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标题: 1006G prettywraith备考日记——胜利在于坚持 [打印本页]
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-8 13:32:35 标题: 1006G prettywraith备考日记——胜利在于坚持
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-13 10:03 编辑
励志宣言：选择“下岗”来考GRE面临很大的压力，但是为了和心爱的人远赴重洋，这又算什么！
借孙中山先生的名言与寄托的朋友共勉：吾志所向，一往无前，愈挫愈奋，久久为功，胜利在于坚持！
训练目标：AW4.0以上
第一天写感想，简单总结一下自己最近的复习进度：
1，蓝宝看过一遍了，在复习第二遍，在总结意群。
2，作文刚开始不久，刚把作文电子书2.0过完一遍，练习了两个issue和argument 感觉问题比较大啊，字数不够，语言单调，内容不饱满。参考范文修改中。
同时在积累各种素材。
参加小组原因：一起复习比较有动力吧，而且可以相互讨论，互相鼓励，要比自己复习效率高。
只是还剩下7天补作业，不知道时间够不够，努力吧！
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-8 13:34:55
留位给版主
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-8 23:38:50
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-28 10:45 编辑
第一次作业
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
20个问题感觉读起来比较抽象，找个topic(例如：”51, Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.")试一下，记住这20个要经常使用才可以。另外这20个问题包含了一部分记叙文或说明文的内容。Issue是议论文，所以针对考试的话，记住ETS官方那7个问题应该就够用了。
下面以Issue51为例，回答一下这几个问题：
1，Education designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each students.
2，A, need more teachers; B, each one has different study contents; C, each one studies alone
3，Know each student; Make a study plans for everyone; Modify the plan with student feedback.
4, 5, same as 3
6, Provide students personal education service for their needs.
7, Some students feel being ignored in traditional education; Or they do not be used to traditional study pace
8, Improve student records and give them better education
9,Private teaching, private class for a few people;
10, Comparing to traditional education, the private teach lack opportunity to teach students how to compete and collaborate with others.
11, none
12, It is useful complementary education way for whole education system.
13, none
14, none
15,none
16,Disagree with the statement.
17,none
18,Same as 12
19,Same as 2
20,Same as 10
补充：看一下关于20问草木的Q&A， 非常有助于使用20问。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-8 23:42:30
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-4 16:10 编辑
第一次作业
最近又将之前的这些东西重新看了一遍，尤其有些细节，耐心读一下还是很有收获的，当然也有疑惑。
阅读笔记：
【Fundamental Course of Writing】基础写作每日一讲（2）Writing Anxiety
【Fundamental Course of Writing】基础写作每日一讲（3）Writer's Block
文章提到的问题有些自己经常遇到。文中的方法很好，有些自己以前也知道，只是总想不起来用。以后经常翻看一下，可以督促自己有意识的使用。
I always come cross these problems: “I feel anxious about English writing”, “I feel too nervous, when I join in tests”, “I often have trouble getting started”.
文中针对这几个问题给出了应对办法，他们共同特点就是开始动手去写，写点什么，这样总会好些。
我给自己的建议是，多模仿一下好的文章，或者背诵几篇好文章。再经过练习形成自己的套路，习惯有时是克服紧张的好方法。
另外自己还存在考试规定时间内无法写够字数的问题。这个自己还在摸索如何解决。
【Fundamental Course of Writing】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write
Instead of traditional way, the author suggests: 1, figure out your purpose of writing; 2, think how to achieve this purpose; 3, start the ideas flowing (such as brainstorm, Role Pretend, and fresh analogies); 4, take a rest and let it all percolate; 5, refine your whole ideas; 6, diagram your major points somehow (outline, tree, or mind map); 7, write a first draft.
【Fundamental Course of Writing】基础写作每日一讲（5）Writing With Computers
This passage only introduces some application techniques of using computers, for making our writing more efficient. I have applied some of them, and others may be used in future. And each people has own habit of using computers, and find the one suit for you.
Planning— free writing, writing an e-mail message, make a outline, planning visually, keeping a journal;
Drafting— creating a scrap file, splitting screens, adding notes（资料收集我是分几类进行的）；
Organizing— mixing up the order of paragraphs or sentences（好方法）, checking your outline, staying on topic in every paragraph（非常重要）
Revising— starting at the beginning of the file（注意开头不要轻易修改）, renaming a file, saving copiers of material to cut and paste, print out hard copies to read, resisting the neat appearance of a printout（作者的意思是不是要舍得下手去修改？）, using page or print view to check paragraphs（感觉作者的意思像是要避免各段参差不齐，或者是不能过长或过短）, highlighting sentence length（敲回车，让每句话一行，来观察句子的长度。很好的方法。只是不清楚除了句式需要多样化，句子长度的多样话有什么要求？）;
Editing and Proofreading— using online tools（常见错误感觉Word就够用了；synonym可以用一些词典软件来查）, changing the appearance of key features of your writing（整篇文章我见到的最棒的方法）, editing on hard copy（可以Word的修订功能，最后可以打出来读一读，审查一下结构，请别人帮忙看一下）.
注：http://owl.english.purdue.edu/网站不错。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-9 09:46:54
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-9 22:22 编辑
第一次作业
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement
收获：
1, 明确thesis和topic sentence的区别
2, thesis 一般出现在口头的的最后一两句话
3, thesis statement可以是以下几种形式：an opinion, a policy proposal, an evaluation, a cause-and-effect statement, or an interpretation
4, 好的thesis的特点（表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路），及不好thesis的特点（不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清）。前者比较好理解，后面说的空话，废话，大话感觉不太好把握。后面介绍的“world hunger”例子可以帮助说明这部分。
拿自己写的topic51的thesis应用一下：
Obviously, if people were educated with personal plan and their interests were considered in their learning process, it would be a terrific situation in the world. But this ideal idea is too difficult to accomplish until now. Moreover, it is not the "only" way that education becomes effective.
1,没吸引读者思考
2,无so what问题
3,无绝对论调
4,引导一部分的分段主题
5,主题不太容易被展开
6,位置是对的
按照文中介绍的方式修改
"Does the way designed to meet each person's needs is the only effective method of education"? The answer may be “Probably not”. Besides, it is even less effective than traditional education in terms of collaboration and competition.
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-9 18:40:17
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-9 22:23 编辑
第一次作业
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
讲了topic sentence 和signpost作用和使用方法
Topic sentence 作用：
1, 介绍段落主旨
2,阐述了各段落和文章中心的关系，以及它对文章中心重要的原因
形式及使用：
1,位置不固定，有在段落首部，有在中间，根据实际需要来定；
2,长度多位2-3句话；
3,形式多为：complex sentences, questions, bridge sentences, pivots
Signpost作用：
主要是承接转和的作用，衔接上一部分内容，为介绍文章的下面内容起到一个连接作用。同时体现了文章整体的一个逻辑顺序。
位置不固定，有在段落首部，有在中间，根据实际需要来定；
形式以后多读一些后再总结。
topic sentence 和signpost 平时的写作自己没有注意过，所以写的文章自己检查一些，有些事没有清晰地topic sentence的，实际上这是比较严重的问题。
【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）-（11）
（8）段落逻辑顺序问题
关于段落顺序，文章帮忙总结的很好了，我自己的总结都不知道该说点啥了。
这个自己平时写作也是没有注意的问题，对待issue的逻辑顺序一般是，一个开头，一个结尾，中间三段平行论据和论证。
对于权重排序这样的逻辑顺序，个人觉得更好些，尤其是考试的时候比较容易让人读懂，尤其是4，3，1，2，5这种，中间作为衔接过渡，两边重点讨论，这样可以最大化吸引读者注意。
此外是如果是讨论两个A，B对立观点，做Issue时，我可能会逐条讨论，比如关于一个问题，A同意，B不同意，为什么以及合理性，讨论完以后再讨论下一个。
另外逻辑顺序来讨论也比较不错。不过以我目前的水平很容把人写糊涂，主要是语言的问题。感觉语言达到一定层次用这个应该好些。
（9）段落内部的关系
收获：
1,段落作用：通过合理的逻辑顺序告诉读者一个和thesis相关的独立观点，其中不要有无关的细节。
2, “段落的结构和整体文章的结构是一致的，段落组织联系的关系就和文章是一样的”:这个要求感觉不太理解，这里段落结构式只段间结构还是段内结构？
3,段落组成结构：the topic sentence, supporting evidence/analysis（必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡，这句话抽象了点，怎么才算平衡？）, The conclusion(observation)
4,段落内容基本原则：Orient your reader to the subject, Tie your ideas together, Take it easy through technically dense passages(???), Arrange your ideas in a logical sequence
实现方法：Use orienting words and phrases, let the new amplify the old(我怎么感觉应该是the old amplify the new), add explanatory words and phrases.
5,段内句子连接：use connective words or phrases, try to have a word or phrase somewhere in each sentence that refers to something in a previous sentence, use intensives.
这些连接词，我的问题主要是用的不恰当，而且有时候用的太多。
练习：
Here is an exercise to give you practice linking your ideas together. Add connectives, intensives (from the lists above, or make up your own) and repeated words to the following sentences to make a coherent paragraph:
• Global Airlines carried three-million passengers last year.
• They expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada.
• The new DC-12 aircraft proved more fuel-efficient than the older 737's.
• Older, unprofitable routes were dropped.
• Passengers seem to like on-time flights and automatic ticketing.
• Only one-million passengers flew Global two years ago.
• Their record has been accident-free since 1950.
• Global planes have averaged 80-percent full last year.
• Profits were up 60 percent, in spite of increased fuel costs.
改写后：
Global Airlines carried three-million passengers and its profits were up 60 percent in last year, in spite of increased fuel costs and it only has one million passengers two years ago. The increasing profits and the number of passengers is due to the company’s serious managements and brilliant competition strategies. As a result of effective managements, such as automatic ticketing and review policy of checking airplane, most of flights are on-time except for weather causes, while their record has been accident-free since 1950. Thus, more passengers were attracted by its secure and efficiency. Until last year, Global planes have averaged 80-percent full. Besides, Global Airlines expanded their routes into the Pacific Northwest and Canada, cut down older, unprofitable routes, and get rid of the older 737 with the new DC-12 aircraft which proved more fuel-efficient than 737. In this way, the airlines raise the passengers number and save costs. There, by its managements and competition strategy, the airlines accomplished its bonus.
（10）如何有效论证？
这块也是自己的弱点，以前都是稀里糊涂的写了。文章这几条写的比较凝练，直接列出来了。另外最后的几个问题修改作文的时候，可以对比一下。
1,Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.——单刀直入
2,Present evidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) it and therefore strengthen your position——欲擒故纵
3,Use sources against each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing your proposition——坐山观虎斗
4,Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim. ——狐假虎威
另外需要注意如何使论据和论证流畅的结合在一起：
o State your claim.
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim.
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim
（11）怎么写结论段？
对conclusion的要求：
1,stress the importance of the thesis statement, （可以通过讽刺，幽默相反观点等方式）
2,give the essay a sense of completeness
3,leave a final impression on the reader.（这个有点难办）
结尾的建议：这几点没有例子比较抽象，有些感觉平时使用过，比如强调文章重要性，综合全面观点，升华文章观点，其中Create a new meaning和redirect 他和reader没使用过，以后练习的时候再慢慢体会。
结尾的策略：结合这部分看上面建议就具体很多。
Echoing the introduction （经常用）
Challenging the reader目的是redirect the readers
Looking to the future（经常用）
Posing questions听说过，没用过
应该避免的问题：文中说的这几条问题除了“不能情绪化和感情化”那条，其他自己几乎全犯过，大忌啊，以后要小心了。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-9 22:20:01
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-9 22:24 编辑
第一次作业
【Fundamental Course of Writting】基础写作每日一讲（12）Conciseness
本来字数不够还要eliminate比较残忍啊，没办法为了去米国，考AW就得对自己“狠”一点。
1,Eliminate unnecessary determiners （限定词）and modifiers（修饰语）
2, Change phrases into single words
这个毛病经常犯的，主要是驾驭词汇的能力比较弱。修改作文的时候要有意识的注意这方面问题。
3, Change unnecessary that, who, and which clauses into phrases
同上，自己也常写这样的句子。
感觉2，3的特点就是能用抽象形容词或专属修饰词的就不要用介词短语和从句。
4, Avoid overusing expletives （填充词还是虚词）at the beginning of sentences
这种句子自己也比较常写， it is （个人感觉如果这里表强调的话，这么用是没什么的），there is 这类的。
5. Use active rather than passive verbs
如果是写paper的话，我记得好像是尽量使用被动和第三人称。
6. Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs
7. Reword unnecessary infinitive phrases（不定式短语）
8. Replace circumlocutions（累赘的陈述） with direct expressions
9. Omit words that explain the obvious or provide excessive detail
10. Omit repetitive wording
redundant pairs and redundant categories
【Fundamental Course of Writting】基础写作每日一讲（13）-（15）Proofreading
1,逗号问题
复合句的逗号问题，实际这个和“动连词规律”基本吻合的，多一个连词引导的从句加一个逗号，多一个插入语也要加逗号，如果多一个没有连词引导的从句则需要加上分号或者句号。
2,修改自己的习作之前隔一段时间（所谓的衣橱效应），文章中建议是5分钟，具体时间自己调整；
3,留出足够的时间修改
4,大声读自己写的文章
5,角色互换
6,请其他人帮忙修改；此外自己的修改的时候要有一套适合自己的修改方法，每次抓主要问题
7,先检查单词拼写（不要过于依赖word的纠错功能）；
8,检查句子，是否有主题句，主从句的问题，
9,动词，主谓是否一致，时态问题
10,代词，是否是有效指代，单复数是否对，所有格是否正确
11,检查段落结构是否合理：分三步Diagnosis, Analysis, Revision
Diagnosis：
1,标出没句话的关键部分，除去一些修饰词；
2,如果如时间，从句的也标出来
Analysis：
1,读这些部分，看逻辑是否连贯
2,读者是否也能看到这种联系
3,判断每段的中心思想
4,为文章想一个题目。题目可以用来确定这些句子哪些是主题句
Revision：
参考前面几篇文章介绍写作手法
【Fundamental Course of Writting】基础写作每日一讲（16）Metaphors
这个是高难度技术动作啊，尤其用在GRE的这种限时议论文中！先认真学习再说。
1,metaphor的定义，以前一直以为是“隐喻”，看完定义，觉得“比喻”更合适些。各种metaphor的相关修饰概念。
2,使用metaphor的原因：
They enliven ordinary language.——使文章更有文采
They are generous to readers and listeners; they encourage interpretation.——把问题说得更通俗易懂
They are more efficient and economical than ordinary language; they give maximum meaning with a minimum of words. ——使语言更简洁
They create new meanings; they allow you to write about feelings, thoughts, things, experiences, etc. for which there are no easy words; they are necessary.——使语言和表达更丰富
They are a sign of genius.——牛人的标志啊，好好学吧！
3,创造性使用比喻的方法：文章总结了四种，感觉类似汉语中的通感，拟人之类的东西。不过用英文写就困难了。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 00:08:55
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-10 11:14 编辑
第一次作业
语法部分
拿出了自己尘封多年的语法宝典，尽管和作业的顺序不一样，内容大多还是相通的。
今天主要是复习主谓一致，把题做了一遍，改错，做笔记。然后还复习了情态动词，冠词，不定冠词。
笔记稍后整理出来。
一，主谓一致
把握下面三条原则再记住一些特殊情况，主谓一致问题就差不多。
1） 语法形式上要一致，即单复数形式与谓语要一致。
2） 意义上要一致，即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。
3） 就近原则，即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语，一般来说，不可数名词用动词单数，可数名词复数用动词复数。（有些特殊引导词either…or之类，需注意）
做错的题目：
The iron and steel industry __(is/are) very important to our life.
Either you or she __(is/are)to go.
He as well as I __(want/wants) to go boating.
There __(is/are)something wrong with my watch.
Three weeks __(was/were)allowed for making the necessary preparations.
The majority of the students__(like/ likes) English.
Many a person __(has/have) read the novel. 许多人都读过这本书。
Ten years is quite a long time. （V / X）
The twentieth lesson and last lesson is very easy for students. （V / X）
Half of the students have finished most of the work. The rest of it is very difficult. （V / X）
后面5道附加练习题答案是：A，B，D，A，D
总结一下自己出问题的几个知识点：
1.由and连接的并列主语表示同一概念时，只有一个定冠词the，谓语动词用单数，表示不同的概念时谓语动词用复数。
2.就近原则：neither…nor…/either…or…/not only…but also…/not…but…/there be之后的并列主语
3.表示时间、距离、金钱、重量、数量等名词的复数作主语时看作一个整体，谓语动词要用单数。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 12:12:33
第一次作业
二，情态动词
总结一下：
1情态动词特征：有意义但没人称和数的变化；表将来时，虚拟语气，否定和疑问。
2全情态动词：shall，will，can，may，must，其中can 和be able to，may和might，have to和must的比较文章介绍的呢绒基本够用了。
3半情态动词：need，dare，used to do
4情态动词的词组：would like to do，had better do，等
5情态动词特殊用法：
(1)表推测：对现在的推测（肯定，否定），对过去事实的推测
(2)表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
三，冠词，数词
冠词：
1a和an的区别
2不定冠词和定冠词最大区别：泛指和特指
3定冠词的用法——十几条记下来
4不用冠词的情况
5冠词的位置：记一下和so，as，such，quite，half，twice等词一起使用时的搭配
数词：
自己容易出错的几类：
1时间的时代表示：1980s
2 four——forty——fourth
eight——eighth
nine——ninth——nineteenth
twelve——twelfth
3数次不可以复数，计数词后不能加“s”，但是数词和of连用时，可以加“s”
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 17:21:13
第一次作业
四，虚拟语气
1虚拟语气的动词形式
时态\动词形式 从句 主句
现在时 过去时were would/ should / could +动词原形
过去时 过去完成时had+过去分词 would/could/ could +have done
将来时 (1)过去时were；(2)were to do；
(3)should do would/could/ could +动词原形
2虚拟语气的特殊句型
(1)If引导的条件状语从句
(2) wish（that）从句
(3) as if , as though引导的从句
(4) It is high time that+虚拟语气
(5) but for, without引导的从句
(6)特殊动词引导的宾语从句，以及特殊形容词所限制的主语从句，特殊名词后接的同位从句，这些从句要用虚拟语气。
这些以动词为例有：insist, demand, suggest, propose, order, require, decide, ask, request, command等表示命令、建议、要求、愿望的词
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 17:23:15
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-10 17:24 编辑
第一次作业
五，倒装
1,倒装的目的，这个我查了很多国内网站，没有很清晰地说法。我自己认为较正确列出来，作为记录，方便以后学习和总结。
(1)由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装（说白了就是表达习惯）,
(2)由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装：表示强调，承上启下，制造悬念,渲染气氛，平衡结构（是不是就是造成结构上的参差错落？），使描写生动。
2倒装定义及种类：
倒装(Inversion)是一种语法手段,用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种比较固定的结构加以颠倒。
倒装有两种:
将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来,叫做完全倒装(Complete Inversion)。如:In came a man with a white beard.
只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前,叫做部分倒装(Partial Inversion)。如Only once was John late to class.
3常见需要倒装的情况：
否定副词置于句首（not only）；
only+状语置于句首；
表“也..”,“也不…”的固定结构要倒装；
地点副词置于句首；
虚拟语气省略if的倒装；
让步状语从句的倒装。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 18:55:53
第一次作业
六，从句
句法很重要。句子部分在自己的语法笔记中占了三分之一。时间空间有限不在这里唠叨了，结合文章把句子主要的内容总结如下：
1首先搞清楚5大句型，主谓，主系表，主谓宾，主谓+间接宾语+直接宾语，主谓+宾语+宾语补足语
2简单句也要了解，陈述句，祈使句，感叹句，疑问句，反义疑问句
3并列句，复合句的一种
4开始从句了，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。
5宾语从句：
宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。连词that常可省略（除了that连词还有很多比如what，which，when，where，whose，甚至包括ever等等）。
宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。
在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。——写这种句子的时候要小心这个问题。
6同位语从句:
引导词有whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等。常见的先行名词有fact,idea,belief,news,hope,conclusion,evidence,suggestion,order,problem,report,decision.
注意：有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
7定语从句：
这个平时用的最多。
注意两个地方：一个是“非限制性定语从句”；一个是“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
8状语从句：
目的状语，条件状语，伴随状语，地点状语，方式状语等等。挑主要的学习并模仿。
作者: cinderella1016 时间: 2009-12-10 19:00:05
第一次作业
五，倒装
1,倒装的目的，这个我查了很多国内网站，没有很清晰地说法。我自己认为较正确列出来，作为记录，方便以后学习和总结。
(1)由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装（说白了就是表达习惯）,
(2)由于修 ...
prettywraith 发表于 2009-12-10 17:23 
为什么那么依赖网站呢~
去查语法书啊~
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 19:51:46
现在手头就一本toefl语法和以前记得语法笔记。
楼上说的对，过于依赖网站了，有空得去图书馆转转了。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 19:53:46
第一次作业
七，名词
1名词这部分自己把GRE词汇分了一下类；疑问：像“alchemy 炼金术，appellation 名称，ally 同盟”这类单词是属于哪类名词？
2名词数的变化
O结尾的比较容易混，要注意
a. 加s，如： photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos；
b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes
c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes
看cicialice同学的学习笔记有这样的表述：“记得原来的老师总结过的规律是：字母个数是奇数的加s，是偶数的就加es”，为求证此事特点上网搜索，http://words-that-end-in-o.wordover.com/e/，上面都是以“o”结尾的单词。找到这样两个单词不符合上述原则，一个是negro，复数是negroes；一个是kangaroo，复数是kangaroos
那这类问题怎么记会省事点呢，我是参考网友的方法。加es的少，先记下来，我知道到有这四个，可以这么记“黑人英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿”，里面的黑人（negro）英雄（hero）土豆（potato）西红柿（tomato）复数都加es。
3名词的格
4难点，主谓一致前面复习过了，其他容易混淆的词汇只能多背了。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 19:54:41
第一次作业
八，代词
1代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
2人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、
"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化
如：He is my friend.
3物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种。
如： I like his car.
Our school is here，and theirs is there.
4指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。
如： That is a good idea.
5表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为"反身代词"。
如： She was talking to herself.
6表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有each other 和one another两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。
如： They love each other.
7不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody， something，no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。
如： Do you have a car?-
8疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）
如：Tell me who he is.
9关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。
如： He is the man whom you have been looking for.
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 19:56:56
第一次作业
九，动词的时态
1这部分我是这样理解的：
基本分为：现在和过去，通过时间状语和上下文语境来判断
三个分支：根据动词本身特点来划分，分为将来，进行，一般和完成。
基本和分支相互组合就是我们常见的这几种时态。
2判断该使用何种时态时进行如下步骤：
(1) 判断是现在还是过去
(2) 根据动词本身特点判断是将来，进行，还是一般和完成
(3) 区别一般和完成
十，连词
1“连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。”——注意连词和谓语动词之间的关系，前面在“逗号”那部分已经提到过。
2并列连词，经常用的，不过要注意and和or的区别
3转折和对比：but，while
4因果关系：for，therefore，yet
十一，动词、动词、语态
动词语法中的核心。
1分类，除了文中的分类，按照动词在句子中的语法作用，分为谓语动词和非谓语动词
2系动词，终止系动词我还是第一次看到，学习了。
3助动词一般和情态动词一起，区分功能上的不同
4非谓语动词，这部分内容是很丰富的，什么非谓语做插入状语，定语等
语态
1语态表示句子主语和谓语动词之间的关系
怎样找动词的主语：一般先看与动词相连的在动词前的名词和代词，如果没有任何关系，再看它与句首名词或代词的关系。
2被动态：基本形式 be done（get done），如：be used to，get used to 习惯于做某事
被动态一定加在整个动词（词组）的任何形式的最后，如：have been being done
3使用被动态题应注意的几个基本问题
(1)所有接宾补时省略to的使役动词（如：make，have，let）和感观动词（如：watch）变成被动态时要把to加上。
He was seen to enter the room.
Someone saw him enter the room
(2)被动语态中的谓动如由动词词组构成，一定不要忽略词组中的介词。
These children were taken very good care of （take care of very good 也对，但那样出题会降低做题的难度）
(3)判断及物不及物动词，可以使用如下方法(一般可以这样)：
用what/who do you ~？看能否译通
4特殊情况
不使用被动语态的情况
主动形式表示被动意义
被动形式表主动意义
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 21:37:24
第一次作业
十二，动词不定式、分词、动名词
1不定式作宾语，主要是前面要有一些特定的动词，具体形式如下：
1) 动词+ 不定式
2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
2不定式作补语，同样是和一些特定的动词一起搭配使用的：
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
3) to be +形容词
4)there be+不定式 ——这部分文章中举得例子对不上
3不定式作主语，作定语，作状语，作表语；
4特殊用法
不定式的特殊句型too…to…
不定式的特殊句型so as to
不定式的特殊句型Why not
5分词可以作的成分：补语，定语，状语，表语，插入语
6注意“连词+分词”这种特殊应用形式，我个人理解是一种省略主语和谓语的形式。
7分词的时态和语态
8注意动名词和现在分词的一些区别
其中包括动名词只能作主语，宾语，和表语，
作表语时，现在分词表达的含义有主动的含义，比如“令人…”，“使人…”，而动名词只是表示动作正在进行。
十三，独立主格、特殊词
这部分内容接触较少。
1疑问：
名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系——这种怎么叫主谓关系？不是只有动词可以作谓语？
2表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。——我原来一直把它当伴随状语用
3这几个特殊词高考的时候背考了好多遍了，重新拿来复习一下。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-10 23:36:21
第一次作业
1 4 Active and Passive Voice
1, In a sentence using active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.
2, Active voice is used for most non-scientific writing. Using active voice for the majority of your sentences makes your meaning clear for readers, and keeps the sentences from becoming too complicated or wordy. ——这是说active voice好处
Even in scientific writing, too much use of passive voice can cloud the meaning of your sentences.——这句话映证了以前写paper老师的要求，但是他这里又强调了不用太多的用被动语态否则会“cloud”
3, In a sentence using passive voice, the subject is acted upon; he or she receives the action expressed by the verb. The agent performing the action may appear in a "by the..." phrase or may be omitted.
4,下面又说了为什么应避免使用passive voice，和什么时候使用passive voice后面介绍了如何识别passive voice
5,介绍了如何 Changing Passive to Active Voice
6,最后使用passive和active的建议以及他们了使用者什么样的心情
15 Apostrophe and Hyphens
1,apostrophe(也就是“’”号)的三个作用：to form possessives of nouns ;to show the omission of letters; to indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters
2 ,to form possessives of nouns：介绍了什么时候用“’s”，什么时候用“’”——应该就是名词复数以s结尾的就用“’”，其他都用“’s”
3, to show the omission of letters——就是如何简写吧，但是GRE貌似要求全部写出来。
4, to indicate certain plurals of lowercase letters：这个用法以前没注意，要小心
5,hyphens(连字符“-”)，文章列举了8个公认的使用连字符的情况。对于何时去掉连字符不是太清楚，比如文中提到：semi-independent (but semiconscious),semi这个前缀很多次都是连到一起的比如semisweet，也有这样写的semi-sweet，估计是习惯问题。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-11 10:10:36
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-11 19:07 编辑
第一次作业
16Parallel Structure
1类似汉语的排比句，不同的地方是这里提到了排比词，排比短语；
2无论是排比什么，用到这种“排山倒海”写法时候，注意并列成分的一致性，以及语气的一致性，也就是要用不定式，就都要用不定式，要用主动语态就都是主动语态。
3冒号后面的成分主要要保持“平行结构”；
4校正方法：先找and和or；看连接的成分是否平行；读这些成分看是否“顺口”。
17Commas
文中介绍了如何正确使用逗号，前面的文章提到过，只是没有这个这么详细，时间原因略过这部分了。
18Dangling Modifiers
1不清楚dangling modifier 该怎么翻译，总之文中说这就是一种描述不清的一种修饰。文中举了大量的例子，都是现在分词作状语，和主句主语引起歧义的例子。
2对于这类情况文中提出现在修改方法：
一个是修改主句的主语；
另外一个是将从句改为简单的陈述语句；
最后就是将两个句子合并。
19Capital Letters
大写字母，平时经常见到很少总结。文中提到一些情况自己从来都没有注意到过。而且lghscu的学习笔记内容丰富啊，列了很多专有名词的背景知识。
自己以前不知道的需要大写的情况：
4 Family relationships (when used as proper names)
5 The names of God, specific deities, religious figures, and holy books
6 Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names
7 Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections of the country, but not as compass directions)
13 Periods and events (but not century numbers)
15 Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from specific things but are now general types)
20Spelling
1,自己常搞混的几个词：
affect
v. 影响——effect
n. 影响； v.引起，实现
conscience n. 良心—— conscious adj.意识到
2,后面的两个规则说明，第一个exception太多了，还不如全记下来；第二“-ible”和“-able”的比较有效的。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-11 10:11:04
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-12 18:34 编辑
第一次作业
21-25
21 HOCs LOCs
1, 主要学习了什么是Higher Order Concerns，什么是Lower Order Concerns；
大多情况下应优先处理HOCs问题，但是在文章开始处一些LOCs的问题也应该引起足够重视
2, HOCs包括以下内容：
Thesis or focus
Audience and purpose
Organization
Development
这些内容在GRE官方AW说明中都提到过，尤其是audience and purpose还单列出来进行说明。所以上述4方面内容在写作过程中也要引起足够的重视。
3, LOCs包括：sentence structure, punctuation, word choice, spelling等，这些都是基本功，只能靠平时多积累了。
22 Sentence Clarity
1, 如何使句子清晰易懂，文中提了几种措施：
(1) Go from old to new information
(2) Transitional words
(3) Be careful about placement of subordinate clauses
(4) Use active voice
(5) Use parallel constructions
(6) Avoid noun strings——少用连续的名词修饰，尽量动词搭配名词
(7) Avoid overusing noun forms of verbs——尽量避免表动作的抽象名词的使用，而直接使用动词
(8) Avoid multiple negatives
(9) Choose action verbs over forms of be
(10) Avoid unclear pronoun references
2, sentence fragment 应该就是指句子成分残缺，一般是缺主语，或者是缺谓语。修改方法很多，合并句子，添加主语或谓语等等。
23 Relative Pronouns
1,关系代词的介绍——文中介绍的和自己以前学的语法内容有所出入，这里把that, who, whom, whose, which, where, when, 和 why都归为关系代词。我以前学习的是关系代词是“that, who, whom，which”，其他是关系副词和关系形容词。这个内容需要再进一步查证。
2,文中介绍了定义性从句和非定义性从句的特点，以及他们之间的区别。
3,各种句子的标点符号，复杂句，简单句以及复合句等等。
24 Punctuation
讲的是标点的用法，前面提到多次这方面内容，主要是comma的用法。这里几乎平时能用到的标点都介绍了一遍。以下这几种是自己以前不太清楚的：
(1) 冒号的使用，常常是两句话，为了强调后一句话，而是用冒号。我一直以为是用来解释说明的。
(2) Parentheses are used to emphasize content. They place more emphasis on the enclosed content than commas. Use parentheses to set off nonessential material, such as dates, clarifying information, or sources, from a sentence.——依然是强调
(3) Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses. ashes are used to set off or emphasize the content enclosed within dashes or the content that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis on this content than parentheses.——依然是强调，只是强调程度的不同
(4) Underlining and Italics are often used interchangeably. Before word-processing programs were widely available, writers would underline certain words to indicate to publishers to italicize whatever was underlined. Although the general trend has been moving toward italicizing instead of underlining, you should remain consistent with your choice throughout your paper. To be safe, you could check with your teacher to find out which he/she prefers. Italicize the titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic journals, films, television shows, long poems, plays of three or more acts, operas, musical albums, works of art, websites, and individual trains, planes, or ships.——这个比较少用，说实话也不太敢用，一般使用引号。
25 A versus An
在辅音因素前用a，在元音因素前用an。文中列举了几个容易混淆的例子：
·an honorable peace
·an honest error
·a union
·a united front
·a unicorn
·a used napkin
·a U.S. ship
·a one-legged man
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-11 19:08:36
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-13 00:17 编辑
第一次作业
26-30
26 Use Articles
如何使用冠词，前面已经学过了，重新复习一下。
1,a和an的区别学过了
2,定冠词和不定冠词最大区别就是一个是特指，一个是泛指。此外针对可数与不可数名词有些特殊的含义。比如如果是表类别的话，不可数名词表一类什么的时候前面不加冠词，只有可数名词需要加冠词来表类别。
3,表示地理的等相关词汇需要用“the”
4,表语言，运动，和学科的词之前不需要加冠词。
27 Non & Count Nouns
1,文中主要介绍了可数（普通名词和集合名词）和不可数名词（物质名词和抽象名词）具体应用，比如和形容的搭配，其中注意a little bite of 是要搭配不可数名词使用的。
2,可数名词和不可数名词的定义
可数名词一般是可以感知的，可以被分为不同的单元的客观存在体；
不可数名词一般是抽象的，或是集合的概念，不可以划分不同的单元或个体。
28 In/Dependent Clauses
1,介绍了什么是independent clauses 独立句，什么是dependent clauses非独立句，以及它们之间的区别；
2,分别介绍了他们的标志词。
dependent marker word ：after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.
independent marker word ：also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore.
3,常见应避免的错误：Comma Splices，Fused Sentences，Sentence Fragments，除了fused sentences 其他两种之前都已经介绍过了。
29，30 Adjective or Adverb
1, 形容词和副词的区别：
基本原则：形容词修饰名词；副词修饰形容词，动词和副词
其他原则：形容词修饰名词一般在前面，当和系动词（尤其是感官系动词，如：feel，taste，smell等等）一起使用时，作表语在系动词之后。
2, 常见错误，如果不看这个，我还真弄不清这几个词用到句子中的含义差别
bad —— badly
good ——well
sure——surely
near——nearly
3,如何使用形容词和副词
形容词如何修饰可数名词和不可数名词，还是那几个词plenty，enough，a lot of等等，注意一下一般问题不大。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-11 23:10:06
第三次作业
第一次作业还剩一些，每天贴一些吧，免得工作量太大。第二次作业明天准备开工。先把这两天写的第三次作业放上来。
GRE分析性写作简介
分析性写作概要
GRE分析性写作是2002年10月引入的新的考试内容，目的是测试你的批判性思维和分析写作的技巧。它用来凭估你的文字表达能力，和支持复杂观点、分析辨析性文章和进行连贯紧凑讨论的能力。它不涉及考察专业知识。
AW包括两个分开计时的分析性写作：
一个需45分钟完成“针对一个问题表述你的观点”的写作
一个需30分钟完成“分析一篇辨析论论”的写作
将会给你两个ISSUE题目。每个题目都会对一个引起广泛关注的问题陈述一个观点，同时要求你讨论这个问题。讨论的角度是可以任意的，只要你能够提供相关的理由和例子来解释和支持你的观点。
ARGUMENT的题目不能选择，只有一个。ARGUMENT与ISSUE相比考察的内容有所不同，它要求你通过讨论它的推理过程进行批驳。你需要更多的考虑它逻辑关系是否合理，而不是去表明你的立场。
这两个写作是互补的，一个是要求你构建反映自己观点的辨析性论文，同时要提供支持你观点事例；另外一个则要求你批驳别人的论文通过分析它的主张和论据。
如何准备分析性写作
每个人——即使是最熟练和自信作者——应该在到达考试中心之前花一些时间来准备分析性写作。复习如下内容是非常重要的：考察的写作技能，如何评分，评分手册和分数分数分为几个级别，样题，不同分数的范文和读者的点评。
分析写作的题目涉及到广泛的题材——从美术和人文到社会科学和自然科学——但是这些都不要求你具有特殊的背景知识。事实上，每个题目都已经被局部测试过以保证它具有如下几个重要特征：
无论GRE考生具有什么样的研究背景和特别兴趣，他们都能理解并轻松的讨论这个话题。
这个话题可以引出多样的复杂的思考和说理性的写作，这个能力常常被老师认为是否能在大学成功完成学业的重要前提。
作文在内容和表达方式上是可以多种多样的。
为了帮助你准备分析写作这项考试，GRE项目组已经出版了完整的作文题库，考试题目是从这些题库中选出的。查阅题库对你准备考试是有帮助的。你可以在 www.gre.org/pracmats.html找到题库，或者写信到GRE 项目组,PO Box 6000,Princeton,NJ 08541-6000取得复印版本
分析性写作应试策略
分配好你的考试时间是重要的。在45分钟内完成ISSUE，你需要准备充足的时间选择话题，思考你选择的题目，列提纲，开始作文。在30分钟内完成ARGUMENT，你需要足够的时间分析文章，思考如何批驳，最后开始行文。尽管阅卷者清楚你的作文是在一定时间限制内完成的“草稿”，但是依然希望你能在考试的环境中拿出你最好的作品。
完成作文后，留出几分钟检查是否有明显的错误。尽管偶然的拼写和语法错误不会影响你的成绩，但是过多严重的错误会降低你作文整体的品质同时影响到你的成绩。
完成这部分考试，你可以休息10分钟。其他考试部分间隔可以休息1分钟。在这些休息时间你可以补充你的草稿纸。
分析性写作如何评分
按照GRE分析写作评分指南（见27，28页）中的评分标准，每一篇文章按照整体6分制评分。整体评分意味着每篇文章作为一个整体被评价：阅卷者不会把文章分为几部分，仅仅凭借文章中某一方面如：观点，组织结构，句子结构或语言来进行打分。相反，阅卷者会用综合考虑到文章的整体特点，在此基础上，根据文章的整体情况打分。例如，优秀或散乱的组织结构将会影响到文章给阅卷者留下的整体印象，并因此影响到分数，但是组织结构，作为一个单独的特采分点，不会占过多的权重。
一般，GRE阅卷者都是来自高校的经验丰富的授课教师教师，其中写作和思维能力在这些课程中是非常重要的。所有的GRE阅卷者都经过了细致的训练并通过了严格的资质考试，这说明他们有能力准确的把握评分。
为确保评分公平和客观：
答卷被随机分派给阅卷者
所有考生的信息对阅卷者都是保密的
每份答卷由两个阅卷者评分
阅卷者不知道其他阅卷者对该份答卷的评分
整个评分过程要求每份答卷得到两个阅卷者的评分一致或相近；否则将会交由第三方阅卷者评分
两部分的平均分作为最后得分。不同分数的描述，在后面第29页提供了如何解读分数的详细信息。分数主要是体现了考生的批判思维能力和分析写作的技能。
你的考卷将会被ETS的文章相似度检测软件审查，同时会由经验丰富的阅卷者评阅。遵照美国研究生院和大学对独立学术行为的最高价值观，当有确凿的证据证明一份考卷出现如下一种情况，但不仅限于下列情况，ETS保留取消任何考生成绩的权利：
文章与一篇或多篇其它GRE考卷基本相似
引用或改写其他已发表或者未发表的资源的语言或想法，而未加任何说明
使用与合作者共同的研究的成果，而没有说明合作者的贡献
考生文章中的思路和语言都是由别人提供的
经过专业的评判，当上述一种或多种情况出现时，ETS认为你的测试将不能反映你独立分析写作的能力。因此，ETS必须取消你的作文成绩，作文成绩是GRE一般考试不可分割的一部分，因此最后不会给出GRE分数的报告。
成绩被取消的考生的费用不会被退还，如果下一次注册考试的话，仍需缴纳全部考试费用。分数被取消的记录和原因将不会出现在未来发给学院和大学的送分报告之中。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-12 14:30:19
第三次作业
如何在ISSUE中表达观点
认识ISSUE
“在ISSUE中表达观点”目的是评估考生对一个引起广泛关注的话题的批判性思考能力，同时考察考生是否能够清晰地在写作中表达出来。考生对出现在引号中表达了某一观点的话题可进行多角度讨论，甚至可以将该问题应用至不同的情况和领域。你的任务是为你在这个问题上的观点作出有说服力的论证。注意要认真审题，对问题进行多角度思考，考虑到这些观点的复杂性。然后，记下你的论点同时列出能够支持你的论点的推理和例子。
ISSUE给予你相当大的自由来进行写作。尽管你如何处理中心论点是非常重要的，但是你可以采用任何方式。例如，你可以：
完全同意题目中观点，完全不同意或同意一部分
质疑可能用来做出结论的前提假设
定义你所使用的术语，尤其是这个术语对于你展开你的观点非常重要时
指出你的观点为什么有些情况下有效，有些情况无效
评价和你不同的观点
通过多个相关例子或者一个深广的事例来支持你的观点
阅卷者不是通过你说的对错来给你评分。事实上，这里也没有真正的对错。相反，阅卷人关注的是考生能否清楚的表达并展开一个论点并通过严密的论证来支持这个观点的能力。
认识写作内容：目的和读者
ISSUE是批判性思维和论证写作的练习。其目的是考核你如下能力：创作一篇有说服力的论文来支持你的观点的能力和将你的观点有效的与你的读者进行学术交流的能力。你的读者由高校教师组成，他们已经接受过GRE评分指南（见27页）这类训练。
想了解阅卷者是如何评分的，你可以参考已被评分的范文和阅卷者对它的评语。在这些范文中，特别是5分和6分的范文，它们将会告诉一些成功的组织架构，写作手法和论证过程。阅卷者的评语介绍了分析和写作的特点，比如例子的使用，论证和支持观点，组织结构，语言流畅和遣词造句。对每份答卷，评论都指出其存在的优缺点。
如何准备ISSUE
因为ISSUE目的是评估你的论文写作能力，它不要求你接受过任何特殊的训练或课程。
许多高校关于写作的教材可以为你写议论文提供帮助，但是这些对于你参加考试来讲往往更加专业。考试对你来讲它不会过多的要求你具有专业的批判思维或者写作策略；相反，你应该能够使用推理，事例来支持你论文中的观点。假设有这样一个例子，要求你考虑“政府对艺术博物馆提供资金支持”是否重要。如果你认为政府应该资助艺术博物馆，可以说明艺术的重要性并解释说博物馆是免费提供艺术享受的公共场所，以此来支持你的观点。相反，如果你如果认为政府不该支持博物馆，你可以指出政府资金有限，而且艺术博物馆与其他社会上的机构比起来不那么重要些。或者，如果你支持在某些特定的情况下政府应该提供资助，这是可以更多关注艺术的标准，需要关注的文化或者政治环境等这些你认为可以影响到你的观点的问题上来。重要的不是你在文中所表达的观点，重要的是你可以用批判性的思维来阐述并支持你的观点。
准备考试的一个好方法是练习题库中的题目。这里没有最好的途径：有些人喜欢不受时间限制的自由练习，有些人喜欢限制好时间。无论你选择什么方式，你都应该查阅考试指南，然后：
认真读题，保证理解题目；如果不清楚可以与老师或者朋友一起讨论
结合自身的经历思考题目，这是在文中给出论证和论据的知识基础
决定你的观点，你可以同意，不同意或者有保留的同意
决定使用何种有说服力的事例来支持你的观点
注意这是一个考察你批判思考和说理写作能力的考试，因此问以下几个问题会帮助你认清题目的复杂性：
准确的说，中心问题是什么？
我完全同意该主张还是部分同意？为什么？
该观点是否做了合理的前提假设？如有，它们是否合理？
该主张是否只是在特定情况是合理的？如有，它们是什么？
是否需要解释我是如何理解观点中关键的术语和概念的？
如果我选择一个立场，哪些理由可以支持我？
哪些例子——真实或虚构——能够阐述和支持我的观点？哪些根由说服力？
一旦你决定了一个立场，考虑你的反对者可能的观点，问你自己如下问题：
别人可以用那些论据来反驳我的观点？
我如何看待这些观点？
为规划你的作文，你可能需要总结你的观点同时记录下你如何支持这个观点。当你做完这些时，检查你的笔记然后决定如何组织你的作文。然后开始做题。即使你没有时间完整的写完一篇作文，你也应该进行练习同时写出几篇ISSUE的提纲。在练习过一些题目之后，你可以试着在45分钟时间内写作，这样可以帮助你在实际考试中更好的分配时间。
有教授写作的老师帮你修改作文或者和其他学生相互批改作文对你的提高都是有帮助的。试着指出每篇文章哪些满足得分点，哪些不满足。将你的文章与评分手册进行对比将会帮助你看到你需要改进的地方。
如何选择题目
注意考试时会有两道ISSUE题目供你选择，你需要从中选取一道。因为45分钟计时会从你看到题目开始，你应该尽快决定选择哪个题目进行讨论。
在选择前，认真读题。然后决定哪个题目更适合你讨论。此时，你需要问自己如下几个问题：
哪个题目更有趣？
哪个题目更接近的我的学术背景和生活经历？
哪个话题我更容易表达观点和清晰阐述？
哪个话题我能够更容易举例说明我说的观点？
你对这些问题的回答将会帮助你作出决定。
答题格式
你可以自由的组织和构造你的文章，以你认为可以有效表达你思想的方式。你的作文可能，但不必须，用到英文写作或者大学写作强化课程的知识。GRE阅卷者不会查看你的作文是否有好的写作策略；事实上，阅卷人已经看过数百篇内容和形式各不相同但都是同水平的作品。例如，阅卷者看到过简洁的文章总结，对论点有清晰讨论的6分作文。他们也看到过以猜测，询问一些列问题，描述场景或者定义术语等方式来引入作者观点的6分作文。他们知道一篇高分作文可以有多个例子，也可以只有一个详细可以深入讨论例子。读这些范文，特别是5，6分的作品，看他们是如何成功构造和组织论文的。
段落的多少取决于你构造论文的需要。例如，你可以另起一段，无论何时你的讨论从一个新的想法转移到另外一个。重要的不是例子的数量，段落的多少，也不是你论文的形式，而是你讨论问题思维的连续性，和你向读者表达思想时的技巧和清晰程度。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-12 23:21:44
今天主要是翻译，官方作文指南。基本算完成了。还差评分标准。今天犹豫要不翻译作文点评，犹豫了一下还是翻译了。
第三次作业
样题
“现在，专才被过度的重视。我们更需要具有宽广视角的通才。”
解题策略
这个观点引起很多相关问题：什么是专才或者通才？他们对社会的贡献是什么？社会是需要更多的通才还是专才，也就是他们是否被高估了？
对于该题目，这里有几种可选的观点：一种是社会需要更多通才，过度重视了专才；另一种是相反观点；或者，要具体问题具体分析；还有一种是两者同样重要，都没有被过度重视。你从特别的社会或国家、社会的不同地区和不同情况下提取例子。你也可以关注两者在通信，交通，政治以及信息技术等方面的作用。这些都是可以的，只有你有相关的理由和例子支持你的观点。
在确定论点之前，花些时间读下题目，分析它，并考虑如下问题：
专才和通才的主要区别是什么？两者各自优点是什么？
这些不同在各种专业领域和特殊情况下是否依然成立？这里是否有些专才需要有宽广知识面和综合能力才做好他们的工作？
在你的领域里两者的作用如何？
你认为社会如何看待专才和通才的价值？专才是否在一些情况下被高估了，而在另一些情况下没有？
社会是否需要更多的通才？如果是，他们将会起到什么样的作用？
现在可以将你的想法分为两组：
支持题目观点的理由和例子
反对题目观点的理由和例子
如果你发现某一个观点比其他更有说服力，考虑从该方面展开你的论述。在表达你的观点的过程中，不要忘记注意你的相反观点，你可以批驳它们。
如果两组观点都有其吸引人之处，考虑选择一个不是支持题目观点，而是支持一个更强限制性或者更复杂的观点。你就可以用两方面的例子和理由来证明你的观点。
范文和评语
6分范文评语
这是一篇杰出的ISUUE作文，有深度，论证充分，语言运用熟练。在初始段表明了作者观点，并提供下一步如何论证自己的观点：“在这个快速发展，科技日新月异的年代，人们越来越多陷入复杂的境地，遭受心灵的折磨……”
这篇文章分为两部分，第一部通过医药领域专家的例子说明一种观点，第二部分反对过度专业化，基于如下三个原因：
逻辑（过于狭隘的专才容易忽视整体）
道德（通才知道什么是更合适的）
个人（专业和分类过早导致心理问题）
该文章通过引用专家的陈述（引自一个知名的医药研究者）进行合理的论证，同时使用了生动形象的比喻（只注意脚趾甲而忽视整体的身体）来说明问题。
文章不仅有着出色的论证。而且语言贴切形象（“深陷信息的海洋之中”，“一堆无用的发明”和“专才加快速度，而通才保证不偏离方向”）。文章过度语句使用恰当，引人入胜。这是一篇优秀的范文。
5分范文评语
该文章作者通过讨论对全才和专才的需要来展现其对复杂问题良好的分析能力。
该文章观点主要建立在两个详尽的例子上。第一个是从对医学全才和专才的必要性进行讨论，然后过渡到另外一个例子（呼吸问题和哮喘病专家）。这是一个从一般到具体的过程，这个过程为下一段的举例也做了铺垫。这里，讨论集中在从小学到高中，从基础数学到微积分的教育。
适当的国过渡词“but”， “usually”，和“ for instance”使文章表达流程，文章结尾重新点题，首尾呼应。
尽管作者也很好的运用语言和语法，但仍有几个小错误使文章最终不能得到6分。文章错误有以下几类：缺少指示代词，并列结构上的错误，松散的结构和不精确的语言。
4分范文评语
这是一篇完整的ISSUE分析作文。在初始段落没有清晰地定义“专才”的概念之后，作者举出了了一个相关的例子来说明专才的重要性。这个例子的使用对本篇文章得到4分起到重要作用。
文中第二个例子，一个委员是如何工作的，不太有说服力。然偶，它可以帮助清晰“总体”的定义是作为一个宽泛的概念使用的，它表示一个话题所有专才的统一。
尽管作者看待“通才”和“专才”的视角普通，但是他们做了清楚的结论在文章结束的时候。然而，这些思想没有被充分的论证，以至于该文章不会高于4分。
这篇文章几乎没什么错误。这里有很少的错误，比如句子结构，语法，和惯用法，尽管有些语句不准确而且冗长。总体上看，这篇文章展现了足够的英语写作能力。
3分范文评语
作者观点明确：专才重要而且必不可少。但是，文中的论据不充分。
第一段举了一个合适的例子：脑外科医生和普通医生。然而，第二段大学教育的例子显得过于单薄，只有两句话。对支持作者观点起到很少的作用。
第三段举了另外一个例子，也是最完整的一个例子。但不幸的是，这个例子逻辑不清晰。作者试图说明专才国家要优于通才国家。通才国家，作者告诉我们的，要比其他国家缺少优势。这个结论没有合理的从作者的观点推理出来，而且在现实生活中这个结论显得有些奇怪。
尽管文章的语言用的不精确，但是作者的意思没有被表达的模糊。这篇文章被判为3分的主要原因是举了不合适的例子和缺乏充分的论证。
2分范文评语
这是一篇有着严重错误的文章。作者支持通才，但是原因和例子都没有给出。这个“带小孩去看婚姻问题专家”的例子是区别两个不同专才的例子，而不是用来说明通才和专才的例子。
语言匮乏，有时很难理解。然而这不是1分的作文，因为作者表达了自己的观点，利用无力的分析进行了论证，而其清晰的表达了一些思想。
1分范文评语
这篇文章是一篇完全缺乏讨论的论文。
第一句话陈述了支持专才的观点，但是这种观点并不连续。一些想法和例子自相矛盾而且让人困惑。如果文章解释了第一个医生是通才，第二个医生是专才，那么这个例子是有用的。然而，文中例子不清楚而且有错误。结论更加引起困惑。
因为大部分的句子较短而且有错误，思想表述同样有问题。作者需要提供连接词和逻辑连贯的思维来写这篇文章。而且有严重的语言错误，但是主要是缺乏连贯的问题的论证辨析，最后使该文章被评为1分。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-13 09:22:59
第三次作业
分析ARGUMENT
认识ARGUMENT
ARGUMENT用来评估你对辨析性论文的理解，分析和评价的能力，同时评估你的分析写作的能力。试题包括一篇简要短文，在文章中作者通过推理和举例来决定一项活动或解释某个事件。你的考试内容是通过严格地检查文章所列出的理由和证据来讨论作者的观点是否逻辑上是合理的。这项考试要求你仔细阅读文章。你可能会至少读一遍以上，然后列出你准备进一步讨论的提纲。在阅读ARGUMENT时，你需要特别注意：
文中提供哪些证据，支持观点或证明
文中明确陈述，声明或总结了哪些内容
哪些假设是没有经过证明的
文中哪些内容没有陈述，但是为推出文中的观点必须要说明的
此外，你应该考虑ARGUMENT的结构，即将其内容链接在一起的逻辑链条，你应该清楚这些分开的，有时是隐含着分开的逻辑推理的每一个环节，考虑它们是否能够从一个合理推导到另一个。在追踪这条逻辑链条的时候，需找哪些表明作者意图的逻辑连接词或短语。（例如：因而，从而，因此，显然，所以，总的来说）
如果想在ARGUMENT考试中取得好成绩，一个重要事情是记住你不被要求做的事。你没有被要求讨论题目中的观点是否正确或准确；相反，你被要求回答是否这个结果或推断可以有效地从材料中得出。你没有被要求是否同意题目中的观点，相反，你是被要求评价用以支持该观点的推理和论证。你没有被要求表达你对该讨论话题的观点（就像你做ISSUE题一样）；相反，你是被要求评价另一位作者的逻辑是否合理，以此来证明你的批判性思维，分析阅读和分析写作的能力，这些都是被大学教师认为在研究生学习阶段重要的能力。
ARGUMENT主要是一个考察批判性思维的考试。因此，你在批评中所表现出的分析技巧在决定你的得分时占很大比重。
认识写作内容：目的和读者
这项考试的目的是考察你的如下能力：深度分析别人论文的能力和你通过有效的文字向你的学术型读者传达你批驳内容的能力。你的读者由高校教师组成，他们已经接受过GRE评分指南（见28页）这类训练。
想了解阅卷者是如何评分的，你可以参考已被评分的范文和阅卷者对它的评语。在这些范文中，特别是5分和6分的范文，它们将会告诉一些成功的组织架构，写作手法和论证过程。阅卷者的评语介绍了分析和写作的特点，比如例子的使用，论证和支持观点，组织结构，语言流畅和遣词造句。对每份答卷，评论都指出其存在的优缺点。
如何准备ARGUMENT
因为ARGUMENT主要评估你经过教育后所培养出来的分析写作和非形式的推理能力，所以它被设计为不需要接受特别培训即可参加的考试，对受过特别训练的学生参加这项考试也将不会有什么优势。许多关于修辞和写作的大学教科书都有介绍非形式逻辑和批判思维的内容，这些对考试可能是有帮助的，但这些可能会比考试所要求的更加细节和专业化。你不需要知道什么是方法分析或者专门术语。例如，有一个题目，关于小学校长可能认为增加新的运动设施可能会提高学生的出席率，因为在安装新设施以来，学生的缺席开始降低。你不需要知道这些专业术语“ post hoc，ergo proper hoc fallacy”，你只需要简单地注意一下对于出席率提高的其他可能原因，提供一些日常的例子，就知道得到此结论还需要哪些必要条件。例如，缺席率的降低可能是因为天气转暖。这就可以大大降低校长结论的有效性。
尽管你不需要知道具体的分析技巧和术语，但应该熟悉参加考试的指导原则和一些关键的概念，如下：
替代性解释：一种可能的解释版本导致之前的解释是值得怀疑的；因为一些更容观察到的具体的事实，一种替代性解释使之前的解释显得更有局限性
分析：为了明白一件事物作为整体是如何工作的，把分解成组个单元（例如：议论文）；在写作中，这个分解的过程也是就是写作的过程
辩析：由推理和事例支持的一个主张或一系列主张；为说明某些事情的真假的逻辑链条
假设：一种常常没有被说明或验证的条件，某些人为支持其观点而必须拥有的；为保证结论正确，一些必须保证成立的条件
结论：逻辑链条的最后环节，如果推理是合理，它将是有效的；结果的声明
反例：一个例子，真实的或假设的，用来驳斥和反对论点。
准备考试的一个好方法是练习题库中的题目。这里没有最好的途径：有些人喜欢不受时间限制的自由练习，有些人喜欢限制好时间。无论你选择什么方式，你都应该查阅考试指南，然后：
仔细阅读题目——你可能需要读一遍以上
尽量多的检查它的观点，结论，和潜在的假设
尽量多的想文中解释的替代性解释和反例
想可能削弱其结论的事例
思考文中做些什么改动会使其更有逻辑性
简要记下上面这些想法。当你进行分析是，看一下记录并将它们分成适合讨论的顺序（通过编序号）。然后按照顺序展开观点，写一篇驳论文。即使你没有时间完整的写完一篇作文，你也应该进行练习同时写出几篇ARGUMENT的提纲。在练习过一些题目之后，你可以试着在30分钟时间内写作，这样可以帮助你在实际考试中更好的分配时间。例如，你可能不会希望因为过度详尽的举例证明一个观点以至于没有时间阐述其他要点。
有教授哲学或者擅长评判性思维的老师帮你修改作文或者和其他学生相互批改作文对你的提高都是有帮助的。试着指出每篇文章哪些满足得分点，哪些不满足。将你的文章与评分手册进行对比将会帮助你看到你需要改进的地方。
如何理解ARG中的数字
一些ARGUMENT中包含一些数字，百分比和统计信息作为事实来支持文章中的结论。例如，一篇文章可能会声明一个社区活动今年没有去年受欢迎，因为同去年150人相比，今天参加的只有100人，人数下降了约33%。重要的是你没有被要求根据这些数字进行数学计算。相反，你要评估这些是否可以被用来作为支持文章结论的论据。上面这个例子，结论是一个社区活动越来越不受欢迎。你应该问自己：100人和150人的差距是否支持这个结论？注意，在这个问题上，这里有其他的可能性；例如，天气比去年要糟糕，今年的活动的时间可能使很多人不方便参加，可能今天活动费用上涨了，或者这里可能有了一个更受欢迎的活动。每种解释都可以解释参加人数下降的原因，从而削弱了“不流行”这个结论的有效性。相同地，百分比可以支持或者削弱一个结论，这要取决于这个百分比代表的具体数字。考虑下这个题目，一个学校的戏剧俱乐部应该获得更多的资助，因为它的会员增加了100%，这个100%增加可能会是非常多的，假如它原来有 100 人，则现在是 200 人，然而，如果原来是5人，现在是10人，那增加的人数就不那么明显了。注意，题目中任何用来支持结论的个数字，你都应该怀疑它是否真能对结论提供有力的支持。
答题格式
你可以自由的组织和构造你的文章，以你认为可以有效表达你思想的方式。你的作文可能，但不必须，用到英文写作或者大学写作强化课程的知识。GRE阅卷者不会查看你的作文是否有好的写作策略；事实上，阅卷人已经看过数百篇内容和形式各不相同但都是同水平的作品。例如，阅卷者看到过简洁的文章总结，对论点有清晰讨论的6分作文。他们知道一篇高分作文可以分析和批驳多个批评点，也可以通过一个批驳一个核心错误逐步展开批评。读这些范文，特别是5，6分的作品，看他们是如何成功构造和组织论文的。
选择合适的组织形式以加强你批驳的有效性。段落的多少取决于你构造论文的需要。例如，你可以另起一段，无论何时你的讨论从一个新的想法转移到另外一个。你可以组织你的评论像ARGUMENT的组织形式一下，对ARGUMENT逐行逐句的讨论。或者，你可以首先指出一个核心的有问题的假设，再按照逻辑顺序讨论逻辑链条中的相关错误。而且你也可以使用例子来帮助你讨论问题（注意，这里考察的是你批判性思维和分析写作的能力，不是举例子的能力）。重要的不是你论文的形式，而是你分析的深度，和你向读者表达思想时的技巧和清晰程度。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-13 16:54:03
第三次作业
解题策略
这篇文章引用了一份医院的统计来得到一个一般性的结论“果通过使用高效的护具和发光警示物可以是滑旱冰的人大大减少受伤的可能”
在进行分析之前，你应该问你自己是否医院统计可以支持这个结论。你可能想问自己如下问题：
有多少人在滑旱冰时受伤后会去急诊室？
这些受伤后去急诊室的轮滑爱好者能否代表了所有滑旱冰的人？
这里是否有些滑旱冰受伤的人没有去急诊室？
这些去急诊室的伤者是否都比较严重？
那些25%的受伤了去急诊室的人是否伤的要比这75%的人严重？
在街道和停车场滑旱冰是否要比其他地方更危险？
对于降低使用者受重伤的风险，中等质量的护具是否和高等质量的护具同样有效？
是否有其他因素和滑旱冰的人受伤概率有关，比如天气条件，视力，技术？
可虑这些问题答案将会帮助你找出什么是假设，什么是可能的解释，什么是文章的弱点，这些对写你的评论都会很有帮助。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-13 20:24:30
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-14 10:33 编辑
第一次作业
31-36
31 Appositives
不知道翻译成同位语合不合适，和那种需要连词的同位语从句不同，文中介绍的同位语更像是插入语。文中还介绍了什么时候需要加逗号，什么时候不用（是必要信息的时候不用加，不是必要信息的解释说明需要加）。这个使用的时候要特别注意。
32 Irregular Verbs
过去式，过去分词不规则的动词。这些以前都是比较熟的，好久不用发现好多如果不看一下还真不想起来。以下几个不太熟悉，需要多关注：
lay —— laid——laid
lie —— lay ——lain
shine —— shone —— shone
spring —— sprang —— sprung
swim —— swam —— swum
33 Numbers
首先明白了words表示数字和figures表示数字的区别。后面列举了很多特殊情况，都是自己一看能想起来但是一写可能就记的不准的词。这些表达习惯要动笔用几次才能记住。
34 Prepositions
图片很可爱，有图片学习介词能具体不少。除了惯用法中的介词，其他的一直用的不太准确。比如on campus 我经常用成 in campus 。
文中介绍的介词用法主要有以下几个需要自己注意：
He likes to read in the afternoon.
The flowers will bloom in spring.
There is an ice cream shop by the store.
If you wish for an "A" in this class, you must work hard.
onto 和 into的区别：记住青蛙跳水和倒牛奶的例子
35 Pronouns
1如何恰当的使用代词：代词和它代替的词的单复数要一致；人称要一致；不要使用有歧义的指代，也就是不要指代不明引起歧义；
2代词的宾格，主格和反身代词
注意这种情况：
Formal: It is I.
Informal: It is me.
Formal: To whom am I talking?
Informal: Who am I talking to?
发现经常用的（口语），居然是informal，看来以后写这种句子要小心了。
36 Subject/Verb Agreement
主谓一致前面已经复习过了，这里再看一下，主要是提到and 和or连接不同名词作主语时谓语的形式。举得例子跟多的涉及到“临近原则”，“实际意义原则”等。另外还有一些代词（如：either，everybody）作主语时谓语的形式。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-14 00:23:46
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-15 22:03 编辑
第二次作业
ARGUMENT143 [REBORN FROM THE ASHES] TASK ONE by prettywraith
第一遍限时写了200多字，比较郁闷啊，逻辑点还可以，就是有话说不出来来；
上次放上来的是第二遍写的，没有限时，写了330字。后来发现有几个漏洞；
现在放上来的是第三遍写的，有两个地方觉得还是有点问题，过几天再改吧。
Supporting his standpoint with a recent report, the arguer insists the article shows a mistaken impression that many capable workers who are out of job because of company downsizing have suffered serious economic hardship for years, until they find other proper employment. But I cannot concede his conclusion only by providing three causes in the report: (1) new jobs have increased absolutely since 1992; (2)many jobless workers have found new job;(3) most newly created jobs with above-average wages are full-time positions in industries.
Report states more jobs have been offered since 1992. But the arguer do not tell us how many population who are at the working age increase in these years. Assume there are 1 million people seeking jobs, 1 million job position in 1992, and until now, there are 2 million people finding jobs, 1.5 million jobs. Under this hypothesis, even if jobs increase 50 percent,
the unemployment rate still rise from zero to 25%. Thus, it is hard to say the net increase in the number of new jobs created also means
people could find job easily. Perhaps, comparing with jobless population in 1992, today, more people lost their job, and these workers effected by corporate downsizing also face the same suffering situation. In other words, lacking the exact number of employment rate, the arguer cannot undermine the article’s claim.
Assuming the first finding of report used by arguer have proved jobless population decline, but it still do not show whether positions provided by corporations increase or not. Because perhaps the majority of the newly created jobs are provided by farm, hospital, government, university or other institutions. Were they farmers, polices, professors, doctors or librarians, people would find job easily. But, for those workers working in corporation may face fierce competition. someone may say the arguer also claimed that many jobless people have found job again. Obviously, this is another same problem in letter. On the one hand, it does not tell us what is the kind of new job. On the other hand, the evidence, cited by the arguer, does not show the percentage of jobless people who have found a new job. Possibly, thousands of people find new job, and author thinks that is “many”. However, if there were still millions of jobless people, the evidence would not help author challenging the article’s assertion.
At the bottom of the arguer’s evidence, most of newly created jobs in those high-paying industries do not mean high-paying in downsized corporate. Moreover, the report only say the newly created jobs with high-paying, and it does not mention what is the pay of original positions. After all, not all people will catch the position by newly created. Even if all the corporation pay high salary for all positions, maybe, they still have plan to reduce employment scale. Actually, corporation always simplify their personnel structure and pay more salary for the rest workers, for increasing profit. Thus, these jobless workers are hinder by many difficulties, as retrieving their as before.
In sum, the arguer do not support his viewpoint with sufficient evidence and reasoning. To more effectively refute the claim the author should provide clear evidence that what is the employment rate in 1992 and today, what is the percent of jobless people finding new jobs and what is the ratio of new jobs with high-paying.
ISSUE13 [REBORN FROM THE ASHES] TASK ONE by prettywraith
TOPIC: ISSUE13 - "Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct."
WORDS: 230
TIME: 0:45:00
DATE: 2009-12-13
When society is developing, some languages are forgetting in the world. Whatever how often the language is used, we have to say that our spiritual wealth are suffering from extinct languages. Whether the government has duty to protect these languages?
In my viewpoint, government has other more important social problems need to solve, and it should not intervene to prevent theses languages from becoming extinct.
Today, government need to do a lot of things, which are more important and emergency than lesser-known languages extinct. Let us take a look about our real society: high jobless rate, high crime, hunger crisis, and climate change. All these are
threatening our life, and government might be deploying its resources to fight against. Taking the United Nations Climate Conference in Copenhagen for instance,
we can see developing country are suffering hungers, developed country are worrying climate change. Which government do you think could afford for protect the language becoming extinct? Under this circumstance, how can government could spend money and workers to solve languages extinct problem. You may say that government could employ more people to do these. Facing to this question, I ask you two questions : Do you want to pay more tax? Do you want to government have more authority to interrupt you life? If you say no, the government would better do not prevent such languages from becoming extinct.
Certainly, if some countries’ government have more funds and employees, they could preserve such languages. But they should know different languages will lead to misunderstanding among people, hinder international commerce and trade, and even result in war among nations. Mover, in some countries, there are too many languages to keep them. For example, 56 races lying in China, they have at least thousands of languages; even two villages, hundreds miles between them, have different language. How could government to protect all them? As I know, under the help of high technology, from now, only a few government do effort for a part of languages.
Despite no practical need for some languages, no government resources pay for them, these languages still have charming function for us. They can preserve the distinct ideas which only that particular language can convey, such as some abstract concepts. Languages always are signs of distinct cultural people, could help people keep their own traditions, rituals and beliefs, could satisfy people psychological need for individual identity.
Therefore, people themselves need to do some efforts to protect their own languages, while society should give them more help by setting up a languages protecting institution or donating a minority languages fund. For government, it has to deal with many serious economic, social and political problems, and hardly devotes its time and resources to prevent some lesser-known languages from becoming extinct.
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-14 10:33:59
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-14 18:16 编辑
第一次作业（结束）
37-41
37 Verb Tenses
这篇介绍动词时态的文章的思路和自己学语法时内容比较像。前面的语法学习笔记已经提到过了。
文中将时态分为6种：
Simple Present: They walk
Present Perfect: They have walked
Simple Past: They walked
Past Perfect: They had walked
Future: They will walk
Future Perfect: They will have walked
其实下面这些定义只是帮助理解，重要的还是文中举得那些例子。
现在完成时Present perfect：The present perfect consists of a past participle (the third principal part) with "has" or "have." It designates action which began in the past but which continues into the present or the effect of which still continues.
将来完成时：The future perfect tense designates action that will have been completed at a specified time in the future.
1. Saturday I will finish my housework. (simple future)
2. By Saturday noon, I will have finished my housework. (future perfect)
其它部分介绍了动词的语态和时态连用，动词时态的连续性。
38 Parts of Speech Overview
1介绍了名词做句子的成分，主语，宾语，表语
2代词和名词类似，注意区分主格，宾格
3冠词：An adjective is a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may precede nouns, or they may appear after a form of the reflexive verb to be (am, are, is, was, etc.).
4动词，分为谓语动词，和非谓语动词，非谓语动词能做的成为就很多了
5其它副词，连词，介词前面说了很多了，我这里就不提了。
39 Quotation Marks
1文中介绍了在美国引号的标准用法；
2包括：直接引用，间接引用，Original quote，Omitted material，Added material
40 Transitions
过渡词在写作中尤其议论文中很重要啊，GRE作文官方指南多次提到这个词。
文中提到了一个技巧“Picking up key phrases from the previous paragraph and highlighting them in the next can create an obvious progression for readers.”也就是使用重复的关键词来“连接”两个段落。
例子: Overall, Management Systems International has logged increased sales in every sector, leading to a significant rise in third-quarter profits.
These impressive profits are largely due to the corporation's expanded international influence
另外需要注意文中描述的另外一件事：“Instead of writing transitions that could connect any paragraph to any other paragraph, write a transition that could only connect one specific paragraph to another specific paragraph”，连接一般只是相邻的两段。
最后提到了“Transitional Devices”，很实用，而且列了各种类型的Transitional Devices：递进，重复，证明，对比，表层次，举例和总结等等。
41 Phrasal& idioms
动词短语，习语这东西就只能多记，多看了，文中总结的很好。准备打印出来挂到墙上。每天学习几个词。另外putclub上有个word lover的专题不错，每天学习一个词。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-14 14:33:27
第三次作业（结束）
GRE评分标准：ISSUE
6分：6分的issue应该是令人信服的，对其复杂性有强有力的连接，而且把意思完全地表达出来。
在此类中，一篇文章必须：
•表达一个有深刻明确的观点
•运用清晰的推理和有说服力的例子来阐明你的观点立场
•用一个扣题紧和结构合理的分析来把观点有逻辑性的连接起来
•用有效的词汇和丰富的句式把观点流利的，准确的表达出来
•熟练运用英语书面语（语法，词汇运用等）但可以偶尔出现些小错误
5分标准
一篇5分文章表现一般思想，对issue复杂性的充分分析，并清楚表达其意思。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•表达一个仔细考虑过的立场。
•运用逻辑性的推理和恰当的例子来阐明观点立场
•扣题紧，结构合理，并把观点联系起来
•清楚表达观点，运用合适的词汇和丰富的句式。
•熟练运用英语书面语，但可以偶尔出现些小错误
4分标准
一篇4分文章是一篇充分分析的issue并且把意思表达充分
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•观点明确
•运用相关的理由和例子来阐明观点。
•有充分的扣题和组织
•合理清晰地表达观点
•熟练运用英语书面语，但可以出现些错误
3分标准：
一篇3分的文章是有一些对ISSUE合理的分析以及能够表达观点，但有明显的错误。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有一个或几个一下特征：
•模糊或有限的表达issue的观点
•没有很好地运用相关的推理和例子
•文章不扣主题且组织结构不好
•在语言运用和句子结构上有问题，导致表述不清
•在语法或词汇运用方面有大量明显的主要错误和常见的小错误影响其表达。
2分标准：
•一篇2分的issue在分析写作方面有严重的错误
•在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有一个或几个一下特征：
•观点不清楚或有严重限制
•提供极少的理由和例子
•没有扣题和组织结构
•在语言运用和句子结构上有严重问题，导致表述不清
•在语法或词汇运用方面有严重错误以至于无法理解其意思
1分标准：
一分作文是在分析性写作方面有根本性错误缺点
此类典型文章有一个或一个以上以下特征：
•仅提供少量或根本没有证据来了解和分析题目。
•仅提供少量或根本没有理由来发展一篇有组织结构的文章。
•在语言和句子结构上有很多错误，影响表达。
•在语法以及词汇运用方面的有很多错误，导致文章不连贯。
0分标准
远离话题，用外语书写，仅仅抄了题目，包括一些键盘乱敲，或模糊，或空白，或非语言。
GRE评分标准：ARGUMENT
6分标准：
6分文章应表现一个有力的，组织连贯的分析，并有技巧地表达其思想。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•作文逐一分析了argument的特点，并分析得有深度
•思路表达清晰，观点之间连接得当
•有效地支持批判的主要观点。
•熟练掌握英文，包括在词汇的挑选，句型的多样性
•熟练掌握英语书面语，（比如语法，词汇应用等），但可以偶尔出现小的错误
5分标准
一篇5分文章表现一般思想，对argument的批评充分，并清楚表达其意思
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•作文逐一分析了argument的特点，并在一个普遍的角度上来分析它们
•观点清晰，结构具有逻辑性，运用了合适的连接词
•支持批判的主要观点。
•熟练掌握英文，包括在词汇的挑选，句型的多样性
•熟练掌握英语书面语，但可以出现小的错误
4分标准
一篇4分的文章表达了对题目合理的批判以及充分表达其思想。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须：
•作文逐一明确和分析argument的特点。
•发展和组织好结构，但没有用好连接词
•支持批判的主要观点
•用有效的语言来合理地表达观点
•熟练掌握英语书面语，但可以出现些错误
3分标准
一篇3分argument是表达合理的分析以及能够表达观点，但有明显的错误。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有一个或几个一下特征：
•不能明确或分析题目的大部分重要特征，尽管题目的一些还是分析出来了。
•大部分分析是离题的或不相关的，或者理由是极为匮乏的
•在逻辑表述和理由组织方面有局限性
•提供很少相关的或有价值的批判观点
•缺乏明确地表达思想。
•在语法或词汇运用方面有常见的小错误并影响其表达
2分标准
一篇2分的argument在分析性写作中有严重的错误缺点：
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有一个或几个一下特征：
•没有在逻辑分析的基础上陈述一个批判，但可能用作者自己的观点来表达
•不能阐明观点，或者没有组织性及逻辑性。
•只能提供少量的中肯或合理的支持。
•在语法运用及句子结构方面有严重的错误，影响其意思的表达。
•在语法或词汇运用方面有严重错误以至于无法理解其意思
1分标准
一分文章在分析和写作方面都有严重的错误。
在此类中，一篇典型的文章必须含有几个一下特征：
•仅提供少量或根本没有理由来了解或分析题目。
•仅提供少量或根本没有理由来发展和组织文章
•在语言运用和句子结构方面有些错误，影响其意思的表达
•在语法及词汇运用方面的有普遍的错误，导致文章不连贯
0分标准
远离话题，用外语书写，仅仅抄了题目，包括一些键盘乱敲，或模糊，或空白，或非语言。
成绩分类描述
虽然GRE分析性写作包括两个独立的写作任务，但是它是一个综合的分数，因为这样比单独任意取一篇的分数更合理些。这个报告的分数是一个平均分，分数档次为0至6，包含半分。
标准在下面解释，对每一个分数档次，总的分析性写作的分数是通过issue 和 argument一起来评的。因为这一考试叫“分析性写作”，批判性思考技巧（推理的能力，通过证据理由来发展支持观点，和沟通复杂的观点）比作者对语法和词汇运用更为重要。
6分到5.5分的标准
明确观点，有深度的分析复杂的观点；用逻辑性的理由和强有力的例子来支持主要的立场观点；扣题，组织结构好；运用多种句式和用准确的词来有效地表达其含义；熟练运用句子结构和语言，但有些小的错误，但不影响其理解。
5分到4.5分标准
提供一般性的思想来分析复杂的观点；用逻辑性的理由和强有力的例子来支持主要的立场观点；一般性的扣题和良好的文章结构；运用多种句式和词语来清晰地表达其含义；熟练运用句子结构和语言，但有些小的错误，但不影响其理解。
4分到3.5分的标准
表达对复杂思想的合理分析；用相关的理由和例子来支持主要的立场观点，是充分的有组织的文章；合理清晰地表达意思；运用句子结构和语言，但有些错误影响其理解。
3分到2.5分的标准
在分析性写作方面展示其合理分析的能力，尽管此篇文章至少会出现一个如下的错误：有限地分析和发展其文章；组织结构不清晰；对句式和语言方面运用不熟练，以及总是导致表述不清。
2分到1.5分的标准
在分析性写作出现严重的问题。此写作出现至少如下一种错误：严重缺乏分析和阐述；缺少组织性的文章；在句式和语言方面出现严重的和经常性的错误，以至于影响其意思的表达。
1分到0.5分的标准
在分析性写作中表现出严重的不足。在写作中至少出现如下一种根本性错误：文中的内容是相反的或者大部分是不相干的；几乎或没有进行阐述；出现普遍的错误导致文章不连贯。
0分标准
考生的写作技巧不能被评估，因为该文章并没有涉及任务中的任何一部分，或者仅仅是尝试复述该题目，或者用外文写作，或者仅仅展示了无法阅读和理解的文字。
无成绩
考生没有写任何文字。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-14 18:20:39
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-14 19:34 编辑
第四次作业
（1）
限时argument206，
TOPIC: ARGUMENT206 - The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Parkville Daily Newspaper.
"Throughout the country last year, as more and more children below the age of nine participated in youth-league softball and soccer, over 80,000 of these young players suffered injuries. When interviewed for a recent study, youth-league softball players in several major cities also reported psychological pressure from coaches and parents to win games. Furthermore, education experts say that long practice sessions for these sports take away time that could be used for academic activities. Since the disadvantages apparently outweigh any advantages, we in Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine."
WORDS: 384
TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-8-1 13:58:06
In this argument, the author concludes that Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine.文章原话最好改写 To support his conclusion, the author points out that over 80,000 of young players suffered injuries throughout the country last year. And he also cites that youth-league softball players reported pressure form应为from coaches and parents in several big cities and these sports take away time for academic activities. However, the argument suffers a few flaws. 这里用flaws这个词是不是太小了；该段应用原文的句子太多了
To begin with, the author falsely assumes that children under nine in Parkville suffer injuries just like those throughout the country.
First, the child in Parkville may have different interests in sports, such as basketball. Second, the author fails to provide the number of children who is under nine and suffered injuries throughout the country last year. Perhaps only a few children under nine suffered from injuries. Third, the author fails to prove that the children get injuries because of taking sports rather than other possibilities. All these scenarios, if true, will undermine the author's conclusion.用的有些词不太准确；第一个例子没有论证充分
In addition, the author unjustifiably claims that children in Parkvill receive pressure from coaches and parents. The study is interviewed in several big cities, we are not informed whether Parkville is a big city. Even assuming that it is a big city, the author still cannot apply the study to Parkville. There are maybe differences between Parkville and other cities. Perhaps Parkville has stricter regulations to coaches, or perhaps the competition in Parkville is not so serious.
Furthermore, it is unwarranted是否合适 to claim that these sports take away time from academic activities. First, we are not informed how many hours are used for sports and academic activities. Perhaps sports time is far less than the time for academic activities. Second, sports may help to do academic activities better. Without ruling out these possibilities, it is unwise to discontinue organized competition.第二个例子没有说充分
Last but not least, 这个词太敏感了the author suggests too hastily to discontinue all the competition. Even if some competition is dangerous, some others may be good for children. Common sense tells me that children need to take sports. The disadvantage of discontinue may outweigh the advantage.
To sum up, the author fails觉得文中总用fail这个词不是太准确，而且是否有重复过多的问题 to substantiate the conclusion that Parkville should discontinue organized athletic competition for children under nine. The author need further information and reliable study to make the conclusion convincing.
先声明一点，这篇文章比自己现在写的限时文章水平要好很多
优点：单词和句法错误较少；结构清晰；逻辑错误找的比较准确；字数也刚刚好
缺点：文中都标出来了，有些词中国学生用的太多，所以尽量少用；有些alternative explanation 说的不够充分，给人一种逻辑上有跳跃的感觉；有些词用的不太准确；另外第一段照搬原文的地方太多，最好改写一下。
（2）
限时argument131，
TOPIC: ARGUMENT131 - The following appeared in an environmental newsletter published in Tria Island.
"The marine sanctuary on Tria Island was established to protect certain marine mammals. Its regulations ban dumping and offshore oil drilling within 20 miles of Tria, but fishing is not banned. Currently many fish populations in Tria's waters are declining, a situation blamed on pollution. In contrast, the marine sanctuary on Omni Island has regulations that ban dumping, offshore oil drilling, and fishing within 10 miles of Omni and Omni reports no significant decline in its fish populations. Clearly, the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters is the result of overfishing, not pollution. Therefore, the best way to restore Tria's fish populations and to protect all of Tria's marine wildlife is to abandon our regulations and adopt those of Omni."
WORDS: 314
TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-7-31 21:03:35
In this argument, the author concludes that the Tria Island should abandon its regulations and adopt Omni's in order to restore its fish populations and protect all of its marine wildlife. To support his conclusion, the author cites the example of Omni Island which has regulations that ban fishing. However, the argument suffers from a few flaws.
To begin with, the author assumes这里不是假设因该是总结吧 too hastily that the decline in fish populations in Tria's waters should blame on overfishing.
Firstly, there are many other nature factors which would influence the fish population, such as water temperature, spaning season, extreme weather phenomenon and so forth. Secondly,
the author fails to prove that the banned actions have not happened. 句子有错，愿意好像是想说是否怎么样If the water is polluted, the fish population will probably decrease.
Besides, the oil may also float from other place. All these sceranios 因该是scenario吧, if true, will undermine the author's conclusion that overfishing should be responsible for decline in fish populations.
In additon, even assuming that overfishing leads to the decline in fish populations, the author falsely concludes that Tria should follow the example of Omni. The author overlooks the differences between the two Islands. There might be disparity in Island weather, water quality, fish sorts and so on. These defferences will make Omni's regulations unsuccessful in Tria. What's more, the author doesn't prove that the fish caught in Tria is within 10 miles of Tria, which will undermine the conclusion.这句话没说完整
Further more, even assuming that the Omni's regulation will success in Tria, the argument still has some flaws. First, the Omni's regulations might not be the best one. There are may be better ones such as stricker ban on dumping. Second, the Omni's regulation cannot guarantee to protect all the marine wildlife.
To sum up, the author fails to substantiate his conclusion that Tria should adopt Omni's regulations. To support his conclusion, the author should provides more information.
才发现和第一篇是同一个人写的，难怪用词和结构很像，还以为遇到了传说中的模板。
1， 单词拼写错了6-7个明显增多
2， 有几个句子有语法问题，而且没写完整
3， 结论段只是呼应了开头，没有进一步升华，而且如果有一些反讽和幽默的句子会让结尾给你印象更深
（3）
Argument 35 首次限时
用时：35m； 字数：449
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35. The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
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正文
In this summary the author concludes that the number of headaches suffered by average citizen of Mentia will continue to decline. To justify this argument, the author show me some evidence that many foods are naturally rich in salicylates(S), which are similar to aspirin, a medicine used to treat headache. Moreover, the author cites a twenty – year study, amid which the average number of headaches is reported declining. However, close scrutiny of the argument reveals many logical and statistic problems that will without doubt render it unconvincing.
To begin with, the author’s argument relies on a hasty assumption that S is the very factor leading to the decline of the number of headaches. However, no certain proof has been shown to confirm this connection. There is a high possibility that it’s some other chemicals that added in foods curing the headaches, but not S. And it’s 不要用简写形式also possible that even though S is curing the headaches, the consequence is not apparent enough for a survey to check out.
Even if the connection between the use of S and decline of headache is confirmed, the author fails to show the details of the twenty-year study to prove it representative. First, the number of people who has taken the survey is not given. Perhaps the sample is too small to be considered valid. 主谓不一致the sample如果表一类东西的话谓语应该用复数Furthermore, the situation of these sample people is also unknown. It’s possible that the symptom of the headache of the people is not severe enough, and that it’s some other factors resulting in the recovery of their headache, even that it’s cure all by themselves.
Even if the two factors that will lead to the failure of the argument are both proved, the author still cannot prove that the trend of using S as preservative will continue. It’s totally possible that all the companies tend to give up using S as preservative for some reasons, like recent discovery or governmental restricts. Or perhaps, there will be some other chemicals found to be more efficient than S as preservative, which will without doubt result in the decline of using S.
In sum, the argument is unpersuasive as it stand in many facets. Firstly, to strengthen the argument, the author must show me more evidence to prove that it is the S which added as preservative that cure people’s headache, not other chemicals. Secondly, to convince me, the author also have to show more details about the twenty – year study to prove it representative. Finally, the author also have to give adequate evidence to show that the tendency of using S as preservatives will continue. Without ruling out all the other possibilities, the argument will never convince me.
写了400多字还说时间不够用，牛人啊！
1， 开头结尾段过长，
2， 局式单一，it is 这种句子用的太多
3， 我怎么感觉后面的论证和文章的问题不是太相关，
(4)
TOPIC: ARGUMENT203 - The following appeared in a newspaper feature story.
"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."
WORDS: 431
TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-4-7 9:59:42
提纲：
1，在医院时间长短不能说明治疗质量
2，治愈比率同样不能说明治疗质量
3，医院有更多工作人员不一定能提供更好服务
4，投诉少不能说明服务好
There are several facets are questionable in this argument. At first, the stayed time is not a good indication about the quality of treatment. Secondly, the cure rate can not indicate about the quality about the hospital. Thirdly, more employees for per patient could not ensure a better treatment for the patient. Finally, few complaints were received about the service does not demonstrate all the other people are satisfied with the service. So, the assertion which the author concluded in the argument is unreliable.句子有些啰嗦，第二句可以直接用indicate就行；另外开头列出来的结构最好和后面讨论结构一致
To begin with, the author has tried to make us believe that the Saluda hospital (SH) could provide better quality treatment because the average length of a patient's stay and the cure rate there is shorter than Megaville Hospital (MH).Lacking information about what kind of illness the patient have got, the author can not confidently draw any conclusion about the quality about the two hospitals. Maybe the patients who visited to SH have some slight sickness, and people may choose the big hospital like MH to cure some serious disease like cancer, or AIDS, and that kinds of sicknesses are not easy,even possible to heal.这里想要说是不可能治愈吧。
Another question about the argument is that though there are more employees for per patient of SH than MH, the author can not make sure that every patient will be provided a better service. 句子有误，加个连词或者变成两个单句For the simple reason that we don't know the jobs of those employees, there may be some of them are bus drivers or cooks in cafeteria. They can do nothing to help patient restore. Granted that all the jobs the employees worked are helpful to the patients. We don't know whether they are loyal to their occupation. So the author generated the conclusion too hastily.
Finally, the data about complaints about service of SH could not ensure us SH provides better service. Because we don't know, how many patients have been the two hospitals respectively to cure some sicknesses, and what fraction of them has reported a complaint. May be the quantity of the complaints of SH is less than that of MH. But the fraction may be larger. Granted that both the quantity and fraction of the complaints received by SH is less. The author can not convince us that all the other people are satisfied with the service.还是wordy，句子精炼一些，或者补充一些推理的过程。
In conclusion, this argument can not be taken seriously as it stands. To strengthen it, the author should provide the detailed information about what kind of illness the patients have, what jobs do the employees worked for, and the exact proportion about the received complaints of all the patients.
（5）
TOPIC: ARGUMENT159 - The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.
WORDS: 431
TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-3-17 下午 08:10:53
In this argument, the author recommends both using air conditioners and fans as an effective way of saving money on electricity. In order to justify it, the author cites a survey that different families being diverse in the way of cooling the house spend different money on electricity. However, close scrutiny of the statistic and the line of reasoning reveal that it is not convincing. 看到好多人用close scrutiny；
A threshold problem with the argument involves the statistical reliability of the survey. Lacking of assurance and information about the randomness and relative size of the survey' sample, the author cannot convince me the conclusion of the survey is reliable. As the author mentions, the nation of Claria covers a vast physical area, without enough large sample, so it is entirely possible that the survey is not representative of the real situation of Claria. Moreover different place will 应该去掉will have different temperature and the price of electricity, without comprehensive consideration these factors, I strongly doubt the reliability of the survey. 缺少连词或者修改标点符号The dubious survey undermines the follow conclusions which rely on it.
Secondly, the author asserts different way of cooling the house causes the decrease of electricity consuming just because they happen together. Obviously, the evidence for the casual relationship is too vague to believe. Furthermore, to satisfy the same requirement, common sense informs us air condition costs more electricity than fans. Thus, there must be other reasons causing the decrease of the electric consumption. The most reasonable one is that the expense for air condition is so money-consuming that the citizens would like to tolerate the hot weather rather than pay for it.最后这种解释仍无法说明为什么空调风扇一起用比单独用风扇或空调要省电，只是说有些可能为了节约费用忍受天热带来的不便而不去开空调。
Even though the author can substantiate foregoing assumption and assertion, I still cannot accept his/her recommendation because the author overlooks other factors contributes to the amounts of electricity. As we know, for a family, facilities of cooling the house take little part of electricity. Computer, lights, television, fridge and so forth cost more electricity. Thus it is possible that even though the method of saving electricity recommended by the author works, it makes little contribution to the total electricity consuming so that we cannot see the change on
spending money. Furthermore, if the electric consumptions of other factors increase, it will not save the money, strongly contradicting to the conclusion of the author. It指代不明，这句话需要修改
To sum up, the recommendation suffers from statistic and logic flaws causing that it is not warranted. In order to strengthen it, the author should provide the compelling evidence to prove the reliability of the survey and the casual relationship between the way of cooling their house and decrease of electric consumption. Additionally, the author should also provide appealing evidence to prove the total electric consumption will decrease.
除了前面提到几个问题，这篇文章整体上结构和逻辑都还是可以的。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-14 20:46:30
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-14 22:53 编辑
第四次作业
（6）
TOPIC: ARGUMENT163 - The following is taken from the editorial section of the local newspaper in Rockingham.
文章各方面写的都挺好的。有些句子自己以前没有见过，大致意思读懂了，但是水平不够不敢乱改啊。就是最后一段有一句“therefore specious at best是什么意思”？好像有问题
（7）
TOPIC: ARGUMENT137 - The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.
"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby Mason River for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up Mason River. Therefore, recreational use of the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the Mason River."
WORDS: 416 TIME: 00:30:00 DATE: 2009/3/9 16:28:42
In this augument, the author drew the conclution about the increase 这里应该是减少而不是增多of recreational use of the Mason River, after his/her seemingly convincing procedure of reasoning, and suggested the City council to increase the budget for the improvement of lands along Mason River. As far as I see it, this argument omits some sunbstential information, and therefor suffers some logical fallacies.
To begin with, the author falsely established a causal relationship between the complaint about the quality of the water and the seldom using of the nearby River for recreational activity. Although the two things happened simultaneously, but there are pobably many other reasons for seldom using of the water, too. For example, in the city there is a swimming pool, which supplies a good service and has new infrastructure. So the residents prefer going there to siwmming in the river. Like swimming pool, other places, such as park and artifical lack, will attract people as well. Without providing us the information about other places in the city, the author's assumption is invalid.这里应该是想说没提供是否居民去泳池游泳和人工湖划船，而不是说提供其他地方的信息
In addition, can the annoucement about cleaning up Mason River by the agency make the use of river increased? Even assuming that the residents seldom use the River, because they worried the quality of the water, a promise about cleaning up cannot make the river really clean at a short time. The environmental restore will take a relative long time, as we know. Moreover, the author did not tell us the detail of the cleaning plan. When does begin it, and how does the agency put it into practice? So the author's conclution about a increase of use of the water lacks credibility.这段的论证逻辑不太连贯
Last but not least, the author's suggestion is also doubtful. Even if the river can be cleaned up, it is not clear that why the council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the lands along the Mason River? Can this plan represent the residents' real will? It is entirely possible that a majority of residents want to keep these lands wild as before, so that they can get a real relax in the nature. The author did not show the oppinion of the residents, therefore the final suggestion may be not proper.句子使用不符合规范
To sum up, in this argument, the evidence is not enough to support waht the author maintained. To strenghten, more information, 为增加更多信息？such as a introduce of the city, a detailed plan about cleaning up the river and a poll about the improvement of lands, are necessary
1错字较多
2其他见文中标记
（8）
TOPIC: ARGUMENT71 - Copper occurs in nature mixed with other minerals and valuable metals in ore, and the proportion of copper in the ore can vary considerably. Until fairly recently, the only way to extract pure copper from ore was by using a process that requires large amounts of electric energy, especially if the proportion of copper in the ore is low. New copper-extracting technologies can use up to 40 percent less electricity than the older method to process the same amount of raw ore, especially when the proportion of copper in the ore is high. Therefore, we can expect the amount of electricity used by the copper-extraction industry to decline significantly.
WORDS: 475 TIME: 00:30:00 DATE: 2009/3/6 17:32:50
Comparing the new technologies with the traditional ones, “the traditional ones 可以这么用么？the这里用的好像不太对”and then based upon the superiority in electricity reducing of the former, the author thus predicted an optimistic perspective of the new copper-extracting skills. However, to prove those hypothesise requires more work of reasoning and more relative background evidences.
To begin with, the author might intensively conceal the purity of copper proceeded and the expenditure of replacing new equipment. Primarily, the quality of the products should not be overlooked. Admittedly, for its important influence in earning profits, cost should be considered as an important factor in comprehensive judgment of new industrial skills, whereas the quality and quantity of the products are even more decisive in determining practical value of certain new technology. 这句话是说铜的质量不能被忽视，因为他是影响利润的重要原因，所以。。。感觉不用这么绕吧，影响利润的有很多因素，比如工艺什么的，质量也是一方面直接说就行了。质量影响的不仅仅是利润。As is self-evident, one industrial innovation could be broadly accepted only when its manufactures satisfied customers. If, for example, the new process of copper-extracting technologies failed to extract more pure copper, factories would never be willing to accept new technologies although the traditional one expends more electricity. In addition, the technical costs are undeserved slipped. When the CEO of one copper-extracting corporation endeavor to decrease their daily cost of energy, the primary consideration of him/her would be how much should he/she pay for the new equipment? If the costs of exchanging equipment, for instance, are much higher than the spending of extra electricity, one would require great act of will to eliminate old equipment. Since the expectation of the author established mainly in wide spread and broad using of the new industrial skills, he/she should not neglect the possibilities mentioned above.
What is more, the effects of the new technologies to environment as well face the similar challenge. Are those new industrial skills detrimental to ecosphere? There might be opportunity that the equipment utilizing those technologies would release great amount of detrimental gases or polluted water to our living circumstance. Actually, if certain new technology will be harmful to our generations, it would never be actualized. Since the author rashly skip this possibility while focus merely on the power saving, the optimistic perspective he/she expecting might never emerge. True, new revolutionary industrial technology rarely failed to influence our daily lives, nonetheless, before verifying its practical influences, the positive anticipation is somewhat too hastily.
Last but not least, the author failed to take into account that there might be other alternative possibilities to reach out to the purpose of energy saving. Do there exist any chemical compounds that could accelerate the copper-extracting action? As is known to all, appropriate catalyst could lower the temperature required in chemical interactions and therefore reduce the cost of electricity. 这个点自己倒是没有想到
In sum, were there detailed background information demonstrating quality of the products and cost of the machine, particular description convincing the essential impact to circumstance, comprehensive deduction excluding other possible approaches, the expectation of the author would be more rational
|
最后用了倒装
总之，文章比较好，学习了。
（9）
159.The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.
时间 30:00
----------------正文------------------------
In this argument, the arguer points out that the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity. To support his recommendation, the arguer claims that it is based on a recent study. However, at the first glance, the arguer seems to be plausible, but after a close scrutiny, it lies in several fallacies and logical flaws discussed below.这个应该是传说中的模板吧，我一着急也喜欢用
To begin with, the arguer neglects an important factor which the nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. This phenomenon leads to the different temperature in different region. Therefore, in common sense, with different temperature it is absolutely different costs on electricity. For example, A is natural cooler than B, so A must pay less electric money on fans or air conditioners because the residents in A have already felt cooler than B. Consequently, without consider this factor, the arguer's claim is open to doubt.
Secondly, the arguer fails to prove that it is the fact that all the electric costs which they have seen is the fans' or air conditioners' using cost. In other word, the arguer commits a false equal relationship between the overall electric cost and the fans' and air conditioners’ cost. It is entirely possible that when the residents are using fans or air conditioners, they also use other electric facilities, such as computers, televisions and so forth. Thus, without ruling out other possibilities about the electric cost, the arguer's claim can not convince us thoroughly.
Even if I was to concede that it is the fact that this overall electric cost is equal to the cooling equipments' cost, the arguer's point is also suspect. It is likely that the longer we use the electric facilities, the more opportunity (probability) they will be wrong (they happen to malfunction). It is absolutely possible that the saving money is so little that we can neglect it while the electric equipment is mighty expensive. Therefore, it may not save money if these facilities have something wrong as the result of long time usage.作者是不是想说购买新电器还要花很多钱，电器是易耗品，早晚会坏的。加上购买新电器的钱，总的算下来未必会省钱。
To sum up, this argument lacks credible because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To better bolster and strengthen it, the arguer needs to provide specific information about the electric cost and offer us more data of local temperature in different regions.
（10）主要是学习。大问题没有。有些句子有点问题，比如and 和or的用法
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-15 00:24:20
第四次作业
（11）
argument65
"For many years all the stores in our chain have stocked a wide variety of both domestic and imported cheeses. Last year, however, the five best-selling cheeses at our newest store were all domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconsin. Furthermore, a recent survey by Cheeses of the World magazine indicates an increasing preference for domestic cheeses among its subscribers. Since our company can reduce expenses by limiting inventory, the best way to improve profits in all of our stores is to discontinue stocking many of our varieties of imported cheese and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses."
According to the sales of their newest store and the results of a survey by Cheeses of the World, the president of a chain of cheese stores comes to the conclusion that the west 是想说best 吧way to improve profits in all of their stores is to discontinue stocking many of their varieties of imported cheeses and concentrate primarily on domestic cheeses. Though sound as it seems, the reasoning is flawed in several aspects.有人说开头没有反映文章的逻辑链条，应该补充，我不清楚如果那么开头的话是否会显得太罗嗦？
To begin with, in the newest store the domestic cheddar cheeses from Wisconisin are the best selling cheeses does not mean that all the domestic cheeses sell well. It is entirely possible that all the other domestic cheeses nevertheless sell badly. Perhaps, in the newest store, the domestic cheeses except for those from Wisconisin sell not as well as the imported cheeses and the overall sales of imported cheeses are far more than that of domestic cheeses. If this is the case, discontinuing stocking the imported cheeses, the stores, whose overall sales will drop sharply, will definitely lose huge profits. Unless the president finds out the other cheeses' sales, his proposal will not be convincing.这个点确实找的不是太明显，或者作者再说的具体一点
Besides, even assuming that in the newest store, the sales of domestic are better than those of imported cheeses, the president's advice still be too hasty. The president has not provided any evidence that the newest can typify all of their stores. There are many disparities among all the stores, such as the geography positions, the economical conditions of the cities where the stores are located, the tastes of the stores' customers, which will lead to different results of the president' proposal in variable stores. To guarantee this proposal can improve profits, the presidents must make an investigation to learn what the sales in other stores and whether the sales of the newest store can represent all the stores' sales.看来还是要列逻辑链条，否则读起来比不是太清晰啊
In addition, the result of the survey by the magazine can lends little support to the president's proposal. The majority of the survey's respondents are the subscribers of the magazine and not representatives of the overall customers of this chain of cheese stores. Perhaps the respondents' tastes differ greatly from the tastes of this chain of stores' customers, who more prefer imported cheeses. If the president wants to know what the tastes of his stores' customers, he should do a survey among the customers of their chain of stores, rather than blindly believing one magazine’s survey.
In sum, there are still many jobs demanding the presidents to do before his proposal's carried out. Such as, making an investigation to learn what the sales of the other cheeses and what the tastes of customers in all the stores of the chains are
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-15 19:56:05
第四次作业
（16）
argument188
TOPIC: ARGUMENT188 - A new report suggests that men and women experience pain very differently from one another, and that doctors should consider these differences when prescribing pain medications. When researchers administered the same dosage of kappa opioids-a painkiller-to 28 men and 20 women who were having their wisdom teeth extracted, the women reported feeling much less pain than the men, and the easing of pain lasted considerably longer in women. This research suggests that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. In addition, researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women.
WORDS: 424 TIME: 00:28:34 DATE: 2008-12-1 15:54:44
In the argument, the arguer draw a conclusion that kappa opioids should be prescribed for women whenever pain medication is required, whereas men should be given other kinds of pain medication. Besides, the arguer also suggests that researchers should reevaluate the effects of all medications on men versus women. The argument is mainly based on a research about 28 men and 20 women having their wisdom teeth extracted. However, although the conclusion sounds indeed reasonable at first thought, several logical flaws may seriously undermine this argument.
First of all, the arguer commits a fallacy of "hasty generalization". Firstly, the research only tests one kind of painkiller-- kappa opioids without testing other kinds of painkiller's effect. Based on a specific example, it is logically unsounded to make suggestion for all medications. It is very possible that other kind of medications might be completely different from kappa opioids, they might have the same effect on men and women, or might be more effective on men than women. 句子有问题，少连词或者改标点Secondly, the result of the research is limitedly based on one kind of situation--extracting the wisdom teeth. It is likely that this situation is not typical in general and in other cases kappa opioids might have the same effect on men and women. In fact, in the face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
Moreover, the research cited by the arguer is too vague to be informative. The number of the subjects, 28 men and 20 women, might constitute an insufficiently small sample to draw any reliable conclusion. Also, the sample might be unrepresentative of the most people. It is possible that the women in the group are more health than the men. Without better evidence that the research is statistically reliable, the arguer cannot convince me to accept his conclusion.
Last but not least, the arguer assumes that kappa opioids are more effective to women than men, according to the evidence that the women reported felling much less pain than the men. 这里不是假设药物对女士更有效吧，作者是通过那个小实验推出的中间结论But it is not sufficient to substantiate the assumption. It is entirely possible that the women might own more powerful ability to stand the pain or the men might express the pain openly. 最后这句话好像说的有点问题，为什么说“完全不可能”
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to do more scientific and substantial research. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information regarding the reference of other medications.这两句话说的大概是一个意思，是否有必要写两句。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-15 19:57:22
第四次作业
21-25
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-15 19:57:43
第四次作业
26-30
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-15 22:06:14
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-15 22:18 编辑
上来了好像没怎么写过心情日志，主要是在这7天里一直“连滚带爬”补“精英备考组”的海选作业。感叹一句“当精英不容易”，呵呵，自嘲一下。其实自己也没想过要当什么精英，更别说面对的是GRE，GAMT,LAST这些难度高的技术动作。只是不甘心自己就这么“沉沦堕落”下去，希望找个有凝聚力的团队可以相互激励，帮助。有幸能看到“草木”版主的英雄帖，这几天小小的发奋了一下。收获不小啊！:D
说一下今天都干嘛了：
昨晚失眠，2-3点才睡，中午也没睡成，一天没什么精神。不过还是改了改自己写的作文和别人写的作文。尽管进展缓慢，权当休息了。
女朋友感冒了，偶还要“小心伺候”啊，:loveliness:
电脑年久失修，准备一会儿重装下系统。
晚上睡个好觉！:sleepy:
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-19 21:31:23
“精英组”精选阶段第一次任务
翻译178-183的Argument
178
下面的内容出现在National Brush Company（NBC）年度报告上：“为节省开支，我们公司NBC决定按生产刷子多少支付雇员薪水，以此代替按工作时间来支付工资。我们相信这项政策将会提高刷子的产量和质量，将降低雇员规模，同时使公司的工厂减少运营时间从而节省电费和降低安全成本。这些改变将保证最好的工人保住了他们的工作，而且公司在来年将实现盈利。”
179
下面是一份人事主管写个Cedar Corporation总裁的备忘录：“明年，继续雇佣Good-Taste（GT）公司为我们职工餐厅供应食物将是个错误。它是全市第二贵的餐饮承办公司。此外，在过去三年里，它的价格每年都在上涨，并且它拒绝为那些有特殊饮食需要的人提供服务。仅仅上个月就有三个员工跟我抱怨，说他们不会再在餐厅用餐了，因为那种经历实在让人难以忍受。我们公司应该雇佣Discount Foods（DF）来替代GT。DF是本地家族企业，它提供鱼和家禽类的多种菜单。最近我在DF提供服务的众多公司中的一家品尝了一份样菜，味道可口。这说明，雇佣DF将提高员工的满意度。”
180
下面是人事主管提给Acme Publishing Company总裁的一项建议：“最近，很多其它公司说他们的员工参加了Easy Read（ER）的速读课程之后生产效率大大提高。课程的一个毕业生能够在两个小时之内读完一份500页的报告；另一个毕业生在一年之内从一个经理助理升职为副总裁。显然，阅读速度越快，在一个工作日内吸收的信息就越多。此外，ER的学费只需每位雇员500美元，当你考虑到它将给Acme带来的益处时，这笔费用就只是小数目了。这个费用包括在Spruce市的三星期研讨班学习和ER时事通讯的终身赠阅。显然，通过要求我们的所有员工参加ER的课程，将会使Acme获得极大的好处。”
181
一封写给都市报编辑的信件：“最近一项研究表明，很多青少年需要更多的睡眠，同时另外一项研究显示我们城市中很多高中学生对自己的学习成绩不满意。作为解决这些问题的方法，我市的高中应该在早上8：30开始上课，而不是7：30，并且推迟一小时放学。这种安排将给学生在早晨多一个小时的睡觉时间，从而使他们更加清醒更有效率。因此，学生在测验和其他作业中将表现得更好，他们的学习能力将会大大提高。”
182
Happy Pancake House（HPH）在美国西南部的餐厅用人造黄油代替天然黄油。大约只有2％的顾客投诉过，这表明100个人中有98人对这种改变感到满意。此外，很多服务员反映，许多仍然要天然黄油的顾客，当天然黄油被替换成人造黄油时，他们并不会投诉。显然，这些顾客都不能区分天然黄油和人造黄油，或者他们是用“黄油”这个词来表示天然黄油或者人造黄油。因此，为避免购买天然黄油的开销，HPH应该在东南和东北部地区的餐厅推广这种节省开销的措施。
183
很多美国大公司的员工担心他们在不久的将来会丢掉工作，但这种担心很大程度上是没有事实依据的。根据最近的一项研究，大部分公司准备在来年雇佣新员工，同时较少的公司准备裁员。另外，尽管下岗确实很令人不安，但一些帮助人们改善求职技巧的培训项目和讲习班的激增使下岗远没有以前那么痛苦。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-21 00:32:42
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-21 00:36 编辑
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-21 00:30 编辑
Comments( 2009-12-18):
I have heard a lot of news about Copenhagen conference in which countries discuss framework about climate change. Although always pay more attention on environment, I do not care about this conference, because countries’ leader concern politics more than climate. Having read this report, I know global warming deeply, and have new attitude to look at climate crisis.
Firstly, because proper climate record-keeping started in 1979, scientists cannot provide sufficient evidence show that human activity leads to climate change. But as have they known, they reckon “those trends are all likely or very likely to have been caused by human activity and will probably continue”. The report offers several examples to tell us how human activity influence on climate. The typical one is that climate becomes warming , as atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are increasing; meanwhile, carbon-dioxide emitting by human activity are increasing higher than before. Most of discussion about climate change in report are convincing, except that he does not give us more details about damage of climate change.
Secondly, the report why climate change is also one political problem or one economic problem. Any global climate deal have to be affected by domestic policies, which mainly concern national beneficence. Every country does not want to pay more money for problem which will not sure whether happen or not decades later. Thus, green policies have to face huge troubles before they accepted by global world.
Good sentences:
“So far the effort to tackle global warming has achieved little.” 主要是词用的比较好，比如”so far”, “effort”, ”tackle”, 和”achieve”
“Its population rises and falls unpredictably, destroying clumps of pinewood as it peaks which then regenerate as the bug recedes.” 句子比较简洁，而且结构也较特别，定于之前插入一个状语”as it peaks”
“According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the body set up to establish a scientific consensus on what is happening, heat waves, droughts, floods and serious hurricanes have increased in frequency over the past few decades. “ 主句宾语从句后又接宾语从句
“But the broad scientific consensus is that serious climate change is a danger, and this newspaper believes that, as an insurance policy against a catastrophe that may never happen, the world needs to adjust its behaviour to try to avert that threat.” 值得学习的长句子的写法
“The UN is a useful talking shop, but it does not get much done.” 用到了比喻，讽刺的手法
“Not only is the latest round of negotiations mired in difficulty, but the World Trade Organisation’s task is child’s play compared with climate change.” 句子用到了比喻，而且有倒装，典型的”not only…, but…”的用法。
“Voters do not want to bear the cost of their elected leaders’ aspirations, and those leaders have not been brave enough to push them.” 句子几个词用的都很精当”bear”, “push”
Difficult sentences:
“Jakobshavn Isbrae, the largest of them, which drains 6% of Greenland’s ice, is now moving at 12km a year—twice as fast as it was when the UNFCCC was signed—and its “calving front”, where it breaks down into icebergs, has retreated by 20km in six years.” 主要是主句的主语和谓语距离较远，而且有几个词的意思较抽象，看了几遍才明白。
“The human race has almost all the tools it needs to continue leading much the sort of life it has been enjoying without causing a net increase in greenhouse-gas concentrations in the atmosphere.” 没弄清句子结构
“It is a prisoner’s dilemma, a free-rider problem and the tragedy of the commons all rolled into one” 没理解后半句的深层含义
“And if taxpayers decide that green policies are packed with pork, they will turn against them.” 这个比喻不太明白其中的含义
Comments( 2009-12-19):
Although art or art market is far from my life or most ordinary Chinese, I have to say they play an important role in human spiritual wealth. From this special art market report, I have learned many useful knowledge. Admittedly, the report objectively tell us: the influence of recession impacting on art market, the way of recovery, masters of art universe, and the market rules. But I have to doubt whether author fairly assessed Christie and Sotheby or not.
Do you remember bronze rabbit and rat head sculptures had been auctioned in France, on February 25, 2009? That’s my first time I hear about Christie, and auction is filled with original sin in my eyes. Then I know more information about Christie and Sotheby. Actually, Sotheby always keep a good relationship with China auction.
Eliminating these prejudice named after nationalism, there is still one serious problem of Christie and Sotheby. They monopolize art market, and they can easily control word art market. There are a number of figures in the report can deduce the conclusion. According to one typical data of the report, which Christie and Sotheby share almost half market’s business conducting at public auctions, it can seen their dominated strength in art market. Therefore, to protect private collectors’ benefit and preserve fair market, government should regulate auction strictly, such as private dealers, Christie and Sotheby.
The report implies another problem is that China is becoming important client in art market. For instance, the report says “Last year China overtook France as the world’s third-biggest art market after America and Britain”. I do think this is a good news. Because, there are 120 million Chinese live in poverty reckoned by the United Nations. Except for 5% rich man, the average deposit for each people is only 6000 yuan, and the wealth gap is becoming huge continuously. In foreigners’ eyes, Chinese are rich, but they can imagine 120 million Chinese are suffering hungers, while the minority rich man are considering if 30 million dollars are enough for one art. You may say I am idealist or pragmatist. But still I think it is better spend more money to help those poor people, than buy those luxurious arts.
Good sentences:
Over the past 25 years more than 100 have been built, not only in America and Europe but also in the sheikhdoms of the Persian Gulf and the fast-growing cities in Asia. 觉得more than，not only…but also的用法值得学习，而且还有各地的名称
Over the same period the number of wealthy private collectors has also increased many times over, and so has their diversity. 后面的倒装句用的很简洁
Yet even here there are dark corners. The leading auctioneers offer inducements such as guaranteed prices to persuade sellers to part with their treasures, and generous terms of payment for buyers. 前面的句子用的简洁有力，而且还有比喻。后面的第一次读比较抽象，读几遍，理解其含义后句子写的还是很紧凑的。
Sotheby’s is a quoted company whereas Christie’s, once listed, was taken private in 1999 by its current owner, Mr Pinault. 主要是是一些专业词汇：quoted company 上市公司
The response of both auction houses to the current slump has been broadly similar: staff cuts, unpaid leave, a squeeze on salaries, slashed marketing and travel budgets, and an edict that the glossy auction catalogues, which in the boom cost each of them £25m a year to produce, were no longer to be handed out like chocolate drops. 一段就一句话，典型的长句子，值得模仿。
Difficult sentences:
But the proportion of all luxury spending that went on art increased as investors looked for assets that would hold their value in the longer term. 当时断句没断好，读了几遍才弄明白意思
Everyone wants an iconic work, which helps explain the global demand for artists such as Warhol, Jeff Koons and Mr Hirst—and the eye-watering prices such work can command. 主要是句子里面几个词都不太明白什意思
Sotheby’s, for its part, is still smarting from the public beating it received in America nearly a decade ago when its chairman, Alfred Taubman, and its chief executive, Diana Brooks, were found guilty of conspiring with Christie’s to fix commissions. 句子结构没有那么清晰
Comments( 2009-12-20):
Relating the relationship between China and America, each Chinese have heard a host of messages, such as news, articles, speeches and books. Most Chinese know America so much, but so do not Americans. As most Chinese, I also concern America always, with my own attitude to the Sino-American relationship. From this article, I find one professional attitude which American people take to China. But I do not think the author really understands China.
When I see the former paragraphs, I have thought that the author is one American holding on Chinese threat opinion. He introduce many merits about China. Although, as a Chinese, I am very glad to see my country is becoming prosperous, but，actually China still faces a number of problems or crisis in today and future. As author have said in article back, China is a “dwarf” , when comparing with America.
Certainly, China have achieved amazing records by fighting in last decades. But we should have calm attitude to our problems and achievements. Especially facing America this the most developed country, we should better make more Chinese people be educated, live better and eat better, than mention “G2” concept, or the biggest creditor of America.
这篇文章学到了很多有用的词汇，比如 “the Sino-American relationship”等等。当然有些句子也是很精彩的。
Good sentences:
“Our future history will be more determined by our position on the Pacific facing China than by our position on the Atlantic facing Europe” 不仅是因为总统先生说的，确实句子很整齐，用than连接两个对称的成分，our position on the Pacific facing China 读起来也显得干净利落。
China is exploring the rubble of the global economy in hopes of accelerating its own rise. 理由几个词觉得用的很精当。
It sees America’s plight as a cue to push for the lifting of such barriers and for Chinese companies to look actively for buying opportunities among America’s high-technology industries.句子写得比较严密
Between the communist victory in 1949 and President Richard Nixon’s historic visit to China in 1972 there had been as little contact between the two countries as there is between America and North Korea today. 句子比较长，但结构很清楚。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-21 17:06:45
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-21 17:07 编辑
今天主要是做了作业，然整理了部分语法笔记。另外是背了单词。总觉得时间不太够用。看来效率还是比较低，加油啊！
Comments( 2009-12-21):
From the headline of this article, we can conclude there is still long way to achieve economic recovery. I agree with the author’s assertion, but his evidence is not sufficient.
In this report, author does not mention what are the causes of this recession. I do not think society internal economic law leads to this depression. Actually, overwhelming speculation in Wall Street, which is the biggest financial market in the world, creates capital market crisis, leading to global economic crisis directly. Lacking efficient supervision for speculators in Wall Street, American government should be responsible for this serious crisis. And the Federal Reserve(FR) lows the currency interest in long-term, which increases the price of American houses, is another reason prompting recession. Although some economic specialists said “economy is recovering from financial disaster, with government huge fiscal stimulus.”, I will not anticipate for any real recovery, without government improving their regulation or central banks taking proper currency strategy.
I have to say fiscal stimulus stop the crisis expanding, but this effect could only work shortly. Huge financial deficits will lead serious inflation. Until then, if the economy still cannot recover powerfully, there would be a real disaster for us, which may be “lost decade” or serious stagflation. I certainly hope this scene has happened, but until now American government do not do anything to improve their regulation except for quantitative easing, while there are a host of debt belonging to American or European consumers.
Good sentences:
“Its information office promises nine miles of pristine sand, fine dining for devoted epicureans and an atmosphere of laid-back sophistication. ”Promise, pristine sand, devoted epicureans, laid-back 这几个词的使用值得学习
“Saddled with the worst credit rating in the country, the ‘Golden State’ is cutting spending on schools, prisons and health care for the elderly, as well as closing parks and laying off staff for three days a month.”政府节约开支的几种说法全有了，以后写作可以学习。
“He likened the economy to a piece of string stretched taut on a board. The more forcefully the string is plucked, the more sharply it snaps back.”学习老外是怎么写类比的句子
Difficult sentences:
“They find that, on average, seven years after a bust an economy’s level of output was almost 10% below where it would have been without the crisis.” 看了好几遍才找出合适断句的地方，这里seven years after a bust应该是个做插入成分的时间状语
“overinvestment and overspeculation…would have far less serious results were they not conducted with borrowed money.”后面的“were they not conducted with borrowed money”应该是个省略if的倒装，这里为啥没加标点就不知道了。？？？
“The typical post-war recession begins when the flow of spending in the economy puts a strain on its resources, forcing prices upwards.” 这句话能大概猜出意思，但是put a strain on 这个具体什么意思不清楚。？？？
“Only when you hit bottom can you stop and contemplate the cliff you must now climb.”
这句话我理解是这样的一个句子“When only you hit bottom, you can stop and contemplate the cliff (that) you must now climb”，貌似这样能翻译的通，不知道对不对？？？
“I fancy that over-confidence seldom does any great harm except when, as, and if, it beguiles its victims into debt.”句子意思大概明白，“as，and if”这里起什么作用？？？
参考资料 中英对照可以帮助理解
http://news.iciba.com/200901/547739.html
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-22 23:59:40
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-23 00:00 编辑
Comments( 2009-12-22):
For America’s health-care bill, I am always interested in it. But, I find that I need know more knowledge about American politics, insurance, and fiscal budget, not only health-care, for wanting to understand America’s health-care bill substantially. Therefore, this article’s contents are obscure to me, though I have seen several videos made by CNN introducing health-care. Actually, the hardest problem I cannot understand is why president Barack Obama put such effort to reform health-care, why this health-care bill lead to debate intensely among congressmen, senators, and ordinary American, and why several health-care reform bills had failed in past. Certainly, I cannot find answers from this short passage, but I have gotten good question from this article.
Later, I have read several special reports for America’s health-care bill, containing Chinese articles and internet passages. I solve my queries basically and satisfy my curiosity, though those information not clear enough. Because health-care has a long story to say, I do not introduce them in this place. If you are interested in these either, please check websites as follows.
http://healthcareaccess.cookmedi ... z6Z4CFYYwpAodPVOTbQ
http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video ... .cnn?iref=allsearch
http://world.people.com.cn/GB/9722790.html
http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2009-09/12/content_12035814_1.htm
Good sentences:
“Since 60 votes is the precise number needed to avoid a filibuster, there was no room for error whatsoever, the reason why the procedural motion had taken so long.”对我来说“the reason why…”这个地方用比较特别
Difficult sentences:
“Shortly after 1am on Monday December 21st, the health bill cleared the first, and the most difficult, of the procedural hurdles it has to leap in order to secure passage through the Senate.”
句子主干知道意思明确，但是这个成分“of the procedural hurdles”不太理解是修饰哪部分的？
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-23 23:50:36
今天主要了复习单词，和语法。将今天的文章看完了。写了一部分comments，一个好久没有联系的同学来个电话，聊的比较久。所以comments也没写完。计划做的数学题也没做。
不过，既然是友情肯定是要花些时间的。朋友可能以后就定居意大利了，觉得在外面的中国人多少还是不容易的，倒不是物质上，可能更多是精神上的归属感。可能住的时间久了就好了。祝福一下！
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-24 23:10:15
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-24 23:50 编辑
Comments (2009-12-23,24):
From this debate and its comments, I have learned so much. Especially Steven’s and Nell’s remarks, both them provide solid contents, logical reasoning, effective evidence, and forceful examples. If they write Analytical Writing (AW) like this, ETS would give them score 6. Moreover, numerous written techniques arguing with other are very useful for preparing AW test, though there are some terminologies obscuring me. But these remarks are not perfect in my eyes. Next, I will reveal several flaws in their remarks.
How many salaries paying for executives are reasonable? This is a headache problem in every country. For American company, both Steven and Nell express their standpoints. As proposer, Steven has provided a number of data and evidence to support his assertion. But I still have some questions for his statements. Firstly, Steven insists CEO pay has not gone up in recent years. If it is true, then why CEO pay increases from ten times to 300 times worker’s pay. Secondly, he believes CEO pay is always related to performance. But, why several financial institutions paid more money for their executives, which are suffering from subprime disaster and have to beg for government’s capital injection. Therefore, Nell shows two extended examples to contradict Steven’s assertion. But, Nell did not give us more related data to strengthen her statement and she did not take against Steven’s first statement. Maybe, actually, Nell also think CEO pay has not increase in decades.
Good sentences:
But thereafter, starting in America and slowly spreading to the rest of the world, the multiples increased exponentially. 简洁的表达“指数增加”这一含义
While CEO pay practices are not perfect, they are driven by market forces and performance. 用词比较简练
These may be anecdotes, but they are illuminating ones. The numbers and details may be at the extreme, but the underlying approaches are representative.
这话完全可以改改用到自己文章里。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-25 23:20:24
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-25 23:54 编辑
今天除了comment，自己主要是背单词，另外仔细读了林肯的葛底斯堡演说词，精彩啊。学习之外还帮别人买手机，好久不看这些东西，比较生了。
Comments (2009-12-25):
The house of the Economist appears a splendid debate for us, though I cannot get a conclusion before catching enough reliable data. In these rebuttal remarks, I acquire satisfying answers for my questions in the last comment. Moreover, for my test preparation, there are numerous of good sentences, which are used to prove or contradict one viewpoint, to learn.
Firstly, as the proposer, Mr. Kaplan thinks Ms. Minow’s examples too few to persuade people. Moreover, he reveals these two examples are not accurate, because one CEO is charged recently. At last, he proves why Ms. Minow’s five claims are false and tells us the exact reason of economic crisis.
Ms. Minow also fights back powerfully, by taking more detailed data and evidence. In first step, she explains why she argues that current executive compensation plans are out of whack and how these plans lead to the crisis. In this process, she gives us two more examples than last remarks, such as Goldman’s and AIG’s bonuses scandal. Furthermore, by exposing the realized CEO compensation, she suspects the validity of data used by Mr. Kaplan. In the meantime, she points there is no relationship between CEO pay and the increase of CEO fired by boards. In a word, focusing on Mr. Kaplan’s evidence and reasoning, she criticizes executive compensation plans thoroughly. In the end, she also show us seven deadly sins found these plans, and will tell us how to do it right in next response.
Both Mr. Kaplan and Ms. Minow bring us excellent discussion, and we can learn much knowledge in their remarks. And I almost forget the moderator’s statement also give me a deep impression. Mr. Wooldridge not only gives us one open debate space, but also keeps the debate in right direction. What is more, his remarks make me clearly to understand the main clue of the debate.
Good sentences:
Once again, Wall Street is all about capitalism when it comes to the upside, but all about socialism when it comes to the downside, that is, from each, according to his ability, to each, whatever he can get away with. 句子简练，用到了演绎等修辞手法。
To 番茄斗斗 ，前半句说：“华尔街在繁华时期施行资本主义，低谷时期施行社会主义”，作者的意思是繁华的时候，公司大佬们都拿绩效工资，这样拿的多啊，经济低迷时，开始靠政府救济，这时候就不讲绩效了，大佬们就想能多分奖金就多分。
后半句，我觉得作者是在演绎马克思的一句话“From each according to his ability, to each according to his need.——Karl Marx”，这句话的意思是“各尽所能，按需分配 --百度”，文中的“from each, according to his ability, to each, whatever he can get away with.”这句话估计是讽刺现存的分配制度不合理，也就是“各尽所能，无论如何一部分有特权的人都可能侥幸获得更多”
The preponderance of the data and, even Ms Minow's "outlier" "anecdotes," therefore, fail to provide any evidence that top executive compensation had much to do with the financial crisis. 写驳论文的时候可以模仿的句子。
Difficult sentences:
All Special Master Kenneth Feinberg can do is ask the company not to pay the bonuses and rattle his sabre about the pay he can control going forward, hoping that the threat of clamping down on the 25 executives at each of the covered companies he does have authority over will be enough of an incentive to force a change. 这句话读起来吃力，读完了不知所云，尤其是 “is ask”怎么这里像有语病。请人帮忙解释一下啊。多谢！
I do not understand why he brings up the net worth of CEOs; that has no relationship whatsoever to their pay, its relationship to performance, or its effectiveness at aligning CEOs' interests with shareholders'.
哪位读懂了帮忙解释一下啊。多谢！
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-27 22:47:24
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-27 22:48 编辑
Comments (2009-12-26):
Focusing on passwords aplenty besieging a vast majority of people, this is a wonderful passage, without many obscure professional words. I almost never come cross difficult sentences or contents, while I was reading it. And the article is also very useful for me, because, aplenty passwords always make me exhausted in work and life.
As one software engineering, password problems usually appear in my life, though I do not take care of information security or network security. A lot of regulations ask us how to create passwords, how to keep them and how to change them frequently, because those passwords are related personal authorities entrancing different platforms in corporation. That is tough thing for us. The best headache problem is we must change our all passwords every three months. In my life leaving work, passwords also disturb me usually, when enjoying the happiness of surfing website. There are too my passwords to remember them clearly.
Therefore, it is very necessary that we need to use the password manager software. I cannot imagine how I deal with those passwords without the manager software. The author also suggests us to use some software tools to simplify our works on passwords and keep our passwords safely. In sum, under the author’s advice, let us take an action to use our passwords scientifically.
Good sentences:
Indeed, the majority of online users have an understandable aversion to strong, but hard-to-remember, passwords.
Unfortunately, the easier a password is to remember, the easier it is for thieves to guess. Ironically, the opposite—the harder it is to remember, the harder it is to crack—is often far from true.
Apart from stealing passwords from Post-it notes and the like, intruders basically use one of two hacks to gain access to other people’s computers or networks.
A more popular, though less effective, way is to use commercial software tools such as “L0phtCrack” or “John the Ripper” that can be found on the internet.
Comments (2009-12-27):
As far as art is concerned, there is little knowledge in my head. Fortunately, I have read several articles and books last year. Most of these introduce jewelries and Chinese porcelain. After reading that report whose name is ”suspended animation”, I begin to realize western collectors usually pay more attention on famous paintings.
Driven by my curiosity, I find those paintings’ photos on website today. In my first glance, they are interesting and wonderful. But I cannot say how well they are painted or why they attract many people to buy them. Perhaps, the reason is that I have never seen the real paintings in gallery. Or, as the article said, some collectors, such as Mr. Mason, only want to keep high quality paintings to protect their wealth from inflation, or treat the paintings as stock and hope them more valuable in future. Like me, those dealers also know a little about art or painting.
Art is not necessary for life, but it is important for our spiritual world. They can enjoy our soul and give us special way to express ourselves. But art market is filled with numerous popular styles, for getting more profit. Sometimes realism is popular, and sometimes impressionism is popular. Almost every corner of art market has been applauded in past years. Which is the next one?
Good sentences:
WHILE the contemporary art market constantly seeks the new—new names, new imagery, new media or simply new novelty—another curious corner of the art market has remained steadfastly old-fashioned, cluttered and sentimental.
Mr Mason, who has seen recessions come and go in the 53 year he has been in the business, said afterwards: “Prices today reflect what is happening out there. People are discounting the coming inflation and buying quality. They know that inflation has always been the art dealer’s friend.”
Difficult sentences:
The taste for clutter and realism is curiously buoyant.
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-29 23:53:17
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-29 23:54 编辑
最近比较忙啊，还要自己写作文。感觉时间比较紧，加油。
Comments (2009-12-28):
Beginning with introducing one Indian entrepreneur conference, under the global recession, author tells us the substantial process of erecting entrepreneurship in India. As same as Indian entrepreneurship, other countries entrepreneurship is influenced deeply by America. Following globalization opportunities, several Indian entrepreneur heroes are creating their commerce legends and empires. What is the characteristic of entrepreneurship? Author insists the innovation is the key element. And he also contradicts five popular myths about entrepreneurs separately. In my eyes, the discussion in this part, which is worth to learn for my writing, is wonderful. Moreover, except for convincing reasoning and fluent languages, I also agree the author's standpoint on the five myths. At last, facing the worse recession, author express his optimistic attitude about future economy, because these diligent entrepreneurs, who are global heroes, are seeking for new opportunity in recession.
Admittedly, author has enough reasons to support the economy recovery in future. But, obviously, only by those heroes effort, economy could hardly to make any improvement. Opposite the author's standpoint, I do not think there will be any heroes, when world are suffering from further recession. If we must say heroes saving the economy, I would better insist the people who always do good job on each corners of society are the global heroes. Furthermore, I must supplement author's assertion about entrepreneurial characteristics: except for innovation, one qualified entrepreneur must have trust obligation, which plays a important role in the whole capitalism system. Do not forget, without trust obligation, those investment banks, hedge fund and equity fund almost the Wall Street under the financial innovation's help.
Comments (2009-12-29):
It is an interesting article, and it is one typical GRE reading material. But, without related information and concepts, I do not understand clearly about three places. The first place is author explained how the religion enhances a group’s survival. The author’s reason is obscure for me. Another place is the relationship among metaphysical ideas, moral norms and mystical experience. The last one is the ending of article. Someone said it is ironical, but I cannot comprehend it.
Fortunately, I have caught the main idea of the author. At least, there are still some words to say in my comments. The article introduces one anti-traditional book and its author, Mr. Wade. Mr. Wade standpoints challenge my imagination indeed. Atheist as I am, I could understand the people who believe the God and respect their beliefs. Like other people who do not belong to religion, I always approve evolutionary biologists’ viewpoints on religion. Therefore, when Mr. Wade gives us one astonishing explanation, which religion enhances a group’s survival, I am interested in his reasons.
Because I do not read his book, for me, it is hard to say about Mr. Wade’s assertion. Only judged by this article’s introduce, Mr. Wade’s assertion is reasonable to some extent. Ironically, when reading the article, I usually remember the wars led by religion: Crusade, the French Religion War and Iran-Iraq War.
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-30 23:17:27
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-31 22:23 编辑
Today, I review GRE words and discuss with GRE friends about issue and argument. Time is too short to finish the comment in day. Later, I will write comment as soon as possible, and do not leave it to tomorrow.
As an aftermath of frequent wars launched by America, terrorists, who are called like this by American, begin to attack American homeland for revenge. As the proverb always says "No pain, no gain", for America, it is "No war, no terrorism ". Certainly, I sympathize with those dead or wounded people in terrorist attacks, and unfortunately they afforded for their government's mistake. But, some people like the author of the article concerned how to improve the homeland security system than concern the reasons of terrorist attacks. Furthermore, many politicians, whatever Republicans or Democrats, seem to pay more attention on accusing each other than take other useful actions. They only remember these American people are killed and the buildings are destroyed by terrorist attacks, but they forget those millions of people are massacred and millions of housings are corrupted in Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Korea, Palestine and Yugoslavia. Ironically, America, whose belief is "people are created equal", prompts those events happen.
Admittedly, except for its aggressive actions for other countries, America has relatively sound laws, regulations, and management, and American people enjoy more liberty rights and happiness life than other countries' people. This is also why America attracts numerous brilliant people to serve the country. Actually, comparing with other countries, America suffers almost little terrorist attacks. In my country, this event is merely not big deal and nobody dares to criticize government's management ability. After all, the terrorist attacks news, which often happens in Russia, India, Iraq, Afghanistan and Israel, fill with all the media. May be, American people have lived peacefully in long time, and they are scared easily by those bloody scenes. How happiness are American people! And I greatly admire them. Their powerful government provides them cheap goods, high quality education, satisfying medical treatment and reliable security system, while their country is invading other nations.
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2009-12-31 22:23:58
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2009-12-31 22:29 编辑
Like yesterday, write comments, read the Argument and Issue topics. The process of reviewing words is slower than plan. So, put on steam, tomorrow.
Comments (2009-12-31):
It is an interesting passage. With philosophical thinking, author shows us the beauty in one scientist's eyes. If you are free and have time to read it peacefully, you would find the beauty of this essay. Recently, I am too busy to sew this delicious food. But I still feel author's happiness when he was seeking for answer, and his sensitive interior world.
There is long story about philosophy problems debate, so does beauty. In past time, myriad people, such as Socrates, Kant, and Hegel, try to explain what is beauty. Without obscure words and complicated theory, author only express his own feeling about the beauty. In his passage, instead of tracing the God hand, he seeks for beauty through trace between human souls and universe. As a brilliant arts, human, who can think and feel beauty, is created by nature. Human have few knowledge about themselves as universe. But these do not drawback us to enjoy beauty in life. In author's passage, beauty is like another magical gift given by the cosmos or God.
作者: 海王泪 时间: 2010-1-1 00:40:57
P童鞋，Colorful Pencil?
跨年～拜访一下··新年快乐哦！！
貌似你很早考AW? 加油哦！！！
作者: pluka 时间: 2010-1-1 12:12:13
难道是2月底？好像有几个人是二月呢。新年一起加油吧！
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-1 22:47:12
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-1 22:49 编辑
呵呵，新年快乐！ 我是3月25日在广州考，赶个三月的尾巴，有点晚了。
Comments (2010-01-01):
I have heard many legends about the Arctic, but I have never seen this mysterious place. I always plan to go around the world in my life, and the Arctic may be one of steps. I am not surprised about Canada plan to explore the resource of the Arctic and strengthen his control in this place. So do Russia, America or other nearby nations. Obviously, following the increase of population and the shrink of lands, ocean resources have become precious. For the Arctic, these nations have disputed with each other for a long time.
Why the United Nations do not pass one convention, protecting the Arctic, like the Antarctic Treaty? I still confused by this question, after reading this passage. By surfing internet, I caught the answer. Actually, the Arctic belongs to the world people, not only one country or several countries. But, unlike the Antarctic surrounded by the ocean, the Arctic has five neighbors around him, which are America, Canada, Denmark, Norway and Russia. Moreover, not only does the Arctic accounts for 25 percent of the world's undiscovered oil and gas, but the Arctic also become strategic routes, following the melt of glaciers. Therefore, it is difficult to stop those powerful nations contesting for the Arctic. Until now, the Ocean Convention or Green Peace Organization cannot restrict any one of these nation to explore. Ironically, except for Russia, whose carbon-dioxide emissions in low level are resulted from recession, European Union, America and Canadian almost three biggest carbon-dioxide emissions nations, which would lead to the global warming. In other words, they are destroying the Arctic, while they are fighting with each other for the last cleaning land on the earth.
Whatever, along the political direction, America and Canada probably compromise with each other, and control the words authority about the exploration in the Arctic. At the same time, Russia cannot abandon easily for this huge cake, and they had begun to take a powerful action to protect the Arctic territory near its homeland. Denmark and Norway, by supported by European Union, definitely hope to expand their territory in this place. I cannot imagine a war will be launched by these nations for dividing this virgin ice field. Yet, attracted by these plentiful natural resources, who knows what these nations will do next?
Good sentences:
Now, the rush is on to discover the Far North, quite literally in the sense of research into atmosphere, ice and animals; and more urgently to get ready for the widening of sea lanes caused by global warming.
Canada’s belated interest in its Far North is somewhat ironic given that climate change has hit the Far North harder than any other part of the Earth, and yet Canada’s record in curbing greenhouse-gas emissions is the worst in the G8.
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-2 23:00:29
Comments (2010-01-02):
At first glance, I was attracted by the Avatar's glorious photos. Avatar recently arouses a new trend after the 2012 screened in the cinemas. By the dreamy 3-D images, Avatar easily earned 700 million dollars in 12 days. Moreover, a vast majority people are waiting for its showing in China, as they anticipated the Terminator Salvation, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen, 2012 or Twilight. Obviously, comparing with the Godfather (1972), Forrest Gump (1994) or The Shawshank Redemption (1994), Avatar is not counted as one fascinating story. Of course, the audiences who enter the cinema also do not expect it will be great science fiction film. Accurately, wonderful images, dazzling technology, tight scenarios, and exotic creatures make Avatar more similar Visual Reality than one charming film.
Because Avatar does not publish in China, later, I only see its preview on the internet. At last, I begin to read this passage. Instead of captivated by Avatar, this passage pull me back to the history of movies and give me a nice jump-off point to revisit my experience of them. As a movie fans, I have seen numerous films from video tapes to DVDs. But I rarely notice which is digital movie, which is old-fashioned movie. Reminded by the author's comments, I realize movies have changed a lot in past decade and digital techniques have brought us into new movies' era. With the development of science and technology, directors can really make unimaginable images in the films, which are hardly discriminated by human eyes. Today, people could enjoy the fresh experience brought by the digital movies, and see the animation characters completely melt into the real world in the movies. People could make any images, only you can imagine. I very appreciate the last sentence of the passage, "movies will allow us to choose not just the hero's journey through the story, but also our own". Movie makers have open a new gate of digital experience.
Good sentences:
Yet, unless a director or distributor calls attention to the technologies used — as do techno-fetishists like Michael Mann and David Fincher, who used bleeding-edge digital cameras to make “Collateral” (2004) and “Zodiac” (2007) — it’s also probable that most reviewers won’t mention if a movie was even shot in digital, because they haven’t noticed or don’t care.
Perched between film and digital, “Avatar” shows us a future in which movies will invite us further into them and perhaps even allow us to choose not just the hero’s journey through the story, but also our own.
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-3 23:48:22
Comments (2010-01-03):
Beginning with one Confucius proverb, Mr.Zhou provides a confused problem for us. Then Mr.Zhou deals with this dilemma in his own way. He thinks people should concern their own disposition, instead of "righteousness" and "gain". This passage is filled with wisdom words and philosophical ideas. Especially, the last sentence he had said, " I just want to express a belief: there is a life more worth living than the one haunted by righteousness and gain. And, this belief will help me sail through the unpredictable waters of my future life.", gives me a peaceful and comfortable mood to face the complicated society. Although it is difficult to keep this belief, when we are facing this commercial society, and he does not tell us how to hold on this belief, he gives us a direction to find ourselves and not lost in "righteousness" and "gain".
People have different comprehension to the "righteousness" and "gain". For a long time, I have never thought about these. Perhaps, I have been lost in this busy world, and sometimes, I can hardly stop to think quietly "Who am I?","Where I will go". Like author's statements, seeking material gain has become a golden rule for all, who contain me. In my eyes, I have never considered "righteousness" and "gain" are two contradict concepts. Each person could gain well with righteousness, and there are many examples to support my view. Limited with the passage length, I do not introduce them in detail. Here, I only want to say, beyond these two things, a vast majority things are waiting for us, and I need steer my ship with hope.
Good sentences:
It is believed that the philosophy of life has changed and a new interpretation of righteousness and gain looms large: seeking material gains is not the exclusive patent of the mean, but a golden rule for all.
It is believed that the philosophy of life has changed and a new interpretation of righteousness and gain looms large: seeking material gains is not the exclusive patent of the mean, but a golden rule for all.
I just want to express a belief: there is a life more worth living than the one haunted by righteousness and gain. And, this belief will help me sail through the unpredictable waters of my future life.
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-5 00:03:20
Comments (2010-01-04):
Frankly, Philosophy is one of my favorite subjects. Until now, I still remember my first philosophy class contents, philosophy as "loving wisdom". Later, I fall in love with philosophy thoroughly, after I have attended one philosophy lecture given by one famous professor, the author of Introduction of Philosophy, whose name is Sun Zheng Yu. Of course, professor Sun's excellent lecture only guide me arrive the gate of philosophy palace, and the magic power of philosophy attract me explore the great palace. Floating in the philosophy world, I can think peacefully, find one indescribable consolation for my soul and feel unprecedented pleasure. Especially, when many confused concepts or answers of puzzles become clear in my mind, I experience huge enjoyment brought by achievement. As philosophy brings us the happiness, it also gives me pain. As you know, obsessed by obscure problems or disordered/jumbled logic, people always feel sad and despair. Accurately, although I just access the philosophy world, I think philosophy show me a world of pain with pleasure.
Far from the passage topic, I talk about many philosophy things in eyes. Let us start to look at this passage. Boethius is famous Christian philosopher in history, so does his book named after ”The Consolation of Philosophy”. In this passage, the author discusses "eternal" and "perpetual" two concepts in his eyes, which are different from the other philosophers such as Plato. For knowing this passage clearly, please notice the author's tow assumption, which are absolutely right in his perspective. The first one is "things are known not according to their natures but according to the nature of the one who is comprehending them"; the other is "whatever providence may have foreseen". If you confused with author's passage, it would not matter. After all, this is one philosophy book talking about many religion things.
Good sentences:
What may properly be called eternal is quite different, in that it has knowledge of the whole of life, can see the future, and has lost nothing of the past. 句子结构丰富，尤其in that的用法值得学习。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-6 10:02:01
Comments (2010-01-05):
With economic crisis spreading the world, numerous articles, talking about business school how to face the hard times, appear in media. I have seen some articles with same topic in Wall Street. In this article, the journalist asks several good questions to two deans of business school. He more concerns what the business school will change in future. Two deans give us complete answers, which are interesting for me.
Comparing with Mr.Danos's response, Mr.Ozono admits the existent deficiency of business school education, and tells us his plan to improve. Though Mr.Ozono shows us little detail about his plan, he answers the sharp question candidly. Mr. Danos looks like more tactful when he faces these questions. But he still tells the truth. Indeed, after economic crisis attack, nothing has changed in government and financial institutions, which is accused for leading to this crisis. I can understand his position. After all, when he begins to criticize the government, he needs to be careful. Although both them mention the recovery of golden rules many times, actually I feel both them will be impeded forcefully for their reforms. Especially, following the economic crisis is going away, as some experts have said, the resistance is becoming huge.
Good sentences:
Not only must they be solid in terms of their research skills and teaching skills, they should also be able to interface with the top management.
Now that sounds esoteric, but it's really practical.
Wrong spelling:
business bussiness
school school
journalist journalist
admit addmit
deficiency deiciency
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-7 10:39:03
Comments (2010-01-06):
The first passage introduces astronomy, and it is the shortest passage I have read, in our comments task. Although the passage only about five hundred words like one issue writing length, it still obscure me due to my little knowledge of astronomy. After I have found a scientific dictionary, finally, I catch the substantial meaning of "transit" and "wobble".
Actually, people can know this passage well without astronomy knowledge. The author clearly express his idea, which is Kepler, basing on the new theory using "transit", work more efficient than ever for planet hunting.
There is another funny thing when I read this passage. In dictionary, the Chinese explanation of Vulcan has similar meaning with Mars. When the passage introduces Vulcan, I was confused, because I always thought about Mars in my mind. Therefore, when you read, please be careful. The Vulcan is "the Roman god of fire and metalworking "; the Mars is "the Roman god of war" or "the planet fourth in order from the sun and conspicuous for its red color".
Good sentences:
One theory is that they are youngsters, giving off heat as they collapse inwards due to the pull of their own gravity, but nobody knows for sure.
Wrong spelling:
scientific sentific
作者: 我不能没有你 时间: 2010-1-8 11:18:26
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
作者: 高音喇叭 时间: 2010-1-8 11:27:15
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-8 23:01:09
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-8 23:02 编辑
Comments (2010-01-07):
Literature rarely appears in my lives, except few stories. As I remembered, I have read only several O.Henry's short stories. Moreover, commented by this passage, the literary works' thesis is marital ambivalence, which is also obscure to me. Thus, this passage is much harder to me. Finally, at the second time of reading, I catch author's main idea.
In this passage, author comments two popular literary works, whose name are "Committed" written by Elizabeth Gilbert and "Cleaving" written by Julie Powell, recently. For the styles, languages, and even detail plots of two stories, author discusses them step by step. Meanwhile, the author also criticizes both writers' works, and shows us some deficiencies of them. Without reading these stories, I cannot figure out some parts of passage he has said, especially, when author introduces something about stories' contents. In conclusion, I have little words to share with you for this passage or these books. In future, I also do not have a plan to read these books.
Good sentences:
Just as she was sentenced to marrying, she was sentenced to sequel writing.
Difficult sentences:
Elizabeth Gilbert does these reluctant wives one better. The author of Eat, Pray, Love returns with Committed: A Skeptic Makes Peace with Marriage (Viking; 285 pages), in which she is a vehemently wary second-time bride, due to be dragged down the aisle by Uncle Sam's immigration henchmen, who will otherwise toss her beloved, Brazilian-born "Felipe," as she calls the older man she met in the last section of EPL（这里应该指的是Eat, Pray, Love）, out of the U.S. for good.
这段不是明白。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-9 22:49:21
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-9 22:51 编辑
今天复习了单词。准备10篇Argument的提纲。感觉效率比较低，看来以后中午要睡会才行。(⊙o⊙)嗯
Comments (2010-01-08):
Finishing this long passage is not easy work for me. Finally, with some questions, I have read the whole passage. Mr.Poral, the author, asserts the politics would corrupt the society without morality. In his eyes, Christian morality may be one perfect choice to save the fallen politics. In his passage, he shows us a lot of evidence and examples to prove his standpoint.
I acknowledge that, as one ideal political view, his perspective is correct. But he does not tell us the standards of morality. Is it the Christian morality? People living in different nations have various standards about morality. First of all, Mr. Poral should give us a definition of the "morality" he have discussed, and if his definition adapt to every nations' people. He could have done this work in other part in the book. After all, I only have read the selected part (or excerpt) of the book. Even if author has described "morality" clearly, I also do not believe that his conclusion could be accepted by the ruler or society nowadays. In other words, Mr. Poral's assertion is not practical for the ancient or contemporary politics, and it may be very useful in future.
There are so many good sentences deserving to remember, and I do not show them in there. If I am free later, I would read it again.
Wrong spelling:
describe Descripe
governor Governer
nowadays Nowdays
practical pratical
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-10 22:49:56
今天主要是准备了issue136的提纲和相关例子，不好弄啊。 Argument继续列提纲。此外复习了一些单词和句型。 晚上今天的comment才出来，看了两眼，太困了，明天吧。明天去看Avatar，不知道啥样啊，回来分享一下。
作者: 天使的寂寞 时间: 2010-1-11 11:07:42
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-11 23:52:43
今天主要准备了10 Argument继续列提纲。此外复习了一些单词。 因为陪女朋友去看Avatar所以没顾得上写comment，明天补上啊。另外补充一下，感觉自己真不适合看3d电影，看完以后又累有困，还头晕。汗。。。
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-12 23:29:46
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-14 23:19 编辑
Comments (2010-01-12):
This article let me remember one recently popular movie "The Lovely Bones", which begins with a similar plot with this article. I have little words about America's sex laws, because these things are seldom discussed in China nowadays. But, today, it is urgent to perfect the country laws punished and prohibited the sex offence in our country. In this aspect, compared with America, China falls behind for a long time. Only for heterosexual offence, today, China still does not set up complete laws system to protect the victims and punish the criminals. Children are the vulnerable group in society, and government should take more effective laws to protect them. Just as the author has said "Other countries, though, have no excuse for committing the same error", by studying the America's experience like this article's suggestions, I hope government will do a better job to protect the next generation.
Wrong spelling:
society scoiety
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-13 23:33:31
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-14 23:21 编辑
Today, my reviewing plan has been distrubed by some unexpected things. There is no excuse for me. Only need to make me and my plan more robust!
I have finished 10 argument oulines; I am writing the comments now.
Comments (2010-01-13):
I am astonished about the article is written in 1952, and some information, which author had talked with, has become history. But questioning the purpose of education and the whole foundation of education are still meaningful nowadays, especially in China. I agree with most of author's statements, and they are very useful for reforming the contemporary education. But I do not concede "learn one technique" is not the education's nature. From my perspective, different level education or different character education has different target. For instance, generally, the purposes of high education are specialized in individual thinking, creativity, and acknowledging yourself. But the technical vocational college more emphasize on practical knowledge or techniques. Moreover, if someone wants to seek a good life through education, I do not think that is abnormal, though "good life" is not the education's purpose.
Wrong spelling:
practical pratcial
作者: 月光迪迪 时间: 2010-1-14 11:21:47
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-14 20:34:16
Comments (2010-01-14):
The news, which Google may abandon their operations in China, appears in all media recently. As a user of Google's products, I am very sad for this event. As a matter of fact, Google search is the most powerful tool that I have ever known, and it is more effective than Baidu, his biggest competitor in China. And his other products are also brilliant, such as Gmail, Google earth, Picasa, Google Times and so on. I have never thought how can I surf internet conveniently without Google. The first trouble is how can I send e-mails without Gmail. Using other free mail-boxes like 163 may be one choice, but these mail-boxes are always unstable and usually trouble me.
As his wonderful products, Google is one charming employer for every employee. His corporate culture and human interests in work place often make employee forget to concern their salaries Google will pay. For other aspects, I do not know clearly, and these are too sensitive to say in mainland. Whatever who is right or is wrong, that is meaningless for me. I only want to say thank Google's superior services.
Wrong spelling:
mail-boxes mail-boxs
conveniently conviniently
appear apear
corporation coporation
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-15 18:04:50
Comments (2010-01-15):
About women's rights is an old topic having been debated intensely in the past decades. Until now, at least in American, feminists have possessed powerful influence in American politics. In this passage, author mainly discusses the problem "women and work" facing by women with babies. With the raising of women's social status, author reveals women still have trouble with how to choose between children and careers. At last, through referring the Scandinavian countries' experience, author suggests American government should set up more charter schools and invest more in children.
From my perspective, women have made dramatic progress in recent decades. But this situation only happens in American or developed country. In Arab countries, Japan, some southern European countries, and even in China, women's legitimate rights are always ignored. For instance, in China, the age of women's retirement is 50, and the age of men's retirement is 55. Furthermore, when many companies hire employees, they usually refuse the job hunters who are women with all kinds of excuses. These phenomena are caused by not only the national policies, but also traditional culture. Certainly, women sometimes should struggle for their legal rights by themselves. Comparing with these unfair laws or policies about women's rights, "women and work" problem should be concerned later. Moreover, in America, for the woman who has husband, the burden of taking care of babies can be shared with her husband, and for the woman in a single parent family, she can also seek for helps from government or the Organization of Women's Rights.
Wrong spelling:
discuss disccuss
referring refering
school shcools
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-16 23:24:54
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-17 10:00 编辑
Comments (2010-01-16,17):
There is no country like the United States, which could invade other counties for oil or other benefits under the flag of democracy or anti-terrorism. As a global police officer, the United States once again puts his gun aim at another country's head. This debate only concerns if it is necessary to take a military action. Both proposer and objector do not consider if their past political strategies in the Middle East was just. From my perspective, most American politicians believe that they have caught their satisfactory benefits and maintained an ideal balance in there, and American people believe that they have gotten their expected justice which is judged by their own values. As a matter of fact, American government has fomented the terrorism fighting for them over the long term. Moreover, one of results of the war is the high financial deficit, which will be solved by raising the taxes. In other words, American people pay for military expenditure of the invasion. Besides the unrest Middle East and continuous terrorist attacks, American people also make the weapon suppliers rich, and help the government get the cheaper oil, which is may be gotten in other ways. But, for American people themselves, I do not imagine what are the benefits of the war bring to them.
For Iran nuclear crisis, both arguers express their views clearly. Standing on the position as an American politician, I uphold the Mr. Wald's assertion. I have explained the reasons in above paragraph. And in my eyes, the war like Iraq War, almost nobody gets the benefits except for politicians and munitions merchants. Standing on the position as an American citizen, I prefer to Ms. Landau's remarks. The main reasons are peace has become main stream of world in the nuclear weapon era, and "a negotiated settlement has the best prospect of improving regional conditions over the long term". Furthermore, why American citizens will pay for another war unrelated their own benefits. Ironically, Mr. Wald also admits "Whether a new regime would be friendly towards the West is questionable and I fear that they certainly will not be nuclear-adverse". In other words, even if the current regime will be overthrown, the new regime still does not give up the nuclear program. If the America’s military action will solve this problem forever? I do not think so.
Wrong spelling:
military millitary
value vlaue
political polictical
themselves themslves
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-17 23:04:21
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-18 11:57 编辑
This comment is the homework of 1.10 and 1.11. I have finished it today.
Comments (2010-01-10,11):
The essay is my favorite type, though several sentences in passage are confused for me. This essay also has many rhetorical descriptions and coherent reasoning worthy of learning. Certainly, contents are also very useful for our working in company.
Firstly, author shows us the difference between risk and uncertainty. If the author does mention these, people would never notice their distinction. Author, thus, asks them "nuanced distinction". Actually, the definition and distinction have been introduced clearly in the essay. Precisely speaking, risk is randomness with knowable probabilities, and uncertainty is randomness where we cannot know the probabilities (I paraphrase author's definitions of risk and uncertainty). To illustrate in a further step, author gives us a concrete example by comparing the Warren Buffett with the company managers. Then, author analyzes the uncertainty in company management and provides three steps to decrease the damage of uncertainty, including strategic anticipation, organizational agility and uncertainty absorption. In each step, author illustrates them with typical cases.
The author's assertion may not be absolute truth. But it is very useful for me. It introduces an uncertainty world to me, and teaches me how to survive in this world. Not only do his strategies adapt to business field, but also they can be applies in the daily life. Moreover, I believe that, with the increasing of practical business experience, these strategies and tactics will become vivid for me.
Wrong spelling:
probabilities
paraphrase
analyze
practical
作者: 三分钟热度 时间: 2010-1-18 10:53:52
提示: 作者被禁止或删除 内容自动屏蔽
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-18 19:03:00
Comments (2010-01-18):
At first glance, the essay looks like incoherent complaints. As a matter of fact, as one powerful support for his assertion, author mainly states the committee's report, which is persuaded argument. Author expresses his assertion clearly, which is "break through the wall of ignorance about religion and to increase the number of contacts with it", and gives his reasons. Whether the political appeal is effective or not, this topic is still filled with controversy. I do not know what concrete situation of American related laws or policies for religion. Thus, it is hard to say if the author's viewpoint is right or not. But from the information he has provided with us, government seems to prohibit Bible reading in school or insist that only the Protestant Bible be read. I do not know the reason why American government does like this. Perhaps government wants to protect students with little influence before they are able to choose their belief independently.
From my perspective, though I am not one religionist or believer, I respect other people religious belief and I am always curious about religion's doctrine and history. It is an interesting thing to find the reason why the religion can attract numerous people to believe it. Although I sympathize with author's complaint, "ignorance about religion", I feel that schools are not proper places to increase the number of contacts with religion. After all, there are many other ways to let people know religion, except schools education.
Wrong spelling:
incoherent uncoherent
committee committe
political polictical
know konw
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-19 23:23:52
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-21 21:17 编辑
Today, except reciting English words, I listen one English writing lesson of new oriental school teacher. His suggestion is useful for me. In the night, I spend part of time in prparing the article of comment activity, writing a report and having a team meeting.
And today's comment topic is hard to me. I hardly understand it in first time. Later I will read it again, and writing comments.
Comments (2010-01-19):
For me, this article related with art is too artistic to understand. As the author is so bored with the NEA, I am also bored with this essay. But, at last, I still figure out this essay clearly in the second read. Then, referring the Pluka's comments, I have found numerous useful information for me. Certainly, this is one excellent essay with novel views.
Author reveals the NEA's deficiencies in his passage, and points out the real art should present freely. In author's eyes, he admits NEA has devoted much effort to America's culture and art in 1960s. In that time, American artists had produced more achievements on the art than any other civilization in the history of the world. But, with more government's intervention, NEA begins to fund more traditional art, such as bilingual puppetry epics, while ignores the origin of art, which is the folk art, and even the art of the underprivileged people. Author's argument is so powerful that I have to concede the real art is suffering troubles from the NEA. And I uphold author's assertion that everyone has his/her own rights to present his favorite art literally, and the real art usually comes from this people's art.
Wrong Spelling：
underprivileged
underpriviledged
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-20 17:47:31
Comments (2010-01-20):
It is not an easy thing to choose one article, which is about 1000 words, related with GRE writing and proper difficult level, as today's reading material. Comparing several articles, I choose this new technology essay in science field. At least, it is an interesting one for our tension mind.
At the beginning of the essay, author introduces the basic theory of using light and genes to probe the brain. Next, he shows us the progress of research. At last, he describes the application field of this invention. From this essay, one substantial creative technique has been presented. I have to say those scientists do a creative job, which nearly cross the limit of my imagination. Their achievements advance the development of optogenetics, while accelerates other filed progress, such mental disorders, optoelectronics and bioengineering. After reading this science introduction, I have begun to imagine the scene, optogenetic control of human behavior, in few years later.
Good sentences：
I’m not writing ethics papers, but I think about these issues every day, what it might mean to gain understanding and control over what is a desire, what is a need, what is hope.
Wrong Spelling：
science sicence
achievement achivement
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-22 23:44:57
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-23 22:17 编辑
Becaue of enjoy the movie, Sherlock Holmes, I have enough time to finish yesterday job. Therefore, I must do two topic's comments in today.
And I find I need spend more time in reciting words in future.
Comments (2010-01-22):
In this essay, there are numerous good sentences worthy of remembering. To recite the whole passage is a nice choice. Author uses simple words to illustrate the relationship between conformity and individuality clearly. And with quoting many famous people's adage, author makes his essay more powerful. For the conformity and individuality this old topic, like the freedom and restriction, they had been debated in thousands years. But author argues this topic thoroughly, and make me think deeply. Especially, he give us some useful suggestion to deal with the problem of "conformity or individuality" in real life.
However, there is still one key point, how to balance conformity with individuality, which author only mentions it with few words. In this passage, he only advises us to question others, question our own, and dare to be different. Admittedly, facing this difficult problem, this essay is too short to analyze further. Moreover, there is not one general answer to tell people how to manipulate the relationship between conformity and individuality. At times, how to balance the problem is more likely an art. Actually, everyone has their own tricks to harmonize his life in this contradiction. This passage may only bring people one well beginning. Thinking by yourself, there will be more distinct picture in your mind.
Wrong Spelling：
Balance
blance
Passage
pasage
Admittedly
Adimittedly
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-23 23:51:36
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-26 23:01 编辑
Only finish half of task on the present day. I spend several hours in fixing the computer's problems and other trivialities. Put on steam now!
Here is one comment waiting for me.
Comments (2010-01-23):
Another essay related with finance, it is one of my favorites. About Barack Obama's new plan stirs up a fierce debate in American, while the Dow Jones Indexes lost/fell 5 percent in two days. Investors, who afraid the profit decline of banks, sell out numerous financial stocks. Perhaps, the Wall Street's leaders actively attack the stock market to express their angry for the new policies. As author's assertion, indeed, it is unfair that government bailed out banks with taxpayers' money, while those banks pay their high level managers and employees with generous bonus. But, is Mr. Obama's plan effective to reform the financial system health? Author insists building a half-way house is better way to solve the current problem. Honestly, I do not understand the half-way house clearly in the passage. But, I concede Mr. Obama's new policies would be not valid as expect, and he might need a revision.
Wrong Spelling：
Financial finacial
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-26 22:59:49
Comments (2010-01-24&25):
It seems a popular topic in current time, and I have read one article "Women and Work", one week ago. In this open rebuttal remarks, Ms. Neil disagrees with women in the developed world have never had it so good. In contrast with Ms. Neil's disagreement, Mr. Donkin insists women in the developed countries have never had it so good, though there are still deficiencies in women's rights. They all provide sufficient evidence to support their standpoints, while the moderator's remarks make the whole discussion clearly and forward in right direction.
About this rebuttal topic, it is too complicated to say absolute "yes" or "no". But, only for this rebuttal remarks, in my view, Mr. Donkin's assertion is more convincing than Ms. Neil's. Firstly, there are two restricting implications in the proposition: the first one is in the developed country; another one is the comparison of women's status between last and today. Yet, in this passage, Ms. Neil seems to ignore the restrictions of the topic. Thus, her evidence and examples look less powerful than Mr. Donkin's. Additionally, as I know, some examples, which Ms. Neil has shown us, are not real. For example, Ms. Neil said Ms. Clinton and Ms. Palin are slighted by many men or their assessments. Actually, as politicians, whatever who are male or female, they always have to face all kinds of criticism and even citizen's calumniations. Do not forget, George W. Bush has been satirized as the president with the lowest IQ (intelligence quotient) among presidents in American history. Even, someone had said he looks like a monkey. If these sharp assessments should be considered to discrimination? I do not think so. Moreover, even if some men still discriminate against women, the discrimination is becoming less and less in past decades. I have to say the women's status has become better now. About Ms. Neil's another example, women's right to abortion care, honestly, I have little knowledge about that. Therefore, it is hard for me to say if it is persuasive/cogent one.
Before finishing my comments, I want to say there are still many examples to imply this topic it is not easy to say "Yes" or "No" simply. By common sense, human's society had been matriarchal clan society/matriarchy era in history. This case implies women in developed countries have ever had it so good and even better.
Wrong Spelling：
Country contry
comparison comparsion
know konw
example exmaple
discriminate descriminate
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-27 23:36:47
Comments (2010-01-26):
The author grants a humorous subject, The Fat Plateau, to the article. At first glance, I hardly understand its meaning. After finishing the passage, I feel both the topic and contents are interesting. Perhaps, it is a serious topic in American. After all, a vast majority of American people are suffering from overweight, and federal health-care system must pay more dollars for their medical bills. From the author's view, though America’s obesity rate has changed little in the past decade, there still exists harmful effect on the American health care system and the next generation. Therefore, it is urgent issue need the government take a further action. And the author also shows us several solutions to the problem, which may not work effectively. As one cosmopolitan, I have one suggestion. In developing countries and least developed country, I believe most of people do not endure the pain of overweight, and even some of them are suffering from hunger because of foods shortage. I advise American should share their junk foods with those hungry people. As a result of this action, there will be low obesity rate in America, less burden on the health-care system, and a decreasing number of hungry people.
Wrong Spelling：
problem porblem
because becasue
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-1-28 23:43:19
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-1-29 00:26 编辑
Comments (2010-01-27):
This passage introduces one trend of health care in future. Under the help of information industry, medicine is experiencing one digital revolution. Though I have never seen how the new information technology serves people's health in real life, I can imagine this revolution is convenient and useful for patients. Certainly, as the author has said, this progress will cost a lot of money. Who afford this expense is a huge question in the face of research institutions. Perhaps, this is not a big deal for rich counties. But most of counties in the world cannot bear the burden of the effective health care, and even their citizens cannot have the least medical services. Admittedly, if these obstacles would be overcome, our health care system will provide patients cheaper and more efficient medical treatment. This case will be like the personal computer's application. At beginning, few people or few institutions can afford for the expensive machine. With the development of technology, today, we can owe one computer with low costs, and enjoy many benefits brought by computers. Thus, that medicine goes digital may be not far away from our life.
Wrong Spelling：
convenient convient
technology techonlogy
benefit benifit
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-2-2 22:03:29
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-2-2 22:06 编辑
最近颈椎不太好，好几天都没怎么好好学，今天开始补这两天落下的comments。
Comments (2010-02-02):
Little knowledge about law in my mind, thus it is necessary to learn some substantial knowledge of law for preparing the topic of analytical writing. This passage tells us why we need law in our life, why we can endure the widen authority of government. Although its title is "Las vs. Morality", author has written a few words about morality. Obviously, he pays more attention to illustrate the law. In author's view, law seems one efficient tool to balance relationship between the individuality and the collectivity. Under the law, every people can get the relative fair, and everyone can be treated the same, without regard to religion, color, national origin, and other special attributes. As a matter of fact, this is always a dilemma that law protects all people's rights. Taking the author's examples to clarify, "Maybe some should and some should not smoke. Maybe some should and some should not go to church. Maybe some should and others should not paint certain kinds of pictures or play certain sports or purchase SUVs or talk with the animals.", we hardly say whether we need the law to intervene these details or not. Certainly, law is necessary for people. But what is the morality? May be I can find answer in other essays.
Wrong Spelling：
individuality individulity
examples exmaples
dilemma delimma
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-2-4 16:57:19
Comments (2010-02-01):
It is famous address in American history, and I try to finish the whole passage. But I fail. After reading thousands words, I have lost in the Emerson's speeches. At last, I have to find the Chinese version of this address to read. Even if read in Chinese, this address also is hard to understand for me. Fortunately, I can catch the main ideas of Emerson's speeches. Certainly, the translating version is so brilliant that I almost lost descriptive words. And I found there is still a huge gap between my Chinese level and English level.
The American Scholar plays a important role in the academic or intellectual development, and it is still meaningful for the current world. Especially, in my eyes, most of scholars in China should read this address. Emerson stated three aspects of how to be one qualified scholar and how to set up the independent American literary, culture and academia. The first aspect is "The first in time and the first in importance of the influences upon the mind is that of Nature" ; the second is "The next great influence into the spirit of the scholar is the mind of the Past"; the third is " Action is with the scholar subordinate, but it is essential". Emerson's address is filled with humanistic care, and he cares more for human nature and creativity.
Comments (2010-02-03):
In this passage, author tells us that bigger languages are also simpler ones. As the title of this passage, the key point is also obscure for me. Under the help of author's example, I catch the main idea of this passage. Author insists the language is bigger, the language is less redundant. And he also asserts all languages have become simpler over time. Then why languages would become complex at all? Author also gives the answers. Accurately, we should call them hypotheses: the first is the different needs of child and adult learners; the second is complex morphology improves economy and clarity of expression; the last one is smaller language groups more faithfully transmit the grammar to their children, redunancy and all, even if it has no use.
Wrong Spelling：
redundancy
redunancy
Comments (2010-02-04):
In this passage, one famous business case has been introduced. For Apple, it is indeed an old classic, whether the star is Mac or iPhone. Though I do not have an opportunity to buy one iPhone, I am always interested in Apple's products. Their fashionable outlook and terrific customers' experience attracts me so much. But, Apple possesses little market, though owes creative products. I am curious why Apple does not success in business as in techonolgy. This passage shows me some reasons, though it may too concise to illustrate more details about Apple's strategies. Certainly, Apple has begun to realize its problem for competing with other powerful competitors. Hope Apple to do another good job not only leads the high technology but also holds more market share.
Wrong Spelling：
technology
techonolgy
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-2-15 14:29:26
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-2-15 14:31 编辑
开来拉下的不少啊，该加油了！
Comments (2010-02-05,06):
This essay looks like one campaign denunciation for political purpose. But, I concede author's essay is persuasive and analyze deeply about the bottom of "broken society". After reading this passage, I have open eyes on society problems. Author insists citizens have a hallucination about their society. Actually the whole society is healthier than the politicians imagine. In his eyes, the substantial reasons of "broken society" are due to the increasing of unemployment rate and the failing of education. Moreover, powerful media such as internet, broadcast and TV make every news spread as soon as possible. One bad event influences people only in local society, but it will be known by each person in modern society. Thus, more people feel unsafe now.
From my perspective, granting author's data true, I do not think parents or voters overreact to the slight decline of "broken society". By common sense, society has advanced for a big step in past decades. Under the help of high technique or modern management, social improvements are better than before. But this case does not mean there is no corrupt morality. Perhaps, voters think worse morality than before. And the existing social improvements are not the excuse that government evades their duties.
Wrong Spelling：
campaign campagin
analyze analytize
hallucination halluciation
actually acutally
management managment
Comments (2010-02-11):
The world has been changed thoroughly by internet, and so does the net generation. My first time hear about "the net generation" this term. And even I never realize I am counted the net generation before reminding by this essay. It is interesting that people care more at the net generation. From my perspective, generation gap has existed for a long time. Even if there are no internet, as one result of development, there still have many differences between our grandpa and us. Admittedly, internet or web extends the gap among different generations. Internet makes us receive more information, more interaction with others, and more convenient communication. Author's optimistic attitude for the net generation is reasonable. But, as I known, some youngsters indeed are bad at communicating, socially inept, indifferent to the needs of others and even addict internet world. Certainly, it is unreasonable to complain the internet for these sad things. After all, internet is only a tool. How it serves for us is decided by how we used it.
Wrong Spelling：
thoroughly throughtly
exist exsit
grandpa granpa
convenient convinient
youngster yongesters
作者: prettywraith 时间: 2010-2-19 14:17:08
本帖最后由 prettywraith 于 2010-2-19 14:19 编辑
回家了上网不太方便，不过也好不用总上网闲逛了。天天对着电脑学习，加油！
Comments (2010-02-15):
It is a rush time after disasters have befallen in the somewhere. People with sympathy begin to pay more attention on helping the victims, while volunteers, donation, The Red Cross and relief agencies pour into the disaster area. "How do good well?" The author reminds us. On the one hand, he shows us some failed examples of helping victims. I am astonished that someone have donated Viagra and Santa suits to victims. Perhaps, this is an extreme example to illustrate someone how do good badly. On the other hand, he teaches us how to deal with this situation in future. I concede author's assertion that you donate the money and leave the rest to professionals, if you want to do some helps for victims. Certainly, if you have some basic knowledge and ensure you can do some helps, you could apply work for some relief agencies with permit. At least, people should not make some trouble to help victims or delay others to save victims' life.
Wrong Spelling：
sympathy sympanthy
volunteer voluteer
agency angency
Comments (2010-02-12):
This is an essay related with Greek fiscal and political crisis, which can be treated as an example for ISSUE170 something about welfare. Confused with some obscure words, I spend one hour to read this passage.
Recently, Greek fiscal crisis almost becomes the hottest topic in media. As the origin of western civilization, each year, Greece attracts many visitors. Every time people talk about Olympic Games, they all will mention about Greece. Moreover, in my eyes, most of European countries are wealthier than China. At least, their citizens are happier than Chinese. After reading this passage, I found I only guess rightly in half. Though Greece is counted as a developed country, it still has the serous bribe problems. Corruption in civil servants leads to that more people evade the tax by taking bribes. Thus government hardly collects enough money through tax, while it has a heavy welfare burden. Thus, suffering from heavy fiscal deficits for a long time, under the pressure from European Union partners and worst riots, Greece has to deal with its fiscal problems. From author's perspective, Greece seems not to overcome this crisis only by its own efforts. Certainly, the quality of Greek life is better than Chinese.
Wrong Spelling：
waste
wates
visitor
vistor
Olympic
Olymplics
develop
develp
perspective
perpective
servant
servent
Comments (2010-01-30, 31):
As let one poor people judge which rich people is more wealthier, it is awkward for a Chinese to judge whose holidays are more reasonable. Some of them do not have jobs but have plentiful time, and they do not have enough money to travel. Some of them with nice pay have little time to have good rest, and even they need to spend their additional none-work time in working. Thus, most of Chinese people always have little chance to enjoy their holidays. But holidays are necessary part for our life. If we have opportunities to pick up this part, which types of holiday is better?
The professionals complaint the European holidays are too long with lower quality, while some Americans admire their neighbors have more time to enjoy the life. From my perspective, in different age, people should have different holidays. For instance, when I am young and I just begin my career, I need less holiday time, because I look forward to earning more money and improving working skills. In this way, the young people could set up a solid foundation for future life whether in personal finance or career. When I am becoming older, I hope I can have more time to enjoy the life with family like the current European holidays. In old age, perhaps, I have enough money for the rest of life or I am rich. Following the growing of age, I need more rest and more time with family. After all, old people have less energy than the young people to work. Thus, I think we should make different holidays plan for the different age people.
Wrong Spelling:
whose
whoes
complaint compaint
neighbor
neigbor
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