified time in the future）
1. Saturday I will finish my housework. (simple future)
2. By Saturday noon, I will have finished my housework. (future perfect)
Notice: There can be only one "would have" action group in a sentence.即不能二次虚拟

Active Verb Tenses

Simple Present
1，Present or Action Condition        General Truths。 2，Non-action; Habitual Action        Future Time 用一般现在时态

Future
With will/won't — Activity or event that will or won't exist or happen in the future。        With going to — future in relation to circumstances in the present be going to是有计划的将来时

Verb Tense Consistency

Controlling Shifts in Verb Tense

General guideline: Do not shift from one tense to another if the time frame for each action or state is the same.不要轻易转换时态，会把人弄糊涂的。
Examples:
1. The ocean contains rich minerals that washed down from rivers and streams.
Contains is present tense, referring to a current state; washed down is past, but should be present (wash down) because the minerals are currently continuing to wash down.
Corrected: The ocean contains rich minerals that wash down from rivers and streams.


General guideline: Do shift tense to indicate a change in time frame from one action or state to another.要表示动作或状态的时间变换时才转换时态。
Examples:
1. The children love their new tree house, which they built themselves.
Love is present tense, referring to a current state (they still love it now;) built is past, referring to an action completed before the current time frame (they are not still building it.)

Controlling Shifts in a Paragraph or Essay

General guideline: Establish a primary tense for the main discourse, and use occasional shifts to other tenses to indicate changes in time frame.
先确定全局时态，再用细节的时态变换协助文章表达。
Hints:
•Rely on past tense to narrate events and to refer to an author or an author's ideas as historical entities (biographical information about a historical figure or narration of developments in an author's ideas over time).引用他人的观点用过去时。若描述的是人所共知的历史事实，好像也可以用一般现在时吧，比如拿破仑战败。
•Use present tense to state facts, to refer to perpetual or habitual actions, and to discuss your own ideas or those expressed by an author in a particular work. Also use present tense to describe action in a literary work, movie, or other fictional narrative. Occasionally, for dramatic effect, you may wish to narrate an event in present tense as though it were happening now. If you do, use present tense consistently throughout the narrative, making shifts only where appropriate. 小说戏剧等非现实的故事都用现在时，若意欲修辞，也可用现在时叙述过去的事件。
•Future action may be expressed in a variety of ways, including the use of will, shall, is going to, are about to, tomorrow and other adverbs of time, and a wide range of contextual cues.

Using Other Tenses in Conjunction with Simple Tenses
采用何种时态需要结合上下文来确定。


It is possible to imagine a narrative based on a future time frame as well, for example, the predictions of a psychic or futurist. If the example narrative above were spoken by a psychic。若采用一般将来时作为全段的基调，要注意每句话都是将来时态的，如：
By the time Tom notices the doorbell, it will have already rung three times. As usual, he will have been listening to loud music on his stereo. He will turn the stereo down and will stand up to answer the door. An old man will be standing on the steps. The man will begin to speak slowly, asking for directions.

General Guidelines for Use of Perfect Tenses

The present perfect is also used to narrate action that began in real life in the past but is not completed, that is, may continue or may be repeated in the present or future.现在完成时表示完成，但并没有说不会再做——这个动作可能将来还会发生
For example: "I have run in four marathons" (implication: "so far... I may run in others").
This usage is distinct from the simple past, which is used for action that was completed in the past without possible continuation or repetition in the present or future.一般过去时的动作则不会再重复或继续了
For example: "Before injuring my leg, I ran in four marathons" (implication: "My injury prevents me from running in any more marathons").

Verbs with Helpers

3. Present Continuous Action (Present Progressive)
Is + [VERB+ing] shows action that is in progress now or is going to happen in the future.be doing式的一般进行时表将来


5. Other helping verbs (Modals)
[HELPER] + [VERB], such as CAN, WILL, SHALL, MAY, COULD, WOULD, SHOULD, MIGHT, MUST keep the same form. They do not change to agree with the subject.could, would, should不表示过去时态，而是情态动词

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-29 21:09:47



谢谢bela支持~
继续继续~

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十八期——Parts of Speech Overview


对句中组成如名词介词代词等的简单介绍，无甚新要点。

Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that joins two independent clauses, or sentences, together.连词前后都是完整的句子结构And, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet can all act as conjunctions.

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0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三十九期——Quotation Marks
Using Quotation Marks引号在puctuation一节讲过，这里拿出来单独论述。内容不少，也了解得更多了

The primary function of quotation marks is to set off and represent exact language (either spoken or written) that has come from somebody else. 引号内部的引语一定是完全、绝对符合“原著”的，所以如果记性不好的话，还是用间接引语吧~The quotation mark is also used to designate speech acts in fiction and sometimes poetry. Since you will most often use them when working with outside sources, successful use of quotation marks is a practical defense against accidental plagiarism and an excellent practice in academic honesty. 加上引号，远离剽窃。

Direct Quotations


2.Capitalize the first letter of a direct quote when the quoted material is a complete sentence. 当直接引语是完整的句子时，大写其首字母。不是完整的句子就不用；若一个完整引语句子被分开，后半句句首不要大写。
Mr. Johnson, who was working in his field that morning, said, "The alien spaceship appeared right before my own two eyes."
"I didn't see an actual alien being," Mr. Johnson said, "but I sure wish I had."

5. In all the examples above, note how the period or comma punctuation always comes before the final quotation mark. It is important to also realize that when you are using MLA or some other form of documentation, this punctuation rule may change. 引语（无论完整与否）都在后引号之内有逗号或句号——该规则可能随不同地区的习惯而改变，不过这么用肯定是没错啦

When quoting text with a spelling or grammar error, you should transcribe the error exactly in your own text. However, also insert the term sic in italics directly after the mistake, and enclose it in brackets. Sic is from the Latin, and translates to "thus," "so," or "just as that." The word tells the reader that your quote is an exact reproduction of what you found, and the error is not your own.如果引语内容包含错误，照原样引过来，用括号和斜体sic表示这是原话。
Mr. Johnson says of the experience, "it's made me reconsider the existence of extraterestials [sic]." 

6. Quotations are most effective if you use them sparingly and keep them relatively short. 引语最好短小且分散于文章各处，免得让人觉得你除了照抄外没干啥事

Indirect Quotations

Indirect quotations are not exact wordings but rather rephrasings or summaries of another person's words. In this case, it is not necessary to use quotation marks. However, indirect quotations still require proper citations, and you will be commiting plagiarism if you fail to do so.间接引语也要注明出处，以防被控剽窃。

when to use direct quotations versus indirect quotations
选择引语形式之前要搞清楚自己的目的
Use direct quotations when the source material uses language that is particularly striking or notable. Do not rob such language of its power by altering it.
Use an indirect quotation (or paraphrase) when you merely need to summarize key incidents or details of the text. 
Use direct quotations when the author you are quoting has coined a term unique to their research and relevant within your own paper. 

Extended Rules for Using Quotation Marks
approved methods for altering quotes for either clarity or succinctness

Quote length
If the original quote is too long and you feel not all the words are necessary in your own paper, you may omit part of the quote. Replace the missing words with an ellipsis. 用省略号代替不想引用的部分，但注意省略后句子语法结构完整、句意不变。

Quote context
If the context of your quote might be unclear, you may add a few words to provide clarity. Enclose the added material in brackets.用括号注明自己的解释部分，让引语意思清晰。

Quotations within a Quotation
Use single quotation marks to enclose quotes within another quotation.引语嵌套，内层用单引号外层用双引号：注意引号后半截可能是’”。

Quotation Marks Beyond Quoting
Quotation marks may additionally be used to indicate words used ironically or with some reservation.引号也可以用来表修辞等

Additional Punctuation Rules when Using Quotation Marks 

Put commas and periods within quotation marks, except when a parenthetical reference follows.若没有附加说明，逗号和句号放在引号内。
He said, "I may forget your name, but I never forget a face."
Mullen, criticizing the apparent inaction, writes, "Donahue's policy was to do nothing" (24).有附加说明，放在引号外。

Place colons and semicolons outside closed quotation marks.分号和冒号在引号外。

Place a question mark or exclamation point within closing quotation marks if the punctuation applies to the quotation itself. Place the punctuation outside the closing quotation marks if the punctuation applies to the whole sentence.问号和叹号若是引语自带的，置于引号内；是针对整个句子的，置于引号外。
Does Dr. Lim always say to her students, "You must work harder"?

Quotation Marks with Fiction, Poetry, and Titles 

Block Quotations
引语长度超过四行时，用block quotation. 该情况最可能发生于引语小说之类，但其实什么内容都能这么用。block quotation与正文主体分离，用不着引号但格式有要求。Indent one inch from the main margin (the equivalent of two half-inch paragraph indentations) and begin your quote. Maintain double spacing throughout, but you do not need to use quotation marks. AW和科技论文一般用不上（也就是说，看来俺用不上了~）

Quoting Poetry 
引用单句没啥特别的，引用多句的时候不用引格式，只需在断行处以斜杠标记（注意原有的标点如逗号仍保留），若长于三行，就用block quotation吧。
Some writers prefer to set off two-line verse quotations for emphasis. Quote the poem line by line as it appears on the original page. Do not use quotation marks, and indent one inch from the left margin.有些人喜欢用block，能强调。
In his poem, "Mending Wall," Robert Frost writes: "Something there is that doesn't love a wall,/ that send the frozen-ground-swell under it."

Writing Dialogue
用逗号，而不是冒号，提示对话。如果话语内容长达几段，在每段的开头用半个引号，末段的结尾用上另外半个，中间段结尾不加。

Quotation Marks with Titles
参考punctuation一期

Underlining or italics are used for the titles of long pieces or works that contain smaller sections.

1."Mary is trying hard in school this semester," her father said. 不在句尾，用了逗号而非句号
6.Flannery O'Connor probably got the title of one of her stories from the words of the old popular song, "A Good Man Is Hard to Find."句号在引号内，引号外不需要再加句号。

=================================
呼，总算快做完了~
0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四十期——Transitions 过渡
Writing Transitions

By referencing in one paragraph the relevant material from previous ones, writers can develop important points for their readers. 关键是突出内容的关系，明了脉络，显示背景和重点。
It is a good idea to continue one paragraph where another leaves off (instances where this is especially challenging may suggest that the paragraphs don't belong together at all.) Picking up key phrases from the previous paragraph and highlighting them in the next can create an obvious progression for readers. Many times, it only takes a few words to draw these connections. Instead of writing transitions that could connect any paragraph to any other paragraph, write a transition that could only connect one specific paragraph to another specific paragraph.
要点就是后段首句里要出现前段的关键词。

Transitional Devices

用于使内容连贯意思条理清晰，让读者能理解或预计文章内容。There are several types of transitional devices, and each category leads readers to make certain connections or assumptions. Some lead readers forward and imply the building of an idea or thought, while others make readers compare ideas or draw conclusions from the preceding thoughts.

Here is a list of some common transitional devices that can be used to cue readers in a given way.嗯，草草收集的transitions大全里很全的。

To Add:and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what's more, moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.)
To Compare:whereas,一直想用，一直不会用，囧，要学会啊 but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless,这个用得还不顺手 on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, vis a vis, but, although, conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast, although this may be true
To Prove:because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides,这几个也是prove啊 indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is
To Show Exception:yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes
To Show Time:immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few hours, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then
To Repeat:in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted
To Emphasize:definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively,断然地、肯定地 naturally, surprisingly, always, forever, perennially, 永久地eternally, never, emphatically, unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly, undeniably, without reservation
To Show Sequence:first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C, and so forth. next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently, thus, therefore, hence, next, and then, soon
To Give an Example:for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, as an illustration
To Summarize or Conclude:in brief, on the whole, summing up, to conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as I have said, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, as a result, consequently, on the whole

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-29 22:31:00

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四十一期——Phrasal& idioms 习语
Overview of Two-Part (Phrasal) Verbs (idioms)

•drop off - decline gradually 
•drop off(2) - fall asleep While doing his homework, he dropped off. 

•drop off(3) - stop and give something to someone 
Would you drop this off at the post office? 
•drop out - cease to participate 
After two laps, the runner dropped out. 

•Inseparable 动词和介词不可分开
get around (meaning: to evade) 
Correct: She always gets around the rules.

•Intransitive 不及物
catch on (meaning: to understand) 
Correct: After I explained the math problem, she began to catch on.
Incorrect: She began to catch on the math problem. (catch on cannot take a direct object in this meaning.)
Correct: She began to catch on to the math problem. (the word to makes the math problem an indirect object, which is acceptable in this meaning.) 


习语讨厌之处在于没有规律，呜呼。

但一个动词接两个介词的结构一般为inseparable的。清洗、整理类动词+off一般指清理表面，out指清理内部。
剩下的那堆习语表自己过一遍，不贴了。

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于是，啊总算把作业给赶完了！

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-29 23:39:12

今天，单词第15天，加油~就快过完一遍了。精读。
接下来两周要准备专业课考试了，唉
11.29

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-11-30 22:42:36

其实前几天有沮丧过，觉得考完G就申学校，申了学校就读研，读了研就PHD或者工作，忙忙碌碌停不下来，好低落……然而想这那么多作业没做，开始赶了之后，低落就消隐了。唉……
然而上周熬夜过多，今天决定早睡！
刚刚做完作业，精读OK，单词第16天——胜利就在眼前！
下线复习单词，睡觉！
11.30

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-1 23:48:36

泪目，被吞楼了，我没有做备份哪……

今日单词第17天！背完51单元~~~撒花！ 接下来的任务要轻松些了，嗯，先扫尾，等到考试过去再进行下一轮。精读OK。继续看了几篇托福范文，独立写作勉强还能应付吧现在，随机抽题目写的话基本可以限时，但是字数还是个问题……只有三百上下。综合还没开始准备，泪目。

希望坛子数据库快点恢复。

12.1

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-3 00:28:08

悲剧地发现楼层仍然没有找回来，而且昨晚的贴也被吞了

单词，17天完成！撒花！
今天的精读也OK。
早睡早起身体好……（虽然现在不能算早了）
12.2

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-4 22:35:10

最近坛子太奇怪，不知道帖子能不能保存，不知道以前丢了的帖子能不能找回来……sigh，能么~~~

打算开始开范文了~结果刚看北美看了几篇，觉得不对劲，太乏味了，不像预期中AW的感觉，于是搜索之，发现北美就是个鸡肋啊鸡肋……下了官方范文，明天打印出来开始研究！
12.4

这篇帖子能survive么？

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-5 22:59:29     标题: 1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by pluka——the will's realm（重开新帖）

原备考楼：https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1026706-1-2.html

1201餐具之后，原备考日记楼丢了一半，还无法回帖，没法继续用了。新开一帖，紧跟GT脚步~！

嗯，顺便改个名字。原来的日记名叫“林中择路”，乃是还没开始备考时的感慨，如今抉择已定，前路正在展开（虽然还看不到头），心境亦颇不同。Franklin说：" at twenties, the will reigns; at thirty, the wit; and at forty, the judgment." 所以我们都已身处the will's realm。

每日必做：单词、精读、泛读。

嗯，还有做作业……

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作者: Stefana    时间: 2009-12-5 23:12:08

pluka加油，待数据库恢复正常，我帮你把这两个帖子合并。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-6 00:09:59

2# Stefana

好哇！写日志习惯了后，没有个窝还真觉得有些茫茫然，动力都少了……
好在草草的作业也布置下来了，又有动力啦~
其实泛读是今天才加上的项目，刚看了一篇。阅读比背单词和写作都好玩（奈何单词还是要背= =|||）。单词17天了一遍，今天第21，且让俺喘口气，这两周考试前是不会再来一轮了，只是跟着复习吧。
算了算时间，顿觉有些压力——连ISSUE题目都还没认全呢！刚准备看北美，又获知那就是个鸡肋，于是跑去下官方范文——目前囤积中，不知道做作业的同时能不能见缝插针。

12.5

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作者: jorge    时间: 2009-12-6 23:56:16

Good luck with your GRE!

Regards from GTER group.

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-7 00:01:01

今天完全不是复习天……
同学庆生，聚会完，晚上一个同学突然发烧，已经送校医院。没有鼻涕只咳嗽，发烧超过三十八——不要跟我说这是甲流啊。稍微有点紧张，12月20的托福，别让我隔离啊。
惶惶然做完今天的作文（托福独写，每日练笔），单词还差三单元没复习。不多说，开做。
嗯明天一定要开始做草草的作业了。
12.6

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-7 10:48:05



谢谢管理员~！！恢复了~！哈皮~
可以继续做窝了！

谢谢fana帮忙合并了帖子~~~

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-7 17:49:51



第八次作业  【CASK EFFECT】阅读能力基础自测（速度、难度、深度、越障、真题、RAM）
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=910464&extra=&page=1

GRE
短阅读
评分3，读完一遍耗时1分01秒。边读边能懂，一直在赶时间想快点读完，语句也基本没有问题，篇幅短所以没走神，但步调乱，整体脉络不清晰，事实是非常不清晰。读完一遍后全文有印象，做题的时候却傻眼了，发现啥都没记住= =往往是翻回去再看看相关句子才能决定选什么。包括阅读，做完题的时间是6分34。ACCE。问题是，答案在哪？没找到啊……好了，找到答案了，回来编辑帖子。这段的答案是BDCE，错一半= =
长阅读
评分4，读完一遍耗时3分13。一遍可以读懂文章，做题就不够啊。这个感觉比短阅读还适应些，虽然中途走神了一次。前几天在做的精读刚好就是time的science&technology部分，所以看到此类技术文还舒服些。不过读的过程中有几次要回头看上一个句子。因为风格习惯了一点，能匀出一点脑子理理思路，不过匀得也不多就是了。做题同样是大问题，做题的时候才发现自己有好多细节和隐含的关系什么的没有抓住。包括阅读+做题，耗时10分50秒。做的答案是ACEAEEE，一定错了很多……标准答案ACEBEAD，错三个。

LSAT

评分4。3分04秒读完，第三段伊始（In Abrams analysis, historical...）的几句走神了，后来恢复过来。读一遍能够看懂全文，同时脑子里努力整理脉络……当然，是不走神的时候。
但是做题却又花了更长时间，也觉得有些混乱了……这就是读的时候每一句都认得，做题目却都做不出么！不完全是因为遗忘了文章内容（虽然确实也忘了一点），感觉更多的是在阅读的时候只是被动地接收，却没有消化，没有自己的思考和理解，所以面对一堆需要分析和理解的题目时感觉茫然无措了。如何将“接收”转化为“吸收”，如何在阅读的同时匀出大脑去分析和理解，将是将来的主要目标之一。包括阅读，共计8分55秒做完题目：DEBAEC，答案DEBAEC，居然没错~哈皮~

CET4

评分4。其实接近3了，55秒才读完。包括做题，1分53才搞定。ACCAB。没错。


CET6
评分1……1分49啊……真的可能30秒读完这篇么@_@。包括做题3分钟，DBAAA，错一个。说实话这篇读的时候真的很赶，基本上是脑子里有印象，偶尔有没读到的，跳过去，然后根据后文内容推测前面漏掉的部分，所以开头部分的文章因为赶时间跳了很多，有印象有概念但不甚清晰，读到中间偏后一点才找回“踏实”的“清晰”的读懂的感觉。基本上全文的大概内容还是OK的，但因为读得不细，所以在文章作者态度这种方面就掌握得不好，比如题目的最后一题错了，该是C。
读之前看了评分标准发现5分要在30秒内，然后下拉对比了一下全文长度= =……读的时候有些压力，专注力都差了一点。


SCIENCE
评分3分，三遍才能说读懂了。主要在于题材等的不熟悉引起了注意力的流失。
2分17读完第一遍。2分29第二遍。4分03第三遍。专有名词什么的向来习惯跳过去不管他，留个印象耳，阅读过程中生词尚没有造成太多的障碍。但若以理解的连贯性来看，将是非常糟糕的结果。最大的问题在于，因为有些专业，所以虽然每句话都能认清，全文大意也能了解，但对文章的整个脉络的把握差了好多，细节什么的更没记住几个。开头部分还好一些，读到中后部，模糊感越发增加，读完之后茫茫一片，完全不自信。重读。第二遍读好了一点，大致懂了，但细节和脉络仍不算清晰。第三遍重点反复看前两遍阅读中模糊的地方，才搞清了纠结的问题。

By aiding in the degradation of the receptor through which progesterone exerts its effects, the gene’s protein product apparently checks the hormone’s growth-promoting action on breast tissue. Lee’s team also showed that mifepristone, a drug that induces abortions by inhibiting the progesterone receptor, blocks the development of mammary tumors in mice that have had the rodent version of BRCA1 inactivated in their mammary glands.
Previous work had raised suspicions that progesterone fosters breast cancer development.For example,……

这些句子是反复读才读懂的。其中后一句倒不是句子难，而是其后紧接着一个For example，让我的注意力直接跳过这一句，转移到举例上面来了，所以关键是控制注意力的方向~~~而progesterone一直没有定义，要结合前后文猜测，费了番功夫。读这种东西，真是需要一个好记性啊！
前面几篇的练习就看出问题，但这篇尤甚：我的毛病是老是想快点读完，有时达到影响阅读质量的程度（比如这篇science的第二遍，我也是囫囵吞枣般掠过，没能沉下去好好分析），这样子其实还不如慢慢读，一遍就读懂。这也是日后要好好锻炼的！注意力的维持和方向控制！

Godfather

大爱这篇！！！写的太好了！！这完全就是俺心目中的形象！！！哗，从开头的“ His face was cold with majestic contempt. But there was something false in all this that Amerigo Bonasera sensed but did not yet understand.”这一句，尤其是“did not yet understand”，就抓住我了。一种不详的征兆由此蔓延开来，下文的法官的各种镜头都不自觉地让人感觉到阴谋或者虚伪，直到宣判——果然如人所料，是一个假作公正的骗局。这之后的重点完全转移到Amerigo Bonasera身上，他的几近喷涌又不得不自制的怒火和难以置信，迅速涌起的复仇感，以及同时冰冷地维持着的冷静表象——不得不说，这就是我最爱的一型！！！对两个被释放的年轻人及其他们父母的描写表现出的却是Amerigo Bonasera此时冷酷与黑暗，而那句简短的"They have made fools of us." 和暂停……总之，真是完全彻底根本就是我的心之所爱！！！

话说，此前虽然久闻教父大名，但一直完全没有沾过——无论是小说还是电影还是啥啥啥，剧情简介都没看过，因为感觉不是很有吸引力嘛。原来是这么有感觉的作品！嗯，决定了，要找来看！——当然是英文版！

这篇的评分？不知道YY的程度是啥……但是真的太爱了！至少4分吧。大概是因为有长期的中文阅读习惯，所以感觉英文的文学作品虽然语言不一样，但是本质和内涵都是相通的，其中精妙和直击心房之处也别无二致，真正的好作品总能引起共鸣的！


综上，阅读的问题实在是很多……接下来的锻炼方向就是，让自己能够真正沉下心、把注意力放进文章内容而非一味求快、在阅读的同时努力在脑子里理清文章脉络上下文关系等等、若有余裕再进行下文的预测。总之关注的文章内容方面可以用一个词概况：脉络！


基础词汇自测（https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-909955-1-1.html）

各类题都是第一次做，结果堪称惨烈。总共拿到360，填空错1题（那帖子貌似太宽，题目都显示不全，但靠猜的和推测居然都让我对了不少），反义错2题，结果类比居然错了6题！太变态了……一开始完全搞不清楚类比是在考什么东西，比如老鹰和俯冲的那道，我还以为意思是后一项是前一项的一个特征，于是选了大马哈鱼和产卵= =……后来发现考来考去都是词汇，各类意思的词汇~

然而，类比里面bolt和food的那道真是让我有些无语了，红宝书里面收录的bolt的词义只有两个：门闩和急逃，结果金山词霸终于给出一个“囫囵吞下”的意思，让我终于明白自己错在哪里了……
单词不能放松不能放松不能放松……

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-8 00:24:54

刚刚看完两篇LSAT两篇SCI。
SCI看的比较顺，这种教材类的文章看的比较习惯，生物我也喜欢~（高中的时候学得不错哈，虽然现在已经多年没碰……）。看到第二篇的贪心算法也亲切了一把。唔，总之理工科类的技术文章啥的看起来很亲切，比较看的进。而且作者写的也很平易。
LSAT就不那么顺了……第一篇讲什么语言啊文化啊争论啊啥的，途中走神数次，做题惨不忍睹，那就是万红丛中一点绿。第二篇比较有意思，讲引渡的例外情况，政治保护啥的，对这类题材感兴趣，所以没走神，看的很顺~然而做起题来= =……错一半。
之前做了两份CET，第一份起起伏伏，第二份都能在一分钟内看完。这种东西就是不能停，眼睛或者脑子一顿，就要拉下几句。题目就没有做了。

于是这段日子的阅读就靠草草了~泛读看来是加不上去了，不过每日精读还是做的~

T的写作也在跟进，不过劲头不佳。独立写作都没怎么打算分类别练了，每天软件抽题限时写到考前好了，然后再去翻翻题库和相关提纲。综合写作目前还没理清楚模板问题，sigh，有时候觉得根本用不上模板嘛……其实是自己一直没整理过……

晚上课件还没看完，应力场堆垛层错单磨……如果能换个机器脑子，不用睡觉只需要上油就好了~sigh，然而还是敌不过周公盛情……

12.7

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-9 00:45:29



SCI和CET做到1-6。进步什么的暂时还没感觉到，不过向来把阅读当放松和享受，慢慢来就是了。最喜欢的是LSAT~尤其是后一篇，总是政治类相关，好玩（虽然错得也很惨)= =|||
这两天坛子上互改风很浓嘛~于是凑热闹也改了几篇，有点意思。
T的独写不担心了，今天写到剩十分钟的时候还担心字数不够，最后还是挨到了400，行了~综合嘛= =|||反正今天是没空练了。口语还没开始= = 俺无语凝噎。

这两天心态不错，轻松。只是就怕失之轻佻。

明早恐怕要睡懒觉= =上帝保佑让我有毅力不贪恋被窝吧。

12.8

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-10 00:03:44

发现原来第八次作业只有自测= =||| 很好，不用赶着做阅读了，慢慢做~SCI心理学果然比较好玩。速度仍要加强。LSAT仍然错误不断，除了自测时和今天做的一篇奇迹般地居然全对外，其他的错误率都在一半以上……

昨日不幸一语成箴，今日有飘乎乎的嫌疑。打开电脑就习惯性地在版里游荡，瞄一眼版友习作，又回顾一下作业，脑子空空。刚刚练T独写也是，没有手感啊。敲到一半都百无聊赖得想掐掉重新抽一篇。最后虽然限时完成任务，但自己感觉不佳。T综合就不用提了，听力部分脑子都是晕的。

发现自己开始养成在版上乱逛的习惯。恐怕不是个好现象。虽然版上精华很多，然而逛的时候东看西看心情很散漫，效率不高又很耗时的。究其原因，还是自己“轻佻”起来了。不行啊~~~！以后版上逛到好贴要记笔记~强迫自己不散漫。

昨天和今天逛习作帖，觉得互改还是很不错的，值得继续。

再发点感慨。决定考G时，其实我还是比较懵懂的，连它要考哪些东西都不清楚，就抱着来者不惧惧者不来的想法开始了。现在正在慢慢地摆正心态，抛掉自负和轻视，告诉自己这不是容易的任务，也有很多超过自己、值得学习的G友。同时偶尔也提醒自己：G和T是生活的一部分，但绝不是全部。

感慨完毕。嗯，明天课多，想轻佻也没那么多时间耗。

12.9

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-10 21:54:18

杜绝闲逛，要有目的滴逛……于是，笔记之~

arguement就应该这样写(一)
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=412534&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Ddigest
以A51为例。
arguement51The following appeared in a medical newsletter. 
"Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment“
step1:审题分区，找出前提、条件、论证、结论等。

step2:明确其中存在的逻辑关系。不止一条逻辑链时抓主要矛盾——>前提（或条件）与结论之间的论证逻辑。
step3:把主要矛盾的两端的两句话拉出来好好scrutinize。
以上。
最大的启示是“抓主要矛盾”。

argument就应该这样写(二)
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=416323&extra=page%3D1
这篇之前看的时候就被震住了，让作者强大的气场震得找不着北……之后看了另一篇驳文，才意识到原来不是我一个人境界低……
但这帖还是很有启发性。收获是“找隐含条件”。

AW进阶手册——精确写作，完善逻辑
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=784842&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Ddigest
再次强调指代的specific；语境过于宽泛的问题值得警惕——太过宽泛而不加解释的"in some cases"等会让人产生疑问：in which cases? 这是个普遍存在的问题啊。

“现代时：包括现代进行时、一般现代时，主要用于叙述正在发生的事情、真理、判断等适用于任何语境的句子。
将来时：表示预测、计划等，同样可表示判断。
过去时：用于叙述过去发生的事情。

“可以发现，使用过去时的时候都是要特指发生过的某件事情，所以这时对于时间的语境要特别注意，通常不加限定的话是指人类历史中的事情，而加了限定则特指某一段时间，这段时间需要靠之前提到的内容进行指定。
......

“举个简单的例子（从本版第一页随机抽取，感谢ccbban版友）
At the very beginning, human did create machines to help us in some specific kinds of work.
这里的时态限定就不清楚，beginning of what? Modern history? Industrialization? Human history?”

上述beginning的例子如果不是这里看到，很有可能就是自己会犯的错误。谨记。


AW进阶手册: 合理推断, 强化论证——挑战Argument完美逻辑
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=692647&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Ddigest
其一：它因与论据不足都能够用来批判一个论证。它因简单。但论据不足更根本。
其二：在批判的同时，要时刻注意符合常识！

“这个步骤中很重要的一步就是“常识”，符合常识的，即为合理推断，无关常识的，为一般推断，不符合常识的，为脑残推断。所谓的“论据不足”，根本上讲就是因为这些论据不足以填满我们常识中需要形成固定结果的条件，因此它才不足。写ARGUMENT的时候怎么说明这种不足就成了很重要的话题。”

其三：这句话值得记住：
"习作和范文的主要区别就是主题句或者引出可能性的句子上范文更加有针对性，而不是笼统的说evidence, explanation。"

AW进阶手册: ISSUE破题策略
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=694709&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Ddigest
其一：关于ISSUE中让步的作用。
”1、如之前所说，对于难以破题的题目，让步点几乎自动生成，所以一大作用是充实文章内容；
2、显示你思维的全面性，对问题多方面考虑。”

第一条没啥用。关键是第二条。
让步就是从反面思考题目，目的在于堵住反面的嘴，间接地为正面服务。
“写AW的时候没人跟你辩论，所以你不能在别人提出置疑后再反驳，此时就是“没有困难创造困难”，主动出击进行观点完善。”
“...自己的reason都是要支持同一个position的..."
实行起来有时候可以很简单，只要多做一下反面的延伸、提一句恶果或弊病，与正面联系起来。

其二：正面破题。
”一般而言，ETS出的ISSUE题目都是以社会、教育、政治、哲学这些很抽象很社会化的学科为话题的，因此所有的题目都能找到它的社会归属，我们的讨论出发点就也就可以大致分为三个方向：1、话题的本质，或者说内在逻辑，比如产生的根源；2、话题的作用，即外在逻辑，比如对社会的影响；3、话题的定义，即逻辑基本点，比如话题中某个关键词的定义。这三点是ISSUE破题发展分论点的出发点，也是决定我们在面对ISSUE是选择POSITION的根本原因，如何合理地选取出发点，做到结构清晰连贯、观点便于论证、论证严密强大是ISSUE破题的重中之重。”

太强大了……！！膜拜版主！！！
第三点——抽象、深刻、本质化。

“...因此我推荐在发展ISSUE分论点时适当考虑1和3的内容，即讨论话题产生的根源、社会原因和话题本身的定义，这样可以提高写作的立意，使之更具有深度。而社会影响方面则是ISSUE分论点的重点，适当的积累背景知识会对一块的提高有所帮助...”
“另一种分论点破题思路，即分领域破题。这种思路旨在从不同的领域来关注一个话题的正确性”，缺点在于不易归纳，即不能以偏概全。

AW进阶手册: ISSUE首段写作策略
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=693619&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Ddigest
不说别的了。这一系列还没看完，使徒大人已经彻底成为俺滴偶像……

其一：简单开头（或+让步）。
“请记住，ISSUE为立论，必有主论点，这个主论点可以立场中立，但一定要立场鲜明，这样才能使之后的BODY有效为论点服务。”
让步是一个对立统一的过程，可以让思维更全面，然而“统一”比“对立”重要，一定要把让步成分跟全文主论点结合起来！
“其实达成统一并不难，只要在观点中有一个明确的态度，给出一个不含糊的解决方案就可以了。”

其二：复杂开头（背景式）。
最大的弊病是有可能写得太宽泛笼统像废话。
“在写作背景式开头的时候，考虑起始句如何引出观点，如何利用背景是关键，不要为了背景而写背景。”

其三：其他开头。
“疑问式。这里说的疑问式不是把题目用问句写一遍然后自答，而是提出一些与题目相关的问题引起思考，从而引出文章观点，从某种意义上说，是间接复述题目，然后将中间的逻辑点用叙述方式加以连接，从而引出主题。”

另，那个官方开头太疯牛了……俺估计是怎么也做不到这么疯的……

AW进阶手册——完善段落逻辑衔接，挑战ISSUE满分结构
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=798900&highlight=%2Blastangel

“可以用作前提论证的素材单词往往包括：

A、带有主观感情色彩的判断词，比如JUST，CORRECT，EFFECTIVE，REASONABLE等等。
在讨论这些观点词时就必须确立一个标准，进而为全文的讨论确定标准，常见的比如“对社会中大部分人有利”“对社会稳定有利”“能使资源有效分配，最低投入最高产出”等等。

B、作用、意义、任务等值得讨论的名词关键词，比如EDUCATION，GOVERNMENT，LAW，TEACHER等等。
这些词其实在间接讨论A类判断词，即“B类词干什么才是A类词（教育干什么才是对的，法律干什么才是有效的……）”，由此确定判别一个事物该做什么的标准，才能在全文中讨论题目说的此事物做的东西是否正确。”


层面论证使论证逻辑深度加深，组织结构层层递进而严密。字面意义、学术、社会、个人……

正反论证。

===============================================================
这些帖子其实早先看过一遍，但当时AW还没入门，印象实在粗浅。现在来看，只觉篇篇受教字字珠玑。不过现在自己写的量太少，也不能说理解深入。待积累了一定练习再回顾~

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作者: 番茄斗斗    时间: 2009-12-10 22:06:54

来踩踩PLUKA的楼～～嘿嘿，我的楼都成黑洞了。只进不出的

我发现笔记还是得留份手写稿的或者直接打印下来，放这里，就是给别人看得了。。。嘿嘿，得明天补完语法，我也去收集精华贴～～

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-10 22:57:39

主要是自己方便~因为我发现自己一回宿舍第一件事情就是开电脑上网开GTer……存备考窝里比打出来方便。不过官方范文倒是打出来……
希望你的楼也快点修复啊~我好去踩~

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-11 00:20:26

突然觉得饿，泡杯豆奶~边喝边看了iq版主的对于“Issue的一些想法(暨平衡思路的结构组织分析)”（https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthre ... p%3Bfilter%3Ddigest），又觉有些收获。ISSUE说到底最重要的是展示自己提出观点和发展、支持观点的能力，所以语言虽然重要却绝不是最重要的。要狠下功夫的有两点：1，破题立论、找自己的角度和深度；2，组织结构、追求最严谨的逻辑。这二者是相联系的。组织得好，主题和内容也会显得有力、充实。但如果本身的立论就破绽百出，那么再组织也没意义。

今天还看了篇官方范文，非常受教。令人印象深刻的就是里面每一句（！）观点句都紧跟着解释和发展部分。虽然通常解释部分仅有一句。但这样让人在读的过程中完全不会产生"这观点是哪里来的？”的疑问。语言非常清晰易懂，连从句都没怎么用（印象中是连一句which啊who啊什么的从句都没用），但用了很多平行结构和简明生动的短句。段落之间的echo也相当厉害。全文没有用什么连接词，连however都没出现过（惊叹一个），然而段落之间、段落内部的逻辑关系明白得很，绝不会混淆。真是惊叹了。
逻辑、逻辑……！

嗯，感觉今天的理论收获是很大滴~实际嘛，还要等有时间自己动笔写啊！#%&@&下周考完专业课，就该是周末的托福，这次真是接近半裸考状态啊~~还是从全裸的那一端接近的。一个多月都在看AW，碰T的次数真是少得可怜= =||| 不过准备T给俺带来的好处就是，每天一篇独写限时，可以锻炼自己不害怕码字！……不过限时写的，额，果然很烂……
上帝保佑专业课考好，T就不敢奢望了。

12.10

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-11 23:38:33

12.11
阴，无事。每日功课完成。
周末症候群开始了。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-13 01:32:32

刚刚敲完作文练习，明天上课的预习还没有做……泪目，赶快做完。
还有好多作业啊~~~~精华帖还没有看完啊~~~~
果然，症候群只能靠工作来治。
12.12

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-13 17:26:02

继续笔记~这次是无夏版主的系列~

浅谈ISSUE提纲系统性的问题
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=697337&extra=page%3D1%26amp%3Bfilter%3Ddigest

全局观。
判断题目关键成分之间的内在联系。
研究题目本身是否有倾向性，找出论证的主要方向。
若论题太宽泛，重定义。

“把事物本身应该如何发展提出来，就无须再去解释为什么“那样做是不合理，或者狭隘的”。无须去纠结于“专门为个人有什么害处”，也无须去批判教育的失衡。这些一，显得很狭隘，出题者心里不是希望你告诉它这个；二，你说不完整。如果不找到一个系统，一个上下浑然一体的通路，你永远都是在挂万漏一。”

于全局观心有戚戚焉。然如何在短短的四十五分钟详略得当而又思维完整地交出一篇ISSUE，真是叫人伤脑筋~

领悟自由之美-我用满分告诉你写作的"真相"
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=684567&highlight

这篇给我的印象很深。我手写我口嘛！没啥别的。
无夏斑竹显然是个很崇尚真实自由、而又带着一种执拗热情的人，颇有年轻艺术家的感觉~笑。俺曾经也想做这样的人呢！奈何现在变成宅女一枚，热情是消散了不少。但我能肯定的是，我也有我的坚持。关于G和T，包括读研读博往后走对我来说更多的都只是一个过程，一个用于发现并证明自己的不同的过程。期间重要的是享受这一切~！跳出框框是很难的，无论是作文还是过日子。我幻想某日能做到。比如说，考完G之后去渡假吧！流浪一年，去体验另外的日子。远离专业远离实验远离工厂远离陶瓷啊拉关系啊发论文啊之类的事情，好好做一做自己想做的事。比如码字比如学摄影比如练琴比如街边卖唱比如KO掉德语整天背康德以装B……
如果我能做到。
领悟自由之美。这种东西是奢侈的。生命中不能承受之轻么！
扯远了。
我算是个向来表现得循规蹈矩的家伙，然这样的人双重性格起来也是很坚持的。
又多扯了一句……

不过关于逻辑和互改的问题，还是跟作者有不同意见。纵然每个人都有自己的逻辑，但这个逻辑能被大多数人接受的程度是不一样的，也就决定了你的逻辑是否“有效”。互改这东西不就是检验自己的逻辑跟大家的逻辑之间的相容性么。
俺发现自己现在越来越纠结与逻辑顺畅问题，不会被作者当反面教材吧？其实这很大程度上并非有意为之，而是读起来就有感觉。很惭愧，argument的范文还没有看过，只看过几篇issue的，然而就看过的而言，逻辑方面的流畅程度是非常舒服的——虽然并不一定高深，但是必然顺畅舒服。条理性跟阅读的快感是连接在一起不可分隔的，至少对于我来说，几个连接词选用得不同，都可能对文意带来微妙的改变——原谅一个工科生的琐碎执念= =||| 所以看版友的习作的时候也比较纠结内容之间的联系和顺畅程度。这样并非是有意地要把自己的思维限制在一个紧紧的框架里面，相反，是因为思维本身有框架，所以才希望文章能够以一定的形式组织。看一篇作文的时候，一开始是什么都不想的。如果能把这篇文章看完，完全没有断点、没有费解、没有被绕晕，就没问题了。正是因为看得不舒服，才会意识到可能是逻辑和连接出了问题（先不考虑语言的话^^），然后去分析原因嘛！

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-13 20:49:10



泪目。刚做的笔记一个回车就没了= =

看到草木的ISSUE素材和论证资料，拜服了……要花多少心思才能收集到这么多？好罢，以后每日阅读时时刻注意，并且照草草的指引方向去找！

争取高分，从第一印象开始---被人忽视的argument开头
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=920961&extra=page%3D2%26amp%3Bfilter%3Ddigest

“一个好的开头应该就是一个文章的缩影，应该给阅卷的老师三个直观的印象：1. 这些逻辑点确实是来自于文章的抽象2. 这个学生抓的逻辑点都是正确的。3.从这些逻辑点的顺序当中可以猜测到该生的正文论证顺序。”

严重同意！一直以来纠结的问题之一就是argu该怎么组织主题句、怎么开头、怎么结尾。666斑竹的指点很值得借鉴。

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-14 02:30:56

跟同学讨论完题目才匆忙赶英语，做完了泛读作文和部分精读，昨天就拉了，补起来真麻烦……
就差一篇精读和单词了。顺延到明天完成。
欠作业不行啊不行啊……

12.13

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作者: pluka    时间: 2009-12-15 00:51:52

跟上了大半进度，然而……很好，又欠了两篇LAST阅读= =泪目
明天考完再补，现在俺要回窝睡觉！……
12.14

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