寄托家园留学论坛
标题: 1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by hugesea [打印本页]
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-9 19:33:40 标题: 1006G[REBORN FROM THE ASHES组]备考日记 by hugesea
刚刚才看到版主布置作业了，现在开始吧
其实想考G，准备考G，今年5月九开始了，单词也一直背着
Issue写了10篇了，但是感觉还是没有话说
也许是一个人复习吧，一直觉得效率不高
今天在这里给自己加加压，每天能多看点多写点
同时也希望自己能在在职考G的路上能坚持到最后
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-9 19:36:06
这楼要空
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-9 19:43:58
第一次准备写复习日记，蛮紧张的！
今天要看的是主谓一致，倒装和虚拟语气
看主谓一致，是因为这个还算简单，做入手准备
看倒装和虚拟语气，是因为这两种句型在Issue里用出来了会很抢眼，但不能用错……
加一点吧，情态动词也看了吧，这个和虚拟语气是不可分割的
看完来汇报
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-9 20:25:11
本帖最后由 hugesea 于 2009-11-9 21:42 编辑
判断
Betweenthe two buildings are a big tree. （V / X
）X
Betweenthe two buildings is a big tree. （V / X）V
Thefruit like apples, oranges is good for our health. （V / X）V
Thefruit like apples, oranges are good for our health. （V / X
）X
Thereare twenty boys in our class. One of the boys is from Canada. （V / X）V
Thereare twenty boys in our class. One of the boys are from Canada. （V / X）X
Ilike the photos which was taken in Beijing. （V / X
）X
Ilike the photos which were taken in Beijing. （V / X）V
Mathsis my favorite subject. （V / X）V
Mathsare my favorite subject. （V / X
）X
The police is searching for the robbers. （V / X）V
The police are searching for the robbers. （V / X）V
There is a little sheep eating grass onthe hill. Can you see it？（V / X）V
Thereare a little sheep eating grass on the hill. Can you see it？
（V / X）X
Theirfamily is very happy. Now their family is watching TV. （V / X）X
Theirfamily is very happy. Now their family are watching TV. （V / X）V
Tenyears are quite a long time. （V / X）X
Tenyears is quite a long time. （V / X）V
The twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. （V / X）V
The twentieth lesson andlast lesson is very easy for students. （V / X
）X
Neither you nor hehave been to Beijing. （V / X）X
Neitheryou nor he has been to Beijing. （V / X）V
Thispair of trousers is very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. （V / X）V
Thispair of trousers are very new, but Tom’s trousers are very old. （V / X
）X
Halfof the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it are verydifficult. （V / X
）X
Halfof the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is verydifficult. （V / X）V
复习前自测错了两题
1.
The police is searching for the robbers. （V / X）V
Thepolice are searching for the robbers. （V / X）V
唉，忘了police是集合名词了，单个警察是policeman
2.
The twentieth lesson and last lesson are very easy for students. （V / X）V
Thetwentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. （V / X）X
呵呵，我的理解是第十二课和最后一课，所以选了are；原来and连接的是同一个概念，第十二课即最后一课
======================
附加题
======================
1. Three years ____has___ (have) passed since we met last time, and three years____is___ (be) a long time.
2. ___Is____ (be) everybody going to take part in the game?
3. Both men and women ___have____ (have) complained about the advertisement.
4. The family ___were____ (be) watching TV when I came into the room.
5. But not all the information ____is___ (is) good to society.
6. One evening she told me that something happened when her parents __were_____(be) out.
7. There ____are is___ (is) a table,several chairs in the old house.
8. The great writer and professor ____is___ (is) going to our school next week.
9. The scientist and the engineer ___has_have___(have) invented a new machine.
10. Alice, together with her friends, ____was___ (be) punished for havingbroken the school rules.
11. Every girl and every boy ___has___ (have) the right to join the club.
12. --- ____Is___ (be) either she or you to go and attend the meeting?
--- Neither she nor I __am______（be）.
13. --- Is there anybody in the classroom?
--- No, the teacher as well as the students ___has____ (have) gone to theplayground.
14. None of the money ___is____ (be) his.
15. A knife and fork ___is____ (be) on the table. A pen and a pencil ___are____(be) on the desk.
还是错了有两道题
7. There ____areis___ (is) a table, several chairs in the old house.
9. The scientist and the engineer ___has_have___ (have) invented a newmachine.
由there引导的句子，主语不止一个词时，谓语通常与邻近的名词或代词保持一致。
呵呵，主谓一致还算比较简单
不过也还是有一些要点没记住：
1.
There be句型的就进一致原则
2.
And连接的词是同一概念要用单数。
这两点在以后的写作中一定要注意
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
倒装
倒装这个句型，用在写作中很抢眼，我也试着在写issue的时候用过虚拟语气的倒装句，表达：“要不是……就会……“的概念
看了版主的总结，发现还是有很多倒装句型没有记住
现在记录如下：
有个别其他副词放在句首时，又是也会有这个现象：
Oftenwould she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.
<状语前置>有些句子没有宾语且主语又比较长。又是可把状语提前，而把主语放在谓语后面去。
Before him lay miles of undulating moorland: 他前面是一片高低起伏的荒原
After the banquet came a firework display in thegarden. 宴会后花园里燃放了烟火。
From the distance came occasional shots. 从远处传来零星的枪声。
In the distance could be seen the purple mountains. 远处可以看见紫色的群山。
为了描绘更生动，有些与介词同行的副词可以移到句首，把主语放在谓语后面。
Up went the arrow into the air. 嗖的一声箭射上了天。
She rang the bell. In came a girl she had not seen before. 她按铃，进来一个她从未见过的姑娘。
Down flew the eagle to seize the chicken 老鹰飞下来抓小鸡。
分词和表语提前，这个我一般都想不到用的，呵呵
对了最近一直很纠结just as……，so(as)……的用法，记得以前看语法的时候说是要倒装的，记不清了，一会翻翻语法书去。
倒装用好了，英语文章读起来就会很生动，但是倒装我们中国人一般想不起来用，呵呵
虽然我知道虚拟语气的倒装结构，但是还没用过状语前置，介词短语前置的倒装句型，这个得记好了，以后要学会用
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第三部分了
情态动词
情态动词是和实义动词相对的
情态动词不表示具体的动作，但是可以表示一个动作的状态
情态动词说难懂的话也难懂，但是情态动词学起来也很简单
下面我把情态动词的难点。列出来记住：
7—— 情态动词+ have +过去分词
1) may(might) have + donesth, can (could) have + done sth表示过去，推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
Philipmay (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
Philipcan (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
2)must have +done sth，对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有"肯定"，"谅必"的意思。
---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
---Shemust have gone by bus.
3) ought to have done sth,
should have done sth
本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
Youought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
Heought not to have thrown the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了。）
oughtto 在语气上比should 要强。
4) needn't have done sth 本没必要做某事
Idressed very warmly for the trip, but Ineedn't have done so. The weather washot.
5) would like to have done sth 本打算做某事
Iwould like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.
had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果，意为"本来最好"。
Youhad better have come earlier.
would like；
Would like to do = want to 想要，为固定搭配。
Wouldyou like to go with me?
2）Will you…?Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时，疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
Wouldyou like some cake?
3）否定结构中用will，一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
Won'tyou sit down?
12 ——情态动词的回答方式
问句肯定回答否定回答
Needyou…?Yes, I must.No,I needn't
Mustyou…?/don't have to.
典型例题
1）---Could I borrow your dictionary?
---Yes,of course, you____.
A.might B. will C. can D. should
答案C. could表示委婉的语气，并不为时态。答语中of course，表示肯定的语气，允许某人做某事时，用can和 may来表达，不能用could或might。复习： will 与you连用，用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用，用来提出劝告。
2）---Shall I tell John about it?
---No,you ___. I've told him already.
A.needn't B. wouldn't C. mustn't D. shouldn't
答案A。needn't 不必，不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't不应该。本题为不需要，不必的意思，应用needn't。
3）---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
---______.
A. Idon't B.I won't C. I can't D. I haven't
答案B. will既可当作情态动词，表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心"，本题表示决心，选B。
情态动词在托福写作中的运用
托福的写作中关于情态动词的使用经常存在漏用和误用的情况，而大作文本身就是要求写对某个事物或者现象的评价，所以不可避免要出现带有情态动词的观点句。下面是常见的问题的分析：
首先是情态动词，尤其是Will的漏掉。中国考生受汉语影响，一提到“将来”才会有意识地用will, 实际上will可以表达“能、将、会、要、就”等多种意义。只是涉及到这样的地方很多学员就把这几个词当作虚词忽略掉了，以至于经常出现“观点”与“事实”不分的句子, 如：
Ridingbicycles reduces air pollution.
如果没有情态动词，这个句子就是一个表示目前存在的状态或者事实，而不表示个人对骑自行车的评价。
其它的常见的漏用还体现在与if引导的状语从句一起连用的主句中， so that或者 in order that引导的从句，或者是与without, in case of等介词短语连用的主句，不论条件还是目的都是写作中经常出现的句式。如:
IfI have time tomorrow, I drive to pick you up.
XiaoZhang gets up very early so that he catches the earliest bus to work.
Withoutenough time to stay inside campus, college students don't have time to improvethemselves.
其次是情态动词的误用，主要问题是中国学生在亮观点时对“can”情有独钟，而英式的学风历来讲究严谨，像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词，如：
indulgencein computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观，因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏，但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。
另外一个容易误用的词是should，多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的，
所以用should就有些不太恰当，如：
Totackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisemententerprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.
一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替，
或者是shall，但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号，而表示的是一种情态。
至于must, 因为语气实在强硬，所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：
Tohelp students get better employment, universities must increase the skillfulcourses.
虽然情态动词不是关系是否上6分的语法项目，但也会在一定程度上影响到分数，所以希望能引起足够的重视。
总结：情态动词的难点是情态动词的回答，以及情态动词+现在完成时
上文提到的情态动词的误用，我有点感触，通常，我的文章里面用的基本都是can，语气一般比较绝对，然后我的文章同学们读起来都说我的文章好像是在和人吵架，这个问题大概是中国人的通病吧，以后一定要注意，少用can，多用will、may，might、would probably
Should也容易用错，以后少用should，用to be
Must用be expected todo
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今天的重头戏了
虚拟语气
虚拟语气，在AW中用好了会很抢眼，但是一旦用不好也会影响分数
虚拟语气说好记好用，也真的好几好用，说难也真的很难
呵呵虚拟语气要住的句型很多。记住了就好了
但是对我来说，有个难点版主没有整理，就是混合条件的虚拟语气，这个是困扰我很多年的问题了，一直也有看书，但是就是发现这个问题很难理解。
1．
Were it not for the snowy weather, we all right.
A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be
2. more careful, his ship would not have sunk.
A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been
C. Should the captain be D. If the captain would have been
3. If he me tomorrow, I would let him know.
A. should call B. should not have been able
C. were not able D. are not able
4. If you asked your father you permission.
A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get
5. today, he would get there by Friday.
A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves
6. ______I you, I would go with him to the party.
A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were
7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, ______allpractical value by the time they were finished.
A. could lose B. would have lost C. might lose D. ought to have lost
8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be
9. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you’d think the photograph on the rightwas strange.
A. shouldn’t contact B. didn’t contact C. weren’t to contact D. hadn’tcontacted
10.he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday
A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for
11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I your advice
A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed
12. Had Paul received six more votes in the lastelection, he our chairman now.
A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadn’t contacted
13. If the horse won today, it thirty races in five years.
A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won
14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,_______a sudden loud noise.
A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been
15. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
16. Jean Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-Americanpoetry is his
insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed
C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed
17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible,but I ______
fully occupied the whole of last week.
A. were B. had been C. have been D. was
18. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended
19. If you hadn’t taken such a long time to get dressed, we’d there by now.
A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, soit seems as if the sun ________round the earth.
A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling
21. If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from thepresidency.
A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling
22. I hadn’t expected James to apologize but I hadhoped .
A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. thathe call me
23. George would certainly have attended theproceedings .
A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
24. The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESP.
A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the
C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions forhis
25. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he ______a Chinese.
A. were B. had been C. is D. has been
26. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip a great success.
A. had been B. has been C. were D. was
27. Looking round the town, he felt as though he away for ages.
A. has been B. was C. is D. had been
28. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.
A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift
29. He described the town as if he it himself.
A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees
30. Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claimsuntil
they investigate the situation.
A. do B. don’t C. didn’t D. didn’t do
31. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their naturalparents are, some who have found them wish that they the experience of meeting.
A. hadn’t B. didn’t have had C. hadn’t had D. hadn’t have
32. Without electronic computers, much of today’s advanced technology .
A. will not have been achieved B. have not been achieved
C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved
33. He told her to return the book in time so thatothers a chance to read it .
A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have
34. It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds andanimals.
A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking
35. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he to the meeting.
A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-10 11:32:27
继续昨天的复习吧，今天的计划是语法看完前20编
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲看完5讲
好了现在开始吧，笔记等看完了，再贴上来
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-10 22:58:36
正如版主所讲的，很多情况下定冠词还有零冠词，我都会用错，该用不定冠词的地方用了定冠词，不该用冠词的地方又用了冠词
仔细看了版主总结的资料，发现基本上都是自己知道的，可是在实际运用过程中，还是错误频频，难道是自己眼高手低？
先做题吧：
1．--Does Jim have _______ ruler？
--Yes，he has _______．
A．an；some B．a；one C．a；／ D．any；one
2． _______ apple a day keeps the doctors aw ay．
A．The B．A C．An D．Two
3．--How many books do you have？ --I have _______ book．That's _______ English book．
A．a；an B．a；one C．one；an D．one；one
4．At that time Tom was _______ one-year-old baby．
A．a B．an C．the D．／
5． _______ tiger is _______ China．
A．The；a B．A；the C．The；from D．The；the
6．We can't see _______ sun at _______ night．
A．the；the B．the；／ C．a；／ D．／；／
7． _______ old lady with white hair spoke _______ English well at _______ meeting．
A．An；an；a B．The；／；an C．The；／；a D．The；／；the
8． _______ new bridge has been built over Huangpu River．
A．The；a B．A；／ C．A；the D．An；the
9． _______ woman over there is _______ popular teacher in our school．
A．A；an B．The；a C．The；the D．A；the
10．He used to be _______ teacher but later he turned _______ writer．
A．a；a B．a；the C．／；a D．a；／
11．They made him _______ king．
A．a B．the C．an D．／
12．Does Tom often play _______ football after _______ school？
A．／；／ B．／；the C．the；／ D．a；／
还是有两题做错了，零冠词的用法还是没掌握牢
1.
turn后的名字一般不用冠词
2.
职位称呼前也不用冠
数词
1.Could you tell us how to read the number 18,306,211?
A.eighteen million, three hundred and six thousands, two hundred eleven
B.eighteen million, three hundred and six thousand, two hundred and eleven
C.eighteen millions, three hundred six thousands, two hundreds and eleven
D.eighteen thousand, three hundred and six, two hundred eleven
2.Shakespeare was born in ______。
A.1660s B.1660’s
C.the 1660s D.the 1660’s
3.Bill said they were going to have _____ holiday。
A.a two-weeks’
B.a two-week
C.two weeks’
D.two weeks
4.Over ______ of the articles on education have been published。
A.two thirds
B.two third
C.seconds three
D.seconds third
5.My father left home at about __。
A.six thirty
B.thirty six
C.thirty to six
D.six past thirty
6.We all think that the ______ century will bring us more hopes。
A.twenty-first
B.twentieth-first
C.twenty-one
D.twentieth-one
7.——What’s your room number?
——It’s ______。
A.The 601 Room
B.601 Room
C.The Room 601
D.Room 601
8.______ the students usually surf on the Internet and get information。
A.60 percents of B.60 percent
C.60 percent of D.60 percents
9.Several _______ new books were sold out last week。
A.of thousand B.thousands
C.thousand of D.thousand
10.Which is right?
A.2009, June 25
B.25th June, 2009
C.June 25, 2009
D.June 25st, 2009
11.We have stayed at this school for _______ 。
Which following choice is wrong?
A.two and a half years
B.two years and a half
C.two years and half a year
D.both A and B
从句
从句这个东西是非常重要的，版主说得从句者得天下，这句话还真不错，文章写得好不好，阅读速度快不快都是与从句的熟悉程度有关。仔细读了版主留的资料，有一些已经知道，也有一些已经记忆模糊，还有一些以前不知道的……看来得加强练习，现在先做题吧
1. _____ is known to the world, China’s Liu Xiang became the first Asian in history to win the men’s 110m hurdles at the Olympic Games.
A. That B. Which C. As D. It
2. Living in the Central American desert has its problems, _____ obtaining water is not the least.
A. of which B. for what C. as D. whose
3. I don’t know the reason _____ you were absent from the meeting, but I am sure that someone will tell me the reason _____ you haven’t told me.
A. why; that B. that; why C. because; which D. of which; that
4. When she came back from abroad, Lucy told us about the cities and the people _____ she had visited.
A. that B. who C. where D. which
5. Because of the traffic jam _____ I was caught, I was late for the meeting.
A. by which B. in which C. that D. where
6. There are three things _____ make Sydney famous, its beautiful harbor, the Sydney Harbor Bridge and the Sydney Opera House.
A. what B. that C. when D. where
7. The painter lived more than a decade in Europe, _____ he could be in close touch with other artists.
A. where B. how C. when D. which
8. The soldiers had to sleep in their wet clothes, _____ most uncomfortable.
A. which I think it was B. which I think was
C. which I think D. that I think was
9. The humans are destroying nature day by day, _____ of course, will cause severe punishment from it sooner or later.
A. who B. when C. where D. which
10. He knew the files could be of help to _____ took over the job.
A. whoever B. whomever C. whatever D. whosever
11. _____ China got the second place in the 2004 Olympic Games made the whole nation very excited.
A. Whenever B. Whether C. If D. That
12. An idea occurred to me _____ I might turn to my English teacher for help.
A. which B. that C. where D. when
13. _____ was of little importance.
A. Whether he passed the examination or not B. No matter he might pass the examination
C. He might pass the examination D. What he passed the examination
14. The thick smog covered the whole city. It was _____ a great black blanket had been thrown over it.
A. that B. because C. as if D. even if
15. Word came from Mr. Smith _____ he could arrive on the following Saturday.
A. about which B. that C. whether D. of which
(Keys: CAAAC BABDA DBACB)
从句部分练习题（3）
1. I’ll go to the party with you _____ you don’t wear those strange trousers.
A. on condition that B. as soon as C. as though D. in this case
2. I like the city, but I like the country better _____ I have more friends there.
A. so that B. in that C. so as to D. in order that
3. The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things _____ to teach you the art of learning.
A. than B. rather than C. nor D. as
4. You may use my room as you like, _____ you clean it up afterwards.
A. so far as B. as well as C. as soon as D. so long as
5. I shall take you back to France _____ you are well enough to travel.
A. presently B. quickly C. directly D. at once
6. Let’s talk all this over again _____ we make a final decision.
A. after B. while C. before D. when
7. Mr. Smith wanted to buy the house and he told me that _____ the house cost, it would be _____ it.
A. however; worth B. how much; worth C. whatever; worth D. what; worthy
8. --- Why didn’t you try your best to get on the bus?
--- I tried to, but _____ I could it started moving.
A. until B. when C. before D. after
9. Perhaps _____ most separates the successful people from others is _____ they live on purpose.
A. what; that B. that; what C. that; that D. what; what
10. I had not been reading for half an hour _____ I heard steps outside.
A. when B. that C. while D. as
11. The parents were worried about their daughter because nobody was aware of _____ she had gone.
A. to which B. the place which C. the place D. where
12. --- They don’t have much in their house yet.
---_____ they’re planning to live here only until Bob gets his degree, they don’t want to buy much furniture.
A. While B. Although C. Since D. As far as
13. It was an unforgettable moment that our volleyball team won the gold medal again.
A. that B. which C. when D. while
14. --- Do you know _____ Mr. Black’s address is?
--- He may live at No. 18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street.
A. which B. where C. what D. that
15. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the monkey exactly _____ he wants.
A. what B. which C. when D. that
16. I’ll see you after the show and give you $20 for the tickets, or _____ much they cost.
A. whatever B. whether C. no matter D. however
17. We should be able to do the job for you quickly, _____ you give us all the necessary information.
A. in case of B. provided that C. or else D. as if
18. I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave, _____ something occurred, which attracted my attention.
A. unless B. until C. when D. while
19. Determination is a kind of quality --- and that is _____ it takes to do anything well.
A. that B. which C. why D. what
20. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _____ he can walk correctly and safely.
A. when B. where C. which D. how
21. Many policemen on duty will not be able to spare one minute to watch the football match, _____ they might only be meters away from the action.
A. because B. although C. if D. where
22. After five hours’ drive, they reached _____ they thought was the place they’d been dreaming of.
A. that B. where C. which D. what
23. _____ you keep on trying, I don’t really mind whether you can come out top in your class.
A. So long as B. As soon as C. Once D. The moment
24. There is no doubt _____ China is always trying to keep world peace and is against any war.
A. that B. whether C. if D. when
25. There is a teapot shaped like a Chinese duck, out of _____ mouth tea is supposed to come.
A. which B. that C. its D. whose
[reference keys]
ABDDC CCCAA DBACA DBCDB BDAAD
名词
英语的名词和中国思维中的名字很不一样，应为中国思维中的名词并没有可数和不可数的概念
学习名词最重要的是分清它们是可数还是不可数
填空
1.
A lot of ______deer_____(deer) are eating grass at the foot of the hill.
2.
I think they are ____Tom’s______(Tom) ,not yours.
3.
How many _____people____ (people) are there in your family?
4.
What is the woman carrying? Some ____vegetables_______(vegetable).
5.
I like reading Lu Xun’s _____works_____ (work)
6.
The ____Jacksons______ (Jackson) are coming to dinner with me.
7.
How far is it from your home to your school? Not far. Just five ___minutes’____ (minute) walk.
8.
Do you know how many _____teeth____ (tooth) a person has.
9.
Today is ___children’s_____ (child) Day, boys and girls.
10.
The __young______ (young) should be polite to the ___old_____ (old).
单项选择
1. In autumn __A____ turn yellow.
A. leaves
B. leafs
C. leaf
D. leafes
2 .Linda, I’ve bought several ____A____. Now let’s make the birthday cake.
A. fresh eggs
B. chocolate milk
C. frozen food
D. flour
3. They are ____D_______.
A. Kate and Mary mother
B. Kate and Mary’s mothers
C. Kate and Mary’s mother
D. Kate’s and Mary’s mothers
4. The teacher from American gave us ___C_____ on how to learn English well.
A. an advice
B. some advices
C. some advice
D. a piece of advices
5. Would you like some ___D_____? Yes, please. I’m a little thirsty.
A. bread
B. meat
C. beef
D. orange
1． Mr. Smith always has___B__to tell us.
A. some good pieces of news
B. some pieces of good news
C. some good piece of news
D some piece of good news
2. I’m hungry. Please give me ____C____
A. a bread
B. some breads
C. a piece of bread D. two pieces of breads
3. ___D____ turn yellow in autumn.
A. Leaf
B. Leafs
C. Leave
D. Leaves
4. ----Do you know __A____ man in black?
----Yes. He’s a worker of the car factory.
A. the
B. an
C. a
D.\
5. It’s a good ___B___ to go to the cinema.
A. advice
B. idea
C. information
D. news
6. Lucy put a lot of ___C__ in ______of tea.
A. sugar the two cup
B. sugars the two cups
C. sugar the two cups
D, sugars two cups
7. He had something to write down and asked me for____B___D____.
A. a paper
B. some papers
C. some pieces of papers
D. a piece of paper
8. Father went to his doctor for __B____ about his heart trouble.
A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices
9. ----What can I do for you ?
----I’d like two _B____
A. box of apple
B. boxes of apples
C. box of apples
D. boxes of apple
10. Please pass me _C____
A. two glass of water
B. two glasses of waters
C. two glasses of water
D, two glass water
11. I just can’t see ___B__in playing the game.
A. a lot of funs
B. any fun
C a fun
D many funs
12. she bought her son __A___
A. two pairs of shoes
B. two pairs of shoe
C, two pair of shoe
D. two pair of shoes
13. Tables are made of ___A_ B__
A. wood
B. woods
C. wooden
D. some woods
14.---Can you lend me __C___ money?
----Yes, but only _____ pounds.
A. few little
B. little few C a little a few
D, a few little
15. He is a success as a leader but he hasn’t ___B___ in teaching.
A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D. a lot of experience
16. ___B__is made of ______
A. Glass the glass B. A glass glass C. Glass glass D. A glass a glass
17. There is no __C___ in the bus so we have to wait for another bus.
A. rooms B. a room
C. room D. seats
18. Would you like __B___tea ? No, thanks. I have drunk two _______
A. any; bottles of orange
B. some; bottles of orange
C. may; bottles of oranges
D. few; bottle of oranges
19. You should do more __A___. Don’t always sit at the desk busy doing your ____
A.exercise; exercises B, exercises; exercise C. exercises; exercises D. exercise; exercise
20. What__A__! Where did you get them?
A. big fishB. a big fish C a piece of big fish D. big a fish
21. Have you received ___D___ of his coming ?
A. a word
B. words
C, the word
D. word
22. This is a photo of my aunt when she had ____B__, and now she has a few ______
A. short hair; grey hair B. short hair; grey hairs
B. short hairs; grey hair D. short hairs; grey hairs
23. This table is made of ___D___.
A. many glass
B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass
24. Last night, there was a food accident. Ten __C___ were ill, but no _____ were lost.
A. child, lives
B, children, life
C. children, lives
D. child, life
25. He likes eating __A___
A. pork; tomatoes and rice
B. chickens; potatoes and breads
B. chicken; tomatos and bread
D. beef; pear and cakes
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-11 13:17:38
第三天
明天版主就要布置新的作业了
今天得把第一次的作业没看完的部分都看完
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】还有11章
【SU & SY SO】语法还有20章以后的
然后今天再写一篇issue 17
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-11 16:34:29
第一讲
审题20问，这20问在以前潜水GRE版的时候就看见过了，但是从来没有好好看过，今天仔细看下这20问，套用个时髦的词吧：解构主义，这20问就是对一个题目进行解构。
还有我很怀疑考场上这20个问题能想起来么？而且也没那么多时间做这样的工作吧，这20问只适合于考场下，不限时作文，和写提纲时用。
1.What does X mean? (Definition)
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)
这20问的工作和李笑来博客上的“找例子玩”很类似，他也是对题目进行解构，然后写提纲
第二讲 Coping with Writing Anxiety
写作焦虑麽?
呵呵，现在我好像也有噢，现在非常担心自己的AW考不好，这是不是写作焦虑呢？呵呵，看了一下版主列举的方法，好像对自己还是没啥用，写essay的时候该不会写的还是不会写啊！
我是不是该调整自己的心态呢? 答案应该是一定的
第三讲
对于神经性写作便秘的症状介绍及治疗建议
呵呵，准备AW时，一个题目我写不好了，通常我就会多放它两天，然后再写，有的时候也有作用，因为这两天里我会查些资料读一读
这个是不是也是一种治疗建议呢？其实很多时候我们写不出来东西，是因为我们根本就对题目所讲的东西一无所知，或者是，知道一些但不系统
举个例子吧，issue里面有个题目是讲实用主义与理想主义的，我想这两个概念大家基本上都会懂一点吧，但是真要我们来说，大部分人基本上都不知道该怎么说起，更别提用啥马斯洛的需求层次理论来套用了，所以这个时候我们就要去查一些资料，然后看看别人是怎么形容实用主义和理想主义的，特别是一些比喻，这个时候学到了，再自己的issue里用自己的话再写一遍那样的比喻，会使自己的issue更加生动
呵呵，还有大家对issue17应该会觉得特别难下手写，但是如果大家都懂一点《正义论》，就会觉得这个题目不是那么难（这个题目我一直觉得很难，没敢下手写，正义论，我看了一点译者的序言，觉得思辨性太强了，不是我一个工科学生可以掌握的书，放弃了，希望大牛去看看，然后写出好的issue17）
第四讲
start to write
呵呵，让我在写issue前问自己一遍写作的目的? 我没目的啊，就是想杀了该杀千刀的ETS
用啥去杀呢？用Issue和Argument
呵呵，写提纲真的还是很有作用的，即便是只有主题句的提纲
第五讲 Writing With Computers
无他，熟悉键盘，熟悉盲打吧，这个得靠练习，
还有要想在计算机上写得快，单词熟悉是必须的
其实，我觉得前面五讲都是bullshit，即便是版主一直说是为了做好准备，大家都是练
Aw的，时间我想都有限，谁能一步一步按2-5讲的东西坐下来？
这5讲也就是审题20问有用点吧，其他的都是有点让人分散注意的东西
第六讲 主题句
1.主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．
公式：
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis
2.如何写出好的主题句？
Contrasts (of perspectives of sources) 对比，考虑流行和反对观点
·
Although newspapers at the time claimed ……, the most significant cause/explanation/reason, etc. is ……
·
While Sb. and Sb. maintains that ................, more accurately/importantly, etc, # 2's position is the stronger one. (Substitute "most historians" for So and So and the appropriate person or view or source for #2.)
Perception versus reality; 感觉与现实
·
Although Turner himself may have believed X, the real causes were Y and Z
Good versus bad reasons:
·
Historians generally list six reasons as the cause for X, but among these are four that are valid and two that are not.
Cause and Effect: 因果关系
·
Certainly, X was the cause and Y was its effect, but between the two are two other factors of equal importance.
·
Separately the causes would have not necessarily led to a rampage; however, together their effect was inevitably murderous.
·
Although the effects of the rampage were . . ., the causes were understandable/justifiable/inevitable.
·
The more important effects of Nat Turner's rebellion went beyond those of the local rampage.
Challenge:质疑，否定
·
Nat Turner's rebellion not a righteous response to the injustice of slavery; it was motivated purely by disturbing psychological issues.
3. 主题示例
A strong thesis takes some sort of stand.明确表明立场！
There are some negative and positive aspects to the Banana Herb Tea Supplement.
This is a weak thesis. First, it fails to take a stand. Second, the phrase “negative and positive aspects” is vague.
Because Banana Herb Tea Supplement promotes rapid weight loss that results in the loss of muscle and lean body mass, it poses a potential danger to customers.
This is a strong thesis because it takes a stand.
A strong thesis justifies discussion.留给大家质疑和讨论的余地．
My family is an extended family.
This is a weak thesis because it states an observation. Your reader won’t be able to tell the point of the statement, and will probably stop reading.
While most American families would view consanguineal marriage as a threat to the nuclear family structure, many Iranian families, like my own, believe that these marriages help reinforce kinship ties in an extended family.
This is a strong thesis because it shows how your experience contradicts a widely-accepted view. A good strategy for creating a strong thesis is to show that the topic is controversial. Readers will be interested in reading the rest of the essay to see how you support your point.
A strong thesis expresses one main idea.表达一个主要观点
Companies need to exploit the marketing potential of the Internet, and web pages can provide both advertising and customer support.
This is a weak thesis statement because the reader can’t decide whether the paper is about marketing on the Internet or web pages. To revise the thesis, the relationship between the two ideas needs to become clearer. One way to revise the thesis would be to write:
Because the Internet is filled with tremendous marketing potential, companies should exploit this potential by using web pages that offer both advertising and customer support.
This is a strong thesis because it shows that the two ideas are related. Hint: a great many clear and engaging thesis statements contain words like “because,” “since,” “so,” “although,” “unless,” and “however.”
A strong thesis statement is specific.具体而不抽象
World hunger has many causes and effects.
This is a weak thesis statement for two major reasons. First, “world hunger” can’t be discussed thoroughly in five or ten pages. Second, "many causes and effects" is vague. You should be able to identify specific causes and effects. A revised thesis might look like this:
Hunger persists in Appalachia because jobs are scarce and farming in the infertile soil is rarely profitable.
This is a strong thesis because it narrows the subject to a more specific and manageable topic and it also identifies the specific causes for the existence of hunger.
第七讲
Topic Sentences and Signposting
Topic Sentences
1.Complex sentences.
（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）
2.Questions
3. Bridge sentences.
4. Pivots.
The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence (how?) that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.
Signposts
Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next.
It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance. Arrival of a Train explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.
The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.
第八讲
段落间的关系
一
IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods -Results – Discussion
这个顺序不就是写论文的顺序么？
二、如何处理复杂顺序：
1.“W”法：Answering Questions
"What?"
The first question to anticipate from a reader is "what": What evidence shows that the phenomenon described by your thesis is true?
it shouldn't take up much more than a third (often much less) of your finished essay.
If it does, the essay will lack balance and may read as mere summary or description.
"How?"
A reader will also want to know whether the claims of the thesis are true in all cases. The corresponding question is "how": How does the thesis stand up to the challenge of a counter-argument? How does the introduction of new material—a new way of looking at the evidence, another set of sources—affect the claims you're making?
"Why?"
Your reader will also want to know what's at stake in your claim: Why does your interpretation of a phenomenon matter to anyone beside you? This question addresses the larger implications of your thesis.
2.
文章地图法：Mapping an Essay
Essay maps ask you to predict where your reader will expect background information, counter-argument, close analysis of a primary source, or a turn to secondary source material.
Try making your map like this:
*
State your thesis in a sentence or two,
and then write another sentence saying why it's important to make that claim. Indicate, in other words, what a reader might learn by exploring the claim with you. Here you're anticipating your answer to the "why" question that you'll eventually flesh out in your conclusion.
*
Begin your next sentence like this: "To be convinced by my claim, the first thing a reader needs to know is . . ." Then say why that's the first thing a reader needs to know, and name one or two items of evidence you think will make the case. This will start you off on answering the "what" question. (Alternately, you may find that the first thing your reader needs to know is some background information.)
*
Begin each of the following sentences like this: "The next thing my reader needs to know is . . ." Once again, say why, and name some evidence. Continue until you've mapped out your essay.
Your map should naturally take you through some preliminary answers to the basic questions of what, how, and why.
第九讲 段落内部的关系
一、段落的组成结构：
１．The topic sentence:
有两个作用：首先它实际上是你本段话题的Thesis,起到和全文的Thesis一样的作用。其次，它是全文的Thesis的进一步的推广和具体化；一般来说，TS总是在文章的开头的第一或者第二句话，很少可以见到在文章的最后出现，并且最好不要这样使用！
２．Supporting evidence/analysis:
由论据和论证组成，为了合理的论证观点TS.必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
３．The conclusion(observation):
结论句总是在文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！结论句除了总结上文的论述，还要在此总结上做好向下一个分论点的过度。
一个段落的句子最少由5个句子组成
二、段内句子连接：
注意三个原则：
l
Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
l
Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
l
Connection－适当的连接句子
（一）
利用逻辑连接词连接段落
Connective words that describe relationships:
ALSO | HOWEVER | ALTHOUGH |
INCIDENTALLY | THEREFORE | BESIDES |
LIKEWISE | THUS | MEANWHILE |
MOREOVER | USUALLY | FURTHERMORE |
NEXT | WHATEVER | GENERALLY |
YET | ACCORDINGLY | NEVERTHELESS |
INSTEAD | IN CONTRAST | FOR EXAMPLE |
Connectives that give a sense of time:
FIRST
| SECONDLY
|
FINALLY
| NOW
|
ONCE
| WHEN
|
ULTIMATELY
| EVENTUALLY
|
LASTLY
| LATER
|
MEANWHILE
| PREVIOUSLY
|
THEN
| SOON
|
FORMERLY
| SOMETIMES
|
Other Connective phrases:
TO BEGIN WITH
| ON THE OTHER HAND
|
IN BRIEF
| IN GENERAL
|
IN SUMMARY
| MORE SPECIFICALLY
|
INSTEAD OF
| IN ADDITION TO
|
IN OTHER WORDS
| ANOTHER WAY TO
|
FOR THE SAME REASON
| NO MATTER WHAT
|
SUCH A
| THAT'S WHAT (WHY)
|
IN FACT
| WHAT'S MORE
|
IN THE SAME WAY
| ON THE CONTRARY
|
CONVERSELY
| AS A RESULT
|
SUMMING UP
| IF SO / NOT
|
（二）
利用强调词
useful intensives:
ESPECIALLY
| AS MUCH AS
| EVEN IF/THOUGH
|
INCREASINGLY
| BY FAR
| SO...THAT
|
MORE IMPORTANTLY
| HIGHLY
| ONLY
|
PARTICULARLY
| IN FACT
| VERY
|
SIGNIFICANTLY
| QUITE
| SUCH
|
MOST
| UNIQUE
| AT ALL
|
ABOVE ALL
| INDEED
| IN ANY CASE
|
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-11 16:35:22
第十讲
如何有效论证
1．
如何使用论据论证？
（１）
Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.
（２）
Present evidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) it and therefore strengthen your position
（３）
Use sources against each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing your proposition
（４）
Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim. Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence
In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your paragraph(为了使这些论据流畅的结合在一起，应该：)
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim
Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
6) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?
第十一讲
Writing a Conclusion
A conclusion should
- stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
- give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
- leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）
Strategies
- Echoing the introduction: （呼应开头）Echoing your introduction can be a good strategy if it is meant to bring the reader full-circle. If you begin by describing a scenario, you can end with the same scenario as proof that your essay was helpful in creating a new understanding.
Example
Introduction
From the parking lot, I could see the towers of the castle of the Magic Kingdom standing stately against the blue sky. To the right, the tall peak of The Matterhorn rose even higher. From the left, I could hear the jungle sounds of Adventure
land. As I entered the gate, Main Street stretched before me with its quaint shops evoking an old-fashioned small town so charming it could never have existed. I was entranced. Disneyland may have been built for children, but it brings out the child in adults.
Conclusion
I thought I would spend a few hours at Disneyland, but here I was at 1:00 A.M., closing time, leaving the front gates with the now dark towers of the Magic Kingdom behind me. I could see tired children, toddling along and struggling to keep their eyes open as best they could. Others slept in their parents' arms as we waited for the parking lot tram that would take us to our cars. My forty-year-old feet ached, and I felt a bit sad to think that in a couple of days I would be leaving California, my vacation over, to go back to my desk. But then I smiled to think that for at least a day I felt ten years old again.（划线部分都是和前面呼应的部分）
- Challenging the reader:（挑战读者的思维） By issuing a challenge to your readers, you are helping them to redirect the information in the paper, and they may apply it to their own lives.
Example
Though serving on a jury is not only a civic responsibility but also an interesting experience, many people still view jury duty as a chore that interrupts their jobs and the routine of their daily lives. However, juries are part of America's attempt to be a free and just society. Thus, jury duty challenges us to be interested and responsible citizens.
- Looking to the future:（展望未来） Looking to the future can emphasize the importance of your paper or redirect the readers' thought process. It may help them apply the new information to their lives or see things more globally.
Example
Without well-qualified teachers, schools are little more than buildings and equipment. If higher-paying careers continue to attract the best and the brightest students, there will not only be a shortage of teachers, but the teachers available may not have the best qualifications. Our youth will suffer. And when youth suffers, the future suffers.（好段落！）
- Posing questions:（提出问题） Posing questions, either to your readers or in general, may help your readers gain a new perspective on the topic, which they may not have held before reading your conclusion. It may also bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning.
Example
Campaign advertisements should help us understand the candidate's qualifications and positions on the issues. Instead, most tell us what a boob or knave the opposing candidate is, or they present general images of the candidate as a family person or God-fearing American. Do such advertisements contribute to creating an informed electorate or a people who choose political leaders the same way they choose soft drinks and soap?
第十二讲
Conciseness
这个主要是要注意一些比较Chinglish 的用法，呵呵比说我们说的“异与同”英文中就一个词difference
呵呵，wordy只中式英文之鉴里面有详细的介绍
第13-15讲
Proofreading
这个没啥好讲的，一定要注意格式，以及语法
第16讲
Metaphors
比喻是我比较喜欢的一种论证方法，这种方法用好了，文章就会特别生动，而不像大多数同学的作文结构：主题句+例证+总结
Creative ways to use metaphors
Most books give rather boring examples of metaphors such as my father is a bear or the librarian was a beast. However, in your poetry (and fiction for that matter) you can do much more than say X is Y, like an algebraic formula. Definitely play with extended metaphors (see above) and experiment with some of the following, using metaphors...
as verbs | The news that ignited his face snuffed out her smile. |
as adjectives and adverbs | Her carnivorous pencil carved up Susan's devotion. |
as prepositional phrases | The doctor inspected the rash with a vulture's eye. |
as appositives or modifiers | On the sidewalk was yesterday's paper, an ink-stained sponge. |
Examples
Scratching at the window with claws of pine, the wind wants in. | Imogene Bolls, "Coyote Wind" |
What a thrill--my thumb instead of an onion. The top quite gone except for a sort of hinge of skin....A celebration this is. Out of a gap a million soldiers run, redcoats every one. | Sylvia Plath, "Cut" |
The clouds were low and hairy in the skies, like locks blown forward in the gleam of eyes. | Robert Frost, "Once by the Pacific" |
Little boys lie still, awake wondering, wondering delicate little boxes of dust. | James Wright, "The Undermining of the Defense Economy" |
呵呵，版主给的比喻的介绍，虽然不是我需要的，但是还是很有用
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-11 16:37:43
Issue17也写完了，贴这里有人帮忙看么？
有人要帮忙看的话，我就贴出来，没人的话，留着自己先改吧
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-12 13:06:24
今天版主说要布置新的作业，不过现在还没布置
那我安排下今天的计划吧，先写Issue180
一会发上来
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-12 13:16:26
本帖最后由 hugesea 于 2009-11-12 13:24 编辑
180 "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by lawsand the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."
I tend to agree with the above statement that laws and legalsystem, sometimes, are not effective in solving some social problems because moral behavior cannot be legislated. Meanwhile, I would like to emphasize thatthere also are some problems which cannot be dealt with by laws, but at thesame time, have little connection with morality.
First of all, when we say that “moral behavior cannot belegislated”, we are not being absolute, what we really mean is that not allmoral codes can be translated into laws: some can but some cannot. In terms oftheir relationships with people, laws are the codes of people’s conduct whichare used to regulate people’s behaviors and have a direct effect on people’s behaviors,while morality refers to an ideal code of belief which cares about people’s thoughts and ideas, and so that moral sensehas an indirect effect on people’s actions. Laws and morality both ensure that people behave well, and therefore they come to overlap to some extent. For example,“not to kill” is not only a legal requirement but also a moral requirement.Also, “good faith and fair trade” are both moral and legal requirements in businesses. As a result, when laws overlap with some moral codes, such codesare established as laws.
Although morality and laws have mutual contact, however, theyare departure from each other under some circumstance. Different from laws, which only regulate people’s behaviors, morality cares about not only people’s conduct, but also that state of their minds like thoughts, ideas,sentiments, and beliefs. Just because of the different characteristics of objects of laws and morality, they come to become departure from each other.That is, some moral codes, which cannot be legislated, would maintain therelative distance from laws and remain in the realm of morality. If someone commits an offense against such moral codes, they should not be punished by the law but be condemned by the morality.
More specifically, in real life, there exist many human actions which are linked with morality and out of control of the law. In term of such a behavior when someone sees a person in mortal danger but does not even lift a finger to savethat person, it is undoubted an action that closely link with the morality, and generally speaking, such a behavior is usually refused by public morality. Can we sue such a behavior? The answer is no. Let’s take euthanasia as another example: it has already raised many ethical problems between doctors, patients,and the family of patients in many countries, but it seems there are no legal solutions to deal with such problems. That is, these kinds of actions are so closely linked to a bunch of moral codes that they can only be regulated by morality, and such moral codes cannot be translated into laws. As a result,these morality binding behaviors cannot be solved by laws and legal system.
Inaddition, if we have a full-spectrum of laws and legal system study, we would find that law does not merely solve moral problems. Law is also supposed to solve problems and tasks in many aspects, such as political problems, economic problems, cultural problems, and so on. Thus, the function of law is in many ways, and legal issues cannot all be equated with the moralones. For example, the guiding theory of the traffic laws is effectiveness andconvenience rather than moral beliefs. If there occur some problems which cannot be solved by the traffic laws in effect at the time, it might be not because moral behavior cannot be legislated but because of the inadequacies in the traffic laws.
In conclusion, law and morality beget, complement, and depart from each other. The law is the confirmation of a generally accepted social morality,but not the confirmation of all the social morality. For those immoral behaviors, we cannot make such a hasty conclusion that they are all lawbreaking actions. Some may be lawbreaking behaviors, which can be punished by the law,while some may not be lawbreaking and such behaviors can only be condemned by moral standards. Meanwhile, there exist some laws which have little connection with society morality.[/code]
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-13 00:56:45
今天的 任务，如果斑竹还没布置任务的话
写完：issue 26，issue176，
单词看4个list
如果布置了任务，就加上斑竹布置的任务
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-14 13:20:26
今天的任务Issue 13，Issue17
Argument 143的分析
呵呵，昨天的Issue26，感觉很好写，可是写下来，怎么也没表达出我想说的
看来还是提纲不好，驾驭语言的能力没达到啊，
呵呵，issue176，倒是感觉不错，呵呵，毕竟可以举得例子是在是很多
若版主能有机会帮我改改就太好了
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-15 15:31:26
昨天的任务没完成
只写完了issue17，但是issue13没写完，
想法太多了
我很想写 let the dying language die....
但是逻辑一直没有理顺，因为让步段，我得承认保护语言的重要，
但是后面我又得否认，因为历史的发展有其自身的规律，人为地干预也许适得其反
我还是觉得issue13很难写的，看了一些版主提供的资料，也看了一些以前的同志写的文章（呵呵，大部分我觉得逻辑不好，汗，别打我）
都是说要保护，我想谢谢不要保护，该做的是保存
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-16 21:22:57
呵呵，issue13真的不太好写，比较抽象
还在该issue13
同时今天大概看了一下awintro,呵呵，翻译它可是一个大工程啊
翻译了两页今天
看看后面，还有20多页，oh，MY GOD
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-17 21:56:24
呵呵，今天考虑了个好写点的issue，issue16，说好写是因为例子多
但是得找个好的逻辑，要不一样没思想
呵呵，没写完，明天接着写，
翻译还在继续
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-19 18:08:21
呵呵；issue16，13都写完了，不过没人改，
我还是先自己改改吧，等以后有人愿意帮忙改了再拿出来
今天再写issue119和26，26已经写完，119想出了一个大概的提纲
现在我发现了一个很重要的问题：就是我的提纲的逻辑有的时候显得会很绕（我一个同学的语言），不知道该怎么解决
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-20 20:04:24
今天的作业，第四次任务的第一部分，前10篇argument的阅读以及读后感
见附件
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-21 22:28:15
本帖最后由 hugesea 于 2009-11-21 22:29 编辑
今天的任务是第四次作业的第二部分 也就是给的argument的11-20
附件就是
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-21 22:41:52
本帖最后由 hugesea 于 2009-11-27 20:56 编辑
[attach]136211[/attach]第三次作业 awintro的部分翻译
翻译的磕磕绊绊的，也没那么多的时间翻译，这只是部分，有时间我慢慢补全吧
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-22 18:25:34
第四次作业的第三部分 21-30篇argument
看完了这30篇argument，感触最深的就是一定要注意单复数一致的问题，argument的写作时态的问题倒不是很大了，因为大家都用的是现代时态
还有，就是句子结构和拼写的问题
呵呵，这些都是血的教训，要注意
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-26 00:34:28
本帖最后由 hugesea 于 2009-11-26 21:49 编辑
argument的开头应该怎么写？要不要像北美一样来个general restatement？最近很纠结这个
imong的帖子给了我很大的启发
https://bbs.gter.net/showthread.php?s=&threadid=134092
在一本参考书中我也看到这样的表述
Analyzing an Argument in Six Paragraphs
Ever see one of those carpets with footsteps on it that dance instructors use to show novices
the steps necessary to dance like Fred Astaire? Think of the following sections as steps on a
carpet that can lead you to a good Analyze an Argument essay.
Paragraph one
The first paragraph states your analysis of the argument — whether you’re in extreme agreement
or disagreement. Like a good debater, your argument essay isn’t necessarily your
personal opinion. In the Analyze an Argument essay, you analyze, as the name implies, the
strengths or weaknesses of the given argument.
Suppose the passage argues that putting a 25-cent tax on every bottle and can will provide an
incentive for consumers to recycle bottles and cans and thus cut down on waste. Here’s a
good opening line: “This author’s statement that a tax on bottles and cans will cut down on
their waste is unsupported by evidence and is illogical given current recycling parameters
set by the government and consumer behavior.”
Continue the first paragraph by telling why, in your opinion, the argument is incorrect.
Perhaps the author gives no facts or statistics to buttress his argument but appears to base
it on unsound assumptions. Maybe the author argues from a personal point of view and
doesn’t address the broader concerns. Or perhaps the author assumes an ideal state that
society hasn’t yet reached.
We suggest that you have a grab bag of several refutations ready before you even get to the
exam. The preceding examples are good; you can always attack a writer’s source of facts or
personal biases (although, as mentioned earlier in this chapter, you don’t want to attack the
writer himself). Think of several tactics that you use to shoot down an argument when you
debate with friends (writing is easier if you use what comes naturally) and have them handy.
Paragraphs two, three, and four
Your second, third, and fourth paragraphs address each assumption that you believe the
author makes. If the author assumes that a financial incentive is more important than any
other type of incentive, say so and then either support or refute that assumption. If the
author makes the assumption that people won’t do what’s right unless a law tells them to
do so, state that assumption and then argue for or against it.
Paragraph five
In the fifth paragraph, provide possible counterexamples, flaws in the author’s reasoning. If
the author says that a tax of 25 cents per can and bottle would double the recycling rate, cite
a situation in which increased taxes on bottles and cans haven’t led to a significant increase in
recycling. If the author states that people want to do the right thing but need a financial incentive,
refute that argument by saying that a tax would have to be so large as to be prohibitive.
Even if you believe the author’s argument is fundamentally sound and you support it, you
should still be able to show the GRE evaluator that you can recognize that others may think
flaws exist in the argument. Try something like this: “Although some people who hear this
proposal may think that it is flawed due to the difficulty of passing any law, it is, in fact, feasible
to have such laws passed on a smaller, more local scale. . . .”
Don’t fall into your own trap. If you argue that the writer’s assumption is based on personal
logic, unsupported by facts, be sure that your refutation isn’t based on personal logic, unsupported
by facts. The last thing you need to do is point out the author’s weakness and then
make the reader chuckle as he marks you down for having the exact same weakness.
Paragraph six
In the final paragraph, give your conclusions. Once again, say whether the author makes a
valid point or is just wasting everyone’s time and briefly reiterate your reasons for thinking so.
If you can’t think of a different way to write the material in the last paragraph so it’s different
than the first paragraph, skip the last paragraph. You don’t want to parrot the first paragraph
entirely. Instead, you want to summarize your writing, which doesn’t involve repeating what
you said earlier. Either put a new, neatly packaged slant on the material, or eliminate this
paragraph entirely.
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-26 00:41:54
Analyze an Argument
The following appeared in an in-house memo sent from a marketing director to the editorial
department of a television news station.
“Our research shows that when the news director comes on screen at the end of the
newscast to present his perspective on an issue, many viewers switch stations or turn
off the television entirely. Besides losing viewers, which lowers our ability to charge top
dollar for advertising spots, we are wasting extra time that we could be filling with more
ads. In addition, people tell us that they feel editorials are best read in the newspaper,
not heard on television. Therefore, we recommend stopping all editorials at the ends of
newscasts.”
第一段：
The marketing director concludes that the news station should stop all editorials because
viewership decreases when the news director presents his perspective on an issue at the end
of the newscast. The memo argues that when people don’t watch the end of the newscast,
the station loses advertising revenue.
第二段：
The conclusion is based on a number of questionable assumptions.（我觉得这句好最好放在
第一段） First, the director recommendsthat the station stop all editorials at the end of
newscasts because people are turningoff what is currently offered. By proposing that the
station eliminate all editorials, the memo assumes that viewers would not watch any kind of
editorial. It could be that viewers simply don’t like the news director or are turned off by the
“perspective on an issue” format.
第三段：
Second, the director claims that the time devoted to the current editorial could be sold to
advertisers. He assumes, then, that people who turn off the television or switch stations
when the news director comes on will not do so when an advertisement comes on in the editorial’s
place. If viewers stop watching the station when they know the news is over, they will
probably do the same when commercials come on instead of the editorial. When advertisers
find out that people are not watching their commercials, they will pay the station less.
第四段：
Third, the director notes that people tell the station’s marketing team that editorials are best
read in the newspaper, not heard on television. As with any survey, this finding assumes that
the people who are saying these things are representative of the larger population. In other
words, the marketing department assumes that these “people” are representative of the station’s
viewers. The memo is vague about the identity of these people. Perhaps they are not
viewers at all and, therefore, cannot be used to represent the television viewing audience.
The director also fails to mention how numerous these people are and does not include any
information about how many people may have expressed the opposite opinion to the marketing
team. An analogous situation: Just because some people support a political candidate
does not mean that others don’t prefer somebody else. In addition, the people who said that
editorials are best read in the newspaper could have been people who are more oriented
towards reading and writing. There is a good chance that these people wrote letters to the
station. If station employees had called viewers during the newscast, they may have received
many responses claiming that editorials are better to watch on TV than read.
第五段：
Finally, that director bases his argument on making money for the news station. This proposal
assumes that the purpose of a news station is to make money. The editorials may not generate
as much advertising revenue as other television presentations would, but the editorials are
better to include if one assumes that the purpose of a news station is to inform viewers and
stimulate their thinking.
第六段：结尾
To improve the argument, the news director needs to address the above issues. He needs evidence
that shows that viewers would turn off any kind of editorial at the end of the newscast.
He also needs to demonstrate that viewers would watch advertisements after the presentation
of news. He should also clarify how the marketing team received the comments about editorials
in newspapers. Ideally, the director should show that such comments were generated
by a scientific survey of people who actually watch the news station. The director should also
articulate that the primary aim of the news station is to attract viewers and generate revenue
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-26 00:48:41
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-920961-1-1.html
irvine666也有一篇详诉argument开头的帖子，转过来，免得找不到了
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-26 00:51:45
本帖最后由 hugesea 于 2009-11-26 00:58 编辑
Compose a Brief Introductory Paragraph
Now that you’ve planned your essay, you have to compose it. Don’t waste time
repeating the quoted Argument; the reader is already familiar with it and is interested
in your critique, not your transcribing skills. Here are the three things you should try to
accomplish in your initial paragraph:
1.Identify the Argument’s final conclusion.
2.Describe briefly the Argument’s line of reasoning and evidence in support of its
conclusion.
3.Allude generally to the problems with the Argument’s line of reasoning and use of
evidence.
You can probably accomplish all three task in two or three sentences. Here’s a concise
introductory paragraph of a response to Argument Statement 1:
Introductory Paragraph (Argument Statement 1)
Citing a general demographic trend and certain evidence about two other
hair salons, the manager of UpperCuts (UC) concludes here that UC should
relocate from suburban to downtown Apton in order to attract more customers
and, in turn, improve its profitability. However, the manager’s argument relies on a series
of unproven assumptions and is therefore unconvincing as it stands.
Because your introductory sentences are the least important component of your essay,
you may want to consider holding off on composing the introduction until you’ve
completed your critique of the Argument. If you do this, and you start to run out of
time for your introduction, begin your essay with a sentence like one of the following
two, then delve right into your first point of critique—without a paragraph break:
This argument suffers from numerous flaws which, considered together,
render the conclusion that UpperCuts should relocate to downtown Apton
untenable. One such flaw involves . . . .
I find the argument for moving UpperCuts salon downtown specious at best,
because it relies on a series of unproven, and doubtful, assumptions. One
such assumption is that . . .
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-26 01:43:49
追星剑：
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=203735&highlight=
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-26 16:26:00
本帖最后由 hugesea 于 2009-11-26 16:28 编辑
Argument的展开和组织：实例范文详细点评
https://bbs.gter.net/viewthread.php?tid=199905&extra=&page=1
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-27 08:46:19
本帖最后由 hugesea 于 2009-12-12 21:09 编辑
补的第二次作业，链过来
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1034177-1-1.html
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1040431-1-1.html
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-27 20:44:13
呵呵：）今天還在補作業，Issue 13，我很想寫let dying language die in peace.
想法太多，一致沒整理出好的思路來，等寫完了放上來
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-11-28 21:45:31
今天的备考日志
今天没做啥别的事情，
同类型的Argument 写了3篇，argument 9，211，238
呵呵，要是有人愿意改的话，更贴，我会贴出来的
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-6 23:59:42
最近一直在练习些argument
今天写了4篇
10，169，45，207
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-7 19:02:27
今天还是在准备Argument
写了，186，241，150，51等四篇
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-8 20:07:05
argument 203, 240, 26,57四篇
越写越找不到感觉
刚刚看了下前几天写的argument45，本来觉得题目已经读的很熟了，但是argument读起来去那么拗口
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-8 20:08:02
嗯？为啥我这几天的帖子都没了？还一直发不上来啊
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-8 20:08:38
1号到今天的都没了，啥回事啊
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-10 10:49:47
昨天的日记忘记写了，今天补上
昨天还是在复习argument，写了一篇argument 57
今天准备把所有的作业都完成
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-10 10:50:19
怎么我的帖子老是发不出来?
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-10 17:34:15
今天的日记：写完了argument
补了作业 issue13（未完成。明日可以完成）
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-11 22:06:00
今天的复习日志：
开始一遍蓝宝书：list 1
argument 109，这篇好难啊，想了半天，没写够字数
不知道该咋写了
issue63，找了些资料
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-12 20:15:58
今天的任务，终于完成了issue 13了，太难写了，基本上就没例子可以列举
还有蓝宝书list 2，并复习list1
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-12 21:13:00
怎么搞的？
刚刚发的今天的日志帖子还是看不到啊
重新补发一次吧：
今天的任务，issue 13（已完成）
argument 156（已完成）
单词蓝宝书第3遍：list 2 （已完成）
复习list1（已完成）
阅读 草木版主的阅读难度帖子：第一篇 （已完成）
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-13 21:16:56
今天有事，所以今天就只看了蓝宝书的list 3，并复习了list 2
argument和issue都没看，郁闷
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-14 12:50:15
今天的任务，argument109，167，166，168
Issue49， 50
蓝宝书 4
复习1，3
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-15 23:17:26
不知道今天我发了复习日志没有，因为我发的新帖我看不见
要是发了，这个就算是重复的，要是没发，那这个正好是今天的日志
蓝宝书 list 5，6
复习list 3，4
陈向东的数学，今天看了关于函数的那一章，并做完了这章所有的题目
然后在书店买了一本《译艺--英汉双向笔译》，看了其中一篇关于写日常生活的议论文
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-19 01:16:58
昨天的计划是：蓝宝书list 9， 10
并复习list7，8
list3，4
argument准备高频40-50的思路，写了提纲
issue高频45的提纲
昨天忘记发了，今天补上
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-19 01:19:41
今天的任务是：蓝宝书list11，12
复习list9，10
list5，6
list1，2
argument高频50-60的思路即提纲
issue40-44的思路及提纲
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-19 01:29:29
昨天的comment
关于global warming
So far, it has been the most interesting scene in the 21st century that the climate change issue has actually turned into pretext for tumultuous stakeholders of the world to carve up the world’s benefits which are expected to crystallize in the next a few decades. No matter how it looks like a question of economics or technologies, climate change issue is all about politics. When it comes to the threat of climate change, every country becomes the spokesperson of justice; however, when it comes to the means of prevent global warming, every country stands by, shamefaced, and downat-heel. A conference which is supposed to save our planet has become bargaining.
It might not be able to achieve a consensual agreement during the Copenhagen summit. But, I still hope that Copenhagen can bring us more hope for humanity, for the future, for everyone. Let’s turn Copenhagen into Hopenhagen.
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-19 23:38:16
今天的任务：由于昨天的人物没有完成，今天的任务依然是昨天的任务的延续
依然是蓝宝书list 11，12
list 9，10
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-20 18:11:53
The Sino-American relationship has been described as the world's most important bilateral relationship of the 21st century. Here, i'm not going to talk much about this relationship.
What I want to figure out is that why the West (at least the press) is so fearful about the rising of China. Those whose visions are rooted in Despair can only see a zero-sum game. One country’s rise can only be achieved by another country’s fall. I can’t disagree more.
Here are some fallacies excerpted from recent headlines:
Is China’s currency manipulation continuing to damage the American economy?
How much has China’s military modernization lessen US security in the Pacific?
Is China’s hogging up global energy supplies driving the price we pay at the pump to new heights?
Will China’s economic growth continue to erode American job security?
As a Chinese, not a day goes by that I don’t get stuck-in-the-eye by pieces of anti-China rhetoric in the west press.In fact, China’s rapid modernization is a cause for joy, not just for our Chinese citizens, but for people all over the world.
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-24 10:36:09
郁闷，出差了3天，今天才回来
又有3天的日志没写
郁闷，希望以后不要出差了
今天的人物，蓝宝书，复习list 1-10
argument，机经前60-80，熟悉题目，找逻辑错误
issue 机经前60-70，熟悉题目
作者: pluka 时间: 2009-12-24 23:11:39
同行，握手！
你的进度好快………………我的题库还没开始…………泪
作者: aladdin.ivy 时间: 2009-12-24 23:24:15
LZ加油补作业~！
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-25 14:14:46
53# aladdin.ivy
呵呵，我会加油补齐作业的
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-25 14:15:25
同行，握手！
你的进度好快………………我的题库还没开始…………泪
pluka 发表于 2009-12-24 23:11 
呵呵，我以前就看过一些题库的
所以现在看到50了
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-25 14:17:23
呵呵，看来心还是不能太高啊，昨天的任务又没完成，现在的进度太慢了
呵呵，昨天的题库没能过完
今天的任务还是补作业以及昨天的题库
现在发现了一个问题，我的打字速度也很成问题，主要是准确率不高啊
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-27 09:40:56
昨天的任务又忘了写了
昨天的任务，单词list1-10
argument 机经70-80
issue65-70
熟悉题目
还有完成comments
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-27 19:49:23
今天的任务
comment
单词list11-13
argument75-80
issue60-65
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-29 20:06:24
昨天的日志又忘了写了，今天补上
任务：蓝宝书。list13.14
复习 list 9-12
argument 109.小组讨论出了提纲
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-29 20:07:02
今天的任务，argument 164，165
蓝宝书，14，15
list 12，13
作者: hugesea 时间: 2009-12-30 20:50:55
赶快更新日志
今天的任务：单词。list 14，15
argument 166，167，168，169
issue 17
作者: AdelineShen 时间: 2009-12-31 14:47:48
来看看hugesea，嘿嘿加油↖(^ω^)↗你们小组怎么安排任务的呢？
作者: pluka 时间: 2010-1-1 12:19:17
新年快乐~
来赞巨海，看的书好多哦~学习学习
作者: hugesea 时间: 2010-1-4 22:26:30
62# AdelineShen
呵呵：）
安排任务啊，现在都是按机经
作者: hugesea 时间: 2010-1-4 22:27:23
新年快乐~
来赞巨海，看的书好多哦~学习学习
pluka 发表于 2010-1-1 12:19
晕，我也没看很多书的说，都是囫囵吞枣
实用主义的，选择性的看的
作者: hugesea 时间: 2010-1-4 22:29:01
呵呵，几天的元旦过得真实失败，
有个朋友从美国回来了
白天都得陪他跑动跑西的
只有玩上能看看论坛的说
任务也没咋安排
自己的计划也就是看看自己以前写的东西，以及复习单词
从明天去得加码了
作者: hugesea 时间: 2010-1-7 20:21:36
大家千万不要感冒，
感冒了几天，昏昏沉沉的
嗯，不过这几天的任务就是弯成了comment
还有argument题目的熟悉
作者: 哭泣的百合 时间: 2010-1-8 11:10:00
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
作者: hugesea 时间: 2010-1-19 13:29:00
本帖最后由 hugesea 于 2010-1-19 14:08 编辑
Issue 125 The past is no predictor of the future.
The past is no predictor of the future. The reason is that we can hardly know about the past, and our attitude towards the future is often absurd.
The task to know the past is always given to people living at present, who are to different degrees separated from what is to be known: people who died and things that happened many years or centuries ago. This change in space and time causes the task to be physically unrealistic.
Well, we are told that we have many means for knowing about the past. Among these the most valued is history--works printed in concrete paper or recorded in tapes, carefully preserved in libraries. However, it is in history that we find the worst untruth about the past. A well known saying tells us why: History lies. Also well known is why and how history comes to possess the power to tell lies about the past. First, it is for people who have the greatest need to tell lies to write history-- the rich and powerful. Secondly, such people have the very means to lie: their power and money. Then you find what history really is: history is largely about these people, and history itself is a book of lies. And we never lack evidence for this evaluation of history. The most convenient evidence is that there are always different versions of the same part of history,which indicate that either all of them are lying,or part some of them are.
Also, people living at this moment, who are responsible for telling the future, are to blame. Their trouble is that virtually every of them are interest-blind. And it is out of this blindness that all of us are trying to know about the past. Then it is only too natural that we will have vastly different pictures about the past even if we have referred to the same version of history. Well, what is the matter with us? The answer: Prejudice is. First we are prejudiced about ourselves. Then we are prejudiced about our ancestors. And, consequently, our knowledge about the past is full of prejudice-- a concrete from falsehood.
Ignorant and prejudiced about that past, it is only too natural that our attitude towards the future is not reasonable. And, this time it is the human nature that is the matter: it is human for every one to believe that the future will be on his side, and on the side of his side. Accordingly, we hear these every day: my future is bright,the future of my family is bright, and the future of my political party, of my nation, of this side of the world-- they are all bright. On the other hand, the future of other people, of other nations, of the other side of the world, will be dark. Finally, when every one proves wrong about the future, you hear this lovely excuse: It is humane to err. In short, whenever we think of the future, our reason will be going to dogs, and pure imagination takes its place.
For all these reason, either we can hardly know about the past, or our knowledge about it is just a dirty mixture of untruth and imagination. So ignorant about the past, and so absurd about the future, we can never tell the latter in advance. Indeed, the past is never the predictor of the future.
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