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标题: 新G Argument 难题汇总（持续更新） [打印本页]

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-6-3 20:29:43 标题: 新G Argument 难题汇总（持续更新）

本帖最后由 shinian1987 于 2011-12-7 19:38 编辑

本帖采用互问互答，相互帮助的方式。

有问题的同学可以在回复中将题目列出来，为了方便别人回答，希望能够贴出完整的题，包括instruction以及题号，我会将问题进行汇总。然后其他同学可以看上面的列出的难题，如果有自己会的，可以通过回复进行回答。最后我会把问题和回答进行整理汇总，为了节省篇幅，汇总的时候不再列出材料。希望大家共同加油。先暂时把老G中没有的题列出来，后面再陆续补充。

提问的格式：题号，材料及instruction
回答的格式：题号，instruction及中文提纲，希望提纲尽量符合instruction的要求。

我自己尽量一天给出一道题的解答，仅供参考，希望大家能够给点意见。

难题：
ARG 2
instruction：Write a response in which you discuss oneor more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presentedin the argument。
作者观点（相当于proposed explanation）：the effects of birth order on an individual's levels of stimulation。
作者想说明 individual’s levels of stimulation. 这里的个体指的是所有的生物个体？还是指哺乳动物？还是指灵长类动物？所以作者的样本选择是有问题的，而且样本数量也很少。
facts: in stimulating situations (such as an encounter with an unfamiliar monkey), firstborn infant monkeys produce up to twice as much of the hormone cortisol, which primes the body for increased activity levels, as do their younger siblings.
其他解释：没有说明样本如何选择，是随机选的，还是在某一族群中挑出来的。可能这18只恒河猴是特例，或者这种猴子本身就是特例。另外就是individual's levels of stimulation可能是由其它的醇类造成的。
facts: Firstborn humans also produce relatively high levels of cortisol in stimulating situations (such as the return of a parent after an absence).
其它解释：作者用了一个 such as, 很有可能是 only. 也就是说其它的刺激情况下该事实可能就不成立。
facts：The study also found that during pregnancy, first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."
其它解释：我一直觉得这个事实和作者想要说明的观点没有什么联系。首先first-time mother monkeys 不一定是first order。其次first-time mother monkeys had higher levels of cortisol than did those who had had several offspring."这个有很多解释啊，比如说第一次怀孕比较紧张，比如说该研究过程中，某些研究手段让first-time mother monkeys 很紧张。（这个有待讨论）
这道题我自己也很困惑，参考了一些酸奶前辈的论点。在此表示感谢。

ARG6

instruction：Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
提纲：1:需要证据证明这些报告是可信的，有多少猎人提供了报告？这些猎人提供的信息是自己观察得到的，还是道听途说？
2:需要证据证明冰融化是由全球变暖造成的，而不是什么其他的原因。比如说可能海底有火山爆发，导致该区域的海水温度上升。
3:需要证据证明该地区已经长年不结冰了。而且需要说明不是其他原因导致北极鹿数量下降，比如它们赖以生存的plants忽然减少，或是一场瘟疫。

ARG 11
Instruction：Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the prediction and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the prediction.
材料的结论：will result in a significant increase in housing prices in Maple County.
为了使论点可信，我们需要从以下两方面思考：
1：材料中给出的例子在什么情况下才具有参考价值？
2：结论是基于什么假设得到的？
所以提纲可以这样列：（需要回答的问题）
1：三个县的情况有多大的可比性呢？M县到底和谁更相似？（这个可以展开讨论）
2：C县和P县的房价上涨的真正原因是什么？真的是因为房子供不应求吗？（可以举出其它原因进行反驳，比如经济发展了导致物价上涨等）
3：我们需要知道M县的现状以及未来的发展情况，如果它现在房子供应充足，而且未来人口不会出现大的波动，结论是不成立的。

ARG 14(118)

ARG 14
instruction：Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
提纲：1 作者认为调查研究是可信的，并且认为被调查人提纲的信息是真实的。这可以通过列举其他可能进行反驳：比如调查可能只是统计了一周的数据，或者被调查者为了显示自己的能力，故意少说了自己的睡眠时间。
2：作者认为睡眠少于6 hours 的人更容易取得成功。
3：作者认为企业的成功与否与员工的睡眠是否小于6 hours 有很大关系。

ARG15
1. only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change.
no complaint 不代表 happy。很多人可能用其他形式表达自己的不满，比如说不再光顾这家店了，数据中并没有指出顾客的成分，如果只是偶尔光顾的新顾客，他们可能也没有机会再去表达自己的抱怨。文中也没有指出这个替换持续了多长的时间，如果只是刚开始，可能一些老顾客以为只是临时性的替换，所以不以为然。最终这种替换的效果需要一定的时间来检验。
2. many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead.
servers的数据很模糊，没有精确的统计数据。这一点可以举个他例展开讲。

ARG 30
instruction：Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
提纲：1 需要证据证明去年的数据不是特例，反应了人口增长的一般趋势，并且要证明入学率会下降，因为外来人口的加入，会造成即使出生率下降，入学率不降反增。
2 需要证据证明，教育的投入确实会减少，因为即使入学人数减少，但是教育投入也有可能会增加。因为可能会增加一些新的教育设施，比如说以前可能只有图书馆和田径场。现在要有游泳馆，羽毛球场，网球场等等。
3：需要证据证明目前的设施是足够的，如果目前的体育设施本来就很紧张，即使入学人数减少也有可能不满足。那么对这些设施的投入依然要增加。

ARG44
instruction：Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
中文提纲：
1：作者提到CCC买了1万多英亩的土地，并且认为这是用来进行铜矿开采，但是文中并没有说明CCC一定进行铜矿开采，可能CCC使用来作为他用。所以这个假设不成立。
2：即使CCC在此地开采铜矿，作者认为会因此造成污染，这个假设也不一定成立，因为CCC可能采用了比较先进和环保的开采工艺，也有可能CCC只是在这片地区的很小一个地方进行开采。并不会因此造成很严重的环境问题。
3：作者建议当地消费者不买用CCC公司的铜矿做的产品，作者是基于这样的假设，即CCC公司在当地的销售份额很大，并且很多铜矿被当地的公司所利用。这个假设也不一定成立，因为CCC公司开采的铜矿可能用来出口，而且当地消费者对于铜制品的需求可能微乎其微，这对CCC造成不了任何影响。

ARG46
1. 作者比较了今天和20年前的情况，但是没有说明两次的标准是否一样。很有可能以前的健康标准和现在有很多不同。作者没有说明这一点。
2. 作者认为使用电脑和fitness之间没有太多关系。首先拥有电脑的人不一定电脑的使用就频繁；其次，有可能该社区的人比较富有而且比较注意保养，可能在与健康有关的消费上很多，从而使得该社区的人fitness levels are highest 。作者举的例子不足以说明自己的观点。
3. 作者认为经济的不景气导致了与健康有关的消费的下降，并且认为经济复苏后 fitness levels will improve. 可以给出其他的解释进行反驳。比如说由于大家的锻炼方式有了很大变化，以前户外运动，现在可能选择室内运动，以前的运动种类比较单一，现在的运动方式比较丰富多样。而相应的设施却没有增加导致很多人得不到锻炼等等。

ARG 54
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1314402&extra=

ARG79
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1295060&highlight=

ARG 83(84)
84题：
1）首先我们需要明确两次的调查范围是否一样，可能经过这么多年其它几种amphibians迁徙到该公园的其它地方去了，如果调查人员依然在以前的地方调查，是有可能看不到全部的amphibians。也就是说没看到不代表灭绝了，文中并没有说明是在全公园范围内进行的调查。
2）物种数量的减少是有多方面原因的，比如说环境污染，水污染。或者是在自然的竞争下被淘汰，也有可能是下层生物链的断裂，导致那些amphibians无法找到足够的食物，进而导致物种数量的减少。
3）trout会吃amphibian的蛋，这点并不足以说明trout的引进导致物种数量的下降，我们并不知道trout在公园里的数量是多少，如果只是很少一部分，说明对amphibian的生存造不成严重威胁，有可能是其它的生物造成的。
facts: 文中的事实就是amphibian的种类和数量都减少。
我们可以质疑调查的方式，以及造成这种后果的原因。

ARG 91

https://bbs.gter.net/thread-1295543-1-2.html

ARG 97
ARG 157(158)

仅供参考，如果有更好的建议欢迎通过回复进行补充。

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-6-3 20:29:53

占位

作者: holmes1 时间: 2011-6-5 04:04:06

求助，如何展开思路，多谢大家！
Argument 11,
The council of Maple County, concerned about the county's becoming overdeveloped, is debating a proposed measure that would prevent the development of existing farmland in the county. But the council is also concerned that such a restriction, by limiting the supply of new housing, could lead to significant increases in the price of housing in the county. Proponents of the measure note that Chestnut County established a similar measure ten years ago, and its housing prices have increased only modestly since. However, opponents of the measure note that Pine County adopted restrictions on the development of new residential housing fifteen years ago, and its housing prices have since more than doubled. the council currently predicts that the proposed measure, if passed, will result in a significant increase in housing prices in Maple County.

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-6-7 22:18:56

ARG 14
instruction：Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
提纲：1 作者认为调查研究是可信的，并且认为被调查人提纲的信息是真实的。这可以通过列举其他可能进行反驳：比如调查可能只是统计了一周的数据，或者被调查者为了显示自己的能力，故意少说了自己的睡眠时间。
2：作者认为睡眠少于6 hours 的人更容易取得成功。
3：作者认为企业的成功与否与员工的睡眠是否小于6 hours 有很大关系。

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-6-8 22:22:25

ARG6：
instruction：Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
提纲：1：需要证据证明这些报告是可信的，有多少猎人提供了报告？这些猎人提供的信息是自己观察得到的，还是道听途说？
2：需要证据证明冰融化是由全球变暖造成的，而不是什么其他的原因。比如说可能海底有火山爆发，导致该区域的海水温度上升。
3：需要证据证明该地区已经长年不结冰了。而且需要说明不是其他原因导致北极鹿数量下降，比如它们赖以生存的plants忽然减少，或是一场瘟疫。

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-6-9 22:25:20

ARG 30
instruction：Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.
提纲：1 需要证据证明去年的数据不是特例，反应了人口增长的一般趋势，并且要证明入学率会下降，因为外来人口的加入，会造成即使出生率下降，入学率不降反增。
2 需要证据证明，教育的投入确实会减少，因为即使入学人数减少，但是教育投入也有可能会增加。因为可能会增加一些新的教育设施，比如说以前可能只有图书馆和田径场。现在要有游泳馆，羽毛球场，网球场等等。
3：需要证据证明目前的设施是足够的，如果目前的体育设施本来就很紧张，即使入学人数减少也有可能不满足。那么对这些设施的投入依然要增加。

作者: holmes1 时间: 2011-6-24 00:29:17

Argument 44
Instruction: The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a journal on environmental issues.

"Over the past year, the Crust Copper Company (CCC) has purchased over 10000 square miles of land in the tropical nation of West Fredonia. Mining copper on this land will inevitably result in pollution and , since West Fredonia is the home of several endangered animal species, in environmental disaster. But such disasters can be prevented if consumers simply refuse to purchase products that are made with CCC's copper unless the company abandons its mining plans.

多谢楼主～

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-6-24 19:36:00

ARG44；
instruction：Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
中文提纲：
1：作者提到CCC买了1万多英亩的土地，并且认为这是用来进行铜矿开采，但是文中并没有说明CCC一定进行铜矿开采，可能CCC使用来作为他用。所以这个假设不成立。
2：即使CCC在此地开采铜矿，作者认为会因此造成污染，这个假设也不一定成立，因为CCC可能采用了比较先进和环保的开采工艺，也有可能CCC只是在这片地区的很小一个地方进行开采。并不会因此造成很严重的环境问题。
3：作者建议当地消费者不买用CCC公司的铜矿做的产品，作者是基于这样的假设，即CCC公司在当地的销售份额很大，并且很多铜矿被当地的公司所利用。这个假设也不一定成立，因为CCC公司开采的铜矿可能用来出口，而且当地消费者对于铜制品的需求可能微乎其微，这对CCC造成不了任何影响。

作者: holmes1 时间: 2011-6-29 23:24:42

本帖最后由 shinian1987 于 2011-6-30 18:53 编辑

Argument 74

Instruction: Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

The president of Grove College has recommended that the college abandon its century-old tradition of all-female education and begin admitting men. Pointing to other all-female colleges that experienced an increase in applications after adopting coeducation, the president argues that coeducation would lead to a significant increase in applications and enrollment. However, the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan. Arguing that all-female education is essential to the very identity of the college, the director cites annual surveys of incoming students in which these students say that the school's all-female status was the primary reason they selected Grove. The director also points to a survery of Grove alumnae in which a majority of respondents strongly favored keeping the college all female.

多谢楼主，还有一个问题，这种题型到底应该反驳哪个人？是president还是director? 或者都反驳？

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-6-30 18:53:03

9# holmes1

根据instruction，可以对recommendation和arguing后面的内容进行攻击。
具体说来，
1：recommendation犯了不当类比的错误，别处成功的经验，放在自己这里是否一定有效？这是其一。
2：the director of the alumnae association 举出了两点反对的理由，
首先，the director并没有说明选择这个primary reason的学生占被调查学生的多少？可能只是很少一部分。其次，primary reason并非就是only reason。也就是说这些学生并不可能就一定排斥coeducation
至于针对alumnae的调查，a majorty of 也不能说明到底占总调查人数的多少。而且strongly favored 并不意味着strongly opposite the coeducation。可能调查的时候，问题设置导致了这一结论。比如说，调查的时候只问是否赞成all female education并没有问是否赞成coeducation。

作者: lindaltt 时间: 2011-7-3 15:42:15

13 In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County last year lowered its speed limit from 55 to 45 miles per hour on all county highways. But this effort has failed: the number of accidents has not decreased, and, based on reports by the highway patrol, many drivers are exceeding the speed limit. Prunty County should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths, resurfacing rough highways, and improving visibility at dangerous intersections. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago.

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

1 事故的原因是不是由于超速造成的

2 两地的情况不一样，P的情况跟B的情况不一样，B有效不一定P也有效

作者: lindaltt 时间: 2011-7-4 15:35:40

156. The following recommendation was made by the president and administrative staff of Grove College, a private institution, to the college's governing committee.

"Recently, there have been discussions about ending Grove College's century-old tradition of all-female education by admitting male students into our programs. At a recent faculty meeting, a majority of faculty members voted in favor of coeducation, arguing that it would encourage more students to apply to Grove. However, Grove students, both past and present, are against the idea of coeducation. Eighty percent of the students responding to a survey conducted by the student government wanted the school to remain all female, and over half of the alumnae who answered a separate survey also opposed coeducation. Therefore, we recommend maintaining Grove College's tradition of all-female education. We predict that keeping the college all-female will improve morale among students and convince alumnae to keep supporting the college financially."

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation is likely to have the predicted result. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-7-6 13:13:35

12# lindaltt

不好意思，这两天有点忙。你这个题可以看看第10楼我写的那个分析，因为两段材料基本一样，所以逻辑错误也是一样的。
如果有不同意见，我们可以再讨论讨论。

作者: ylq19900123 时间: 2011-7-7 21:32:51

顶楼主一个

作者: ford-3 时间: 2011-7-12 13:31:28

提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

作者: xmbldt 时间: 2011-7-23 20:21:02

楼主，是否有新argument的大部分提纲总结？跪求。。

作者: 木多多人 时间: 2011-7-30 10:37:55

提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

作者: strongbarce 时间: 2011-8-1 07:58:47

ARG 31
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of Parson City's local newspaper.

"In our region of Trillura, the majority of money spent on the schools that most students attend—the city-run public schools—comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's cities differ, however, in the budgetary priority they give to public education. For example, both as a proportion of its overall tax revenues and in absolute terms, Parson City has recently spent almost twice as much per year as Blue City has for its public schools—even though both cities have about the same number of residents. Clearly, Parson City residents place a higher value on providing a good education in public schools than Blue City residents do."

The following appeared in a letter to the editor of Parson City's local newspaper.

感觉这题中无法反驳Parson City的教育投入是比Blue city多一倍：无论是百分比还是绝对教育投入量都是一倍。唯一的反驳点貌似就是证明更多的教育投入量不一定代表当地居民想要更好的教育。

作者: Andarielbat 时间: 2011-8-1 17:21:55

80.The following is taken from a memo from the advertising director of the Super Screen Movie Production Company.
"According to a recent report from our marketing department, during the past year, fe ...
木多多人发表于 2011-7-30 10:37

新手的个人拙见：

1.去年SS公司生产的电影是否符合预期观众喜爱的流派？影评高的片子不一定多人看。

2.是否有调整过价格，票价是否超过了观众的接受程度而致使观众变少？
3.是否所有电影去年都遇到了这个问题？如果是因为比如经济问题等原因，就电影质量及宣传度都没什么关系。

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-8-9 19:01:07

18# strongbarce

Parson City has recently spent almost twice as much per year as Blue City has for its public schools
这句话是说P的投入是B的两倍，但是不能说明P的教育投入的百分比是B的教育投入的百分比的两倍。因为两个地方的GDP不一样，可能P的经济发达，B的经济没有那么发达。
经济总量不一样。所以也就不能说明P比B更关心教育。

作者: 兔一只 时间: 2011-8-10 20:21:47

AG2.

Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

看了前面对2的分析。攻击点差不多了解了。但是对instruction不太理解...不太清楚这个要求要怎么写...- -

作者: Zenazena 时间: 2011-8-10 21:22:01

楼主 84题和91题挺难的百思不得破题知道啊
84 The following is a letter to the editor of an environmental magazine.\n”+
“Two studies of amphibians in Xanadu National Park confirm a significant decline in the numbers of amphibians. In 1975 there were seven species of amphibians in the park, and there were abundant numbers of each species. However, in 2002 only four species of amphibians were observed in the park, and the numbers of each species were drastically reduced. One proposed explanation is that the decline was caused by the introduction of trout into the park’s waters, which began in 1975. (Trout are known to eat amphibian eggs.)\n”+
“Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.”;

91 Three years ago, because of flooding at the Western Palean Wildlife Preserve, 100 lions and 100 western gazelles were moved to the East Palean Preserve, an area that is home to most of the same species that are found in the western preserve, though in larger numbers, and to the astern gazelle, a close relative of the western gazelle. The only difference in climate is that the eastern preserve typically has slightly less rainfall. Unfortunately, after three years in the eastern preserve, the imported western gazelle population has been virtually eliminated. Since the slight reduction in rainfall cannot be the cause of the virtual elimination of western gazelle, their disappearance must have been caused by the larger number of predators in the eastern preserve.

“Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.”;
帮帮忙~~

作者: nothintolose 时间: 2011-8-10 21:44:34

21# 兔一只

这个的意思就是对文中给出的一些证据提出其他的解释吧
比如对于firstborn infant monkeys产生更多的cortisol，文中的explanation就是birth order。我们写的时候就可以寻找其他的explanations啦，比如母猴生产时的气温，母猴的年龄，这些因素的不同都有可能导致所生小猴有更多的cortisol

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-8-10 21:59:16

21# 兔一只

这个可以看看我写的关于instruction的帖子：
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1272158&highlight=

作者: 花曦racy 时间: 2011-8-12 12:13:59

83 和91好难~~~恳请帮忙！！

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-8-12 20:18:11

22# Zenazena

84题：
1）首先我们需要明确两次的调查范围是否一样，可能经过这么多年其它几种amphibians迁徙到该公园的其它地方去了，如果调查人员依然在以前的地方调查，是有可能看不到全部的amphibians。也就是说没看到不代表灭绝了，文中并没有说明是在全公园范围内进行的调查。
2）物种数量的减少是有多方面原因的，比如说环境污染，水污染。或者是在自然的竞争下被淘汰，也有可能是下层生物链的断裂，导致那些amphibians无法找到足够的食物，进而导致物种数量的减少。
3）trout会吃amphibian的蛋，这点并不足以说明trout的引进导致物种数量的下降，我们并不知道trout在公园里的数量是多少，如果只是很少一部分，说明对amphibian的生存造不成严重威胁，有可能是其它的生物造成的。

facts: 文中的事实就是amphibian的种类和数量都减少。
我们可以质疑调查的方式，以及造成这种后果的原因。

作者: purplejack 时间: 2011-8-13 17:51:05

学习了！以前小看argument了啊

作者: hgfryty 时间: 2011-8-18 22:59:03

学习了！

作者: Zenazena 时间: 2011-8-18 23:22:53

26# shinian1987

楼主很强大~

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-8-24 16:23:38

91题：

https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mo ... p;page=1&extra=

多谢版友们的积极参与和分享。

作者: windieicloudie 时间: 2011-8-27 20:10:28

27 /29 . The following appeared in a letter to the editor
of a local newspaper.
"Commuters complain that increased rush-hour traffic
on Blue Highway between the suburbs and the city
center has doubled their commuting time. The favored
proposal of the motorists' lobby is to widen the highway,
adding an additional lane of traffic. But last year's
addition of a lane to the nearby Green Highway was
followed by a worsening of traffic jams on it. A better
alternative is to add a bicycle lane to Blue Highway.
Many area residents are keen bicyclists. A bicycle lane
would encourage them to use bicycles to commute, and
so would reduce rush-hour traffic rather than fostering
an increase."

求助这个argument~~

作者: windieicloudie 时间: 2011-8-27 20:35:30

1.一个就是G市的情况不能适用于B市……没有证据证明两者的交通状况，车流的组成是一样的。G市更加拥堵可能是其他原因引起的，可能路况不好，总是有交通事故，and then引发的交通堵塞。而这个原因B市不具备可能路况很好，不会有这一类的问题。
2.没有证据证明喜欢骑自行车就一定会骑自行车去上班，没有证据表明增加自行车到会encourage them……骑自行车很可能增加commute time
4.抱怨不一定客观。可能只是下雨天的时候有一些抱怨。

我自己写出来了·~~~XD

作者: windieicloudie 时间: 2011-8-28 01:46:19

The following appeared in a letter from the owner of the Sunnyside Towers apartment complex to its manager.
"One month ago, all the showerheads in the first three buildings of the Sunnyside Towers complex were modified to restrict maximum water flow to one-third of what it used to be. Although actual readings of water usage before and after the adjustment are not yet available, the change will obviously result in a considerable savings for Sunnyside Corporation, since the corporation must pay for water each month. Except for a few complaints about low water pressure, no problems with showers have been reported since the adjustment. I predict that modifying showerheads to restrict water flow throughout all twelve buildings in the Sunnyside Towers complex will increase our profits even more dramatically."

argument35或者52，俩题不太一样，但是意思差不多。
有一个小纠结的题= =汗

作者: windieicloudie 时间: 2011-8-28 01:59:02

讨厌死了……我再不问问题了……我自己又看出来了……心急的地跑到这里真是没出息= =汗死

1.水压下调的确可以减少water consumption，但是可能增加了用水时间，实际上gross water consumption，所以节省话费也就不那么充分。
2.即使用水量的确降低，很有可能水费上涨，使得花费没有节省。
3.增加利润跟公司运营，社会发展，经济状况有关，即使水压限制成功，水费减少，也不能保证未来利润就会上涨。

作者: lindaltt 时间: 2011-8-28 14:03:01

119 提纲
Evidence suggests that academic honor codes, which call for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated, are far more successful than are other methods at deterring cheating among students at colleges and universities. Several years ago, Groveton College adopted such a code and discontinued its old-fashioned system in which teachers closely monitored students. Under the old system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without.
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

这题看着貌似很多攻击点但是不知道怎么进一步展开进行攻击只能是提出来而已

作者: ErinMao 时间: 2011-8-29 17:34:39

楼主
10 Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia. Using an observation-centered approach to studying Tertian culture, he concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. Recently another anthropologist, Dr. Karp, visited the group of islands that includes Tertia and used the interview-centered method to study child-rearing practices. In the interviews that Dr. Karp conducted with children living in this group of islands, the children spent much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. Dr. Karp decided that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture must be invalid. Some anthropologists recommend that to obtain accurate information on Tertian child-rearing practices, future research on the subject should be conducted via the interview-centered method.
Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.
好多观点，怎么行文？

作者: ErinMao 时间: 2011-8-29 17:52:54

有个问题，对于11题，不知可不可以写这点的错误？
What is the situation of being overdeveloped? Can it control such situation through preventing the development of existing farmland in the country? Maybe pulling down the old buildings in the city and establishing new ones,

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-8-29 19:08:27

37# ErinMao

这个你是想说明什么？

作者: ErinMao 时间: 2011-8-29 20:02:19

很多人类学家最后的观点是对的么？他们的观点要反驳么 38# shinian1987

作者: shinian1987 时间: 2011-8-30 08:23:17

39# ErinMao

建立你最好就事论事吧，不要扯到其它人类学家。

作者: ErinMao 时间: 2011-8-30 11:19:04

33,

Also, new technologies for better home insulation(隔音) and passive solar heating are readily available to reduce the energy needed for home heating. Therefore, the total demand for electricity in our area will not increase—and may decline slightly.

它的结论很奇怪，按照它自己的推论，总电量的需求应该降低啊？

作者: lindaltt 时间: 2011-8-30 14:31:09

我记得是不是讨论过大型哺乳动物灭绝这个题目的啊？

Humans arrived in the Kaliko Islands about 7,000 years ago, and within 3,000 years most of the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Kaliko Islands were extinct. Previous archaeological findings have suggested that early humans generally relied on both fishing and hunting for food; since archaeologists have discovered numerous sites in the Kaliko Islands where the bones of fish were discarded, it is likely that the humans also hunted the mammals. Furthermore, researchers have uncovered simple tools, such as stone knives, that could be used for hunting. The only clear explanation is that humans caused the extinction of the various mammal species through excessive hunting

作者: GodZ 时间: 2011-8-30 15:04:27

本帖最后由 GodZ 于 2011-8-31 08:02 编辑

20# shinian1987 Argu31
请问版主大人，你在20楼回答说，Parson City hasrecently spent almost twice as much per year as Blue City has for its publicschools是说明P投入钱是B的两倍，然而前面问问题的同学提到了“both as a proportionof its overall tax revenues and in absolute terms”，就是说在总体收入的比例和绝对投入上都是两倍，那么就是说两地的收入是一致，是这样吗？

作者: jacklyne 时间: 2011-8-30 16:39:12

35# lindaltt
119,,instructions是要写alternative explanations

1、更少的作弊次数上报不一定证明防作弊效果更好。以前的作弊次数是老师上报的，老师可能更严格；而后来的作弊是学生上报的。可能大多数学生互相包庇，故意不上报作弊情况，从而上报次数减少。
2、即使作弊次数真的减少了，也不一定是honor code的功劳。也许考试简单了，或者新招收的学生本身就比较自觉，致使作弊情况有所缓解。
3、那个survey的有效性也很值得怀疑。首先，学生说的是有honor code比没有好。但是没有说honor code比其他方法更好。如果什么防作弊措施都没有的情况，有honor code当然是更好了，但也许不是最好的方法呢？另外，学生说得和做的不一定一致。在调查中，学生一般不敢说自己会容易作弊。
4、即使以上的一切证据都是真实并且可靠的，也不能说明honor code有效。毕竟Groveton的效果不能简单地推广到所有学校。

作者: liubin6501 时间: 2011-9-2 18:39:23

Argument 11：
我觉得Argument11里面关系很复杂。
提到了三样东西：measure、restriction和price increasing。
似乎：measure导致restriction，而restriction又导致price increasing，最终measure导致price increasing。
然而根据信息，三个城市中上述三者关系成立的条件不同，所以最终对于MC：measure导致price increasing的结论是不一定成立的。

不知道，我这样分析对否，大家一起讨论。

作者: walkboy 时间: 2011-9-15 01:09:53

楼主关于那个A11 的解释好像是以前老题的解释，新题变化挺大的，求解释啊！！楼主威武啊

作者: yaasiazhou 时间: 2011-9-15 13:33:21

这是个好帖子要继续

作者: 刀爱27 时间: 2011-10-1 16:06:45

占位~~~

作者: dumbo_octopus 时间: 2011-10-11 18:57:00

本帖最后由 dumbo_octopus 于 2011-10-11 21:24 编辑

1# shinian1987
N2 恒河猴。。。c@@D
我是这么批的，跟大家分享下，我一直觉得survey or experiment的样本量不是一个好的攻击点，应该重点攻击推理过程。（个人观点）
原文逻辑：Birth order 决定hormone cortisol level +用HC level 判断 stimulation level（遇刺激产生HC）所以birth order决定stimulation level
18只猴子实验：
a：firstborn infant monkeys generate double amount of HC than their younger siblings upon stimuli. （作者想说头胎小猴stimulation level高。）
b：First-time mother monkeys had higher levels of HC than 生过几个孩子的母亲（作者想说头胎导致了母猴的HC level高。）
另外举了一个人类的例子（也是小孩，因为说parent）和小猴的那个大同小异
3个例子作者都想说头胎猴子对刺激反应比较大，产生较高的HC level。注意这里隐含了一个assumption：作者认为HC是由小猴自己产生的
批判：
alternative explanation：HC不是小猴自己在刺激下产生的，而是由怀孕的母猴pass on的：
1）原文中第一次怀孕的母猴HC level比生过几次孩子的母猴HC level高，ms没有在受了刺激以后才测HC。说明第一次怀孕的母猴本身HC就高，原因可能因为紧张，或者机体对怀孕导致的变化产生的自然反应，第一次比以后高挺正常的（习惯了，下次就没这么大反应了）
2）批不合理对比：用firstborn infant monkeys和后几胎猴子比，但是后几胎猴子是否也是在infant的时候做的刺激实验？而且也没有比较同一只猴子在刺激前后的HC level，应该是 level of change in HC level rather than HC level itself that reflect stimulation level。所以该证据不能说明头胎小猴遇到刺激后比其他猴子产生的HC多。很可能在infant期因为从母猴那里得到的HC多，所以HC高于其他猴子，至于这个high hormone level长大后是否会一直延续未可知，但是显然和刺激无关。
3）人类的例子同小猴。
（最后还可以提一下18只猴子数据量太小。但应该不是重点。）
结论：说从文中证据来看，更像是母猴在怀第一胎的时候由于某种原因had a high HC level，（HC通过血液传给了小猴），所以头胎出生的小猴HC level 比非头胎的小猴高。Birth order和stimulation level没有很大关系。

作者: teah 时间: 2011-10-14 17:58:55

受教了。。

作者: HeronAlps 时间: 2011-10-15 19:59:40

这么好的帖子一定要继续下去！

作者: jasmissyou 时间: 2011-10-18 14:05:50

#46
The following appeared in a health magazine published in Corpora.

"Medical experts say that only one-quarter of Corpora's citizens meet the current standards for adequate physical fitness, even though twenty years ago, one-half of all of Corpora's citizens met the standards as then defined. But these experts are mistaken when they suggest that spending too much time using computers has caused a decline in fitness. Since overall fitness levels are highest in regions of Corpora where levels of computer ownership are also highest, it is clear that using computers has not made citizens less physically fit. Instead, as shown by this year's unusually low expenditures on fitness-related products and services, the recent decline in the economy is most likely the cause, and fitness levels will improve when the economy does."

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

这一题咋看好像很多攻击点。。
但是如果要列成assumption的话，好像觉得有点困难。。。
除了“作者假设20年间C城的市民人口基数没有太大变化，且fitness standard也没有太大变化。”之外，也没有找到其他比较好的假设了。
求解。THX~~~

作者: gaojianone 时间: 2011-10-31 17:25:13

Argument 79
Since those issues of Newsbeat magazine that featured political news on
their front cover were the poorest-selling issues over the past three years,
the publisher of Newsbeat has recommended that the magazine curtail its
emphasis on politics to focus more exclusively on economics and
personal finance. She points to a recent survey of readers of general
interest magazines that indicate greater reader interest in economic issues
than in political ones. Newsbeat’s editor, however, opposes the proposed
shift in editorial policy, pointing out that very few magazines offer
extensive political coverage anymore.”
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
反驳出版商的观点，还是编辑的观点？

作者: watertcafe 时间: 2011-11-2 12:44:27

[54] Humans arrived in the Kaliko Islands about 7,000 years ago, and within 3,000 years most of the large mammal species that had lived in the forests of the Kaliko Islands had become extinct. Yet humans cannot have been a factor in the species' extinctions, because there is no evidence that the humans had any significant contact with the mammals. Further, archaeologists have discovered numerous sites where the bones of fish had been discarded, but they found no such areas containing the bones of large mammals, so the humans cannot have hunted the mammals. Therefore, some climate change or other environmental factor must have caused the species' extinctions. [Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.]

大家可能都不觉得这是难题。可是，基本大家能想到的都是，首先，没有证据证明人与mammal的直接接触，不代表人对mammal没有影响。人类活动会间接影响mammal生存。比如环境污染，抢占食物和水blah blah blah。二，鱼骨头，不代表人类没有影响mammal。可能鱼是mammal主食，人都吃完了，mammal饿死了。最后面就是除了climate change and other environmental 因素之外还有很多因素，blah blah blah。
如果这样写，有各种矛盾+重复~我是这样觉得。
如果人类没有直接猎杀动物，间接影响就是侵占habitat，环境污染【环境因素】，而这一点又在第三点中被我们自己否决掉了。另外，人类对动物的影响还可能是抢夺食物，这点又和第二点有重复。

各种求助T T感觉这样的攻击又混乱又薄弱……

作者: watertcafe 时间: 2011-11-2 16:45:40

本帖最后由 watertcafe 于 2011-11-3 17:54 编辑

[74]The president of Grove College has recommended that the college abandon its century-old tradition of all-female education and begin admitting men. Pointing to other all-female colleges that experienced an increase in applications after adopting coeducation, the president argues that coeducation would lead to a significant increase in applications and enrollment. However, the director of the alumnae association opposes the plan. Arguing that all-female education is essential to the very identity of the college, the director cites annual surveys of incoming students in which these students say that the school's all-female status was the primary reason they selected Grove. The director also points to a survey of Grove alumnae in which a majority of respondents strongly favored keeping the college all female. [Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.]

又一道自相矛盾的题T T感觉和79神似。可是79，经过咖啡盐版主的指导，豁然开朗了……这个要怎么办办？我目前是把双方都攻击了的。感觉，题目的instruction是说，你能提出什么问题来evaluate这个recommendation。既然如此，那就围绕recommendation展开。文中提到的各种观点调查，有正面有负面，这不重要，重要的是这些论据是否可靠，能否说明recommendation是好是坏。只要点明他们的不可靠之处，然后适当提出自己的修正或者提出其余evaluate这个recommendation的补充方法，应该就可以了。也确实ETS并不是在题目里要求我们“支持”或者“反驳”文中人的观点，而是提出“what questions would need to be answered”，这应该就给我们提出了展开空间吧。个人意见，欢迎拍砖~

作者: celineyuan 时间: 2011-12-6 22:57:39

Argument 15

Instruction: Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.

"Recently, butter has been replaced by margarine in Happy Pancake House restaurants throughout the southwestern United States. This change, however, has had little impact on our customers. In fact, only about 2 percent of customers have complained, indicating that an average of 98 people out of 100 are happy with the change. Furthermore, many servers have reported that a number of customers who ask for butter do not complain when they are given margarine instead. Clearly, either these customers do not distinguish butter from margarine or they use the term 'butter' to refer to either butter or margarine."

作者的论点是说， margarine替代butter对消费者的影响不大对吗？
我只能找出一点，98%的人不投诉是因为他们不愿争执，并不能满意。
求助楼主~~这题想了一晚上了。谢谢！

作者: 留学2013 时间: 2012-1-19 23:10:04

顶起好帖

作者: ylhchd 时间: 2012-2-29 18:44:12

支持一下

作者: yushuyi1992 时间: 2012-3-1 16:11:38

提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

作者: caoys2012 时间: 2012-3-14 15:20:22

包含有新Argue的分析，太感谢拉～

作者: 流星BABY 时间: 2012-3-15 15:21:58

提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

作者: kwnxk 时间: 2012-4-12 21:45:07

1# shinian1987
A72没有思路啊，请求斑竹指导

72 The following appeared as a letter to the editor of a national newspaper.

"Your recent article on corporate downsizing* in Elthyria maintains that the majority of competent workers who have lost jobs as a result of downsizing face serious economic hardship, often for years, before finding other suitable employment. But this claim is undermined by a recent report on the Elthyrian economy, which found that since 1999 far more jobs have been created than have been eliminated, bringing the unemployment rate in Elthyria to its lowest level in decades. Moreover, two-thirds of these newly created jobs have been in industries that tend to pay above-average wages, and the vast majority of these jobs are full-time."

*Downsizing is the process whereby corporations deliberately make themselves smaller, reducing the number of their employees.

作者: 流星BABY 时间: 2012-4-15 10:22:52

提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

作者: nancyelv 时间: 2012-5-9 00:45:58

问一下第16题

16.In surveys Mason City residents rank water sports

(swimming, boating, and fishing) among their favorite

recreational activities. The Mason River flowing through

the city is rarely used for these pursuits, however, and

the city park department devotes little of its budget to

maintaining riverside recreational facilities. For years

there have been complaints from residents about the

quality of the river's water and the river's smell. In

response, the state has recently announced plans to

clean up Mason River. Use of the river for water sports is,

therefore, sure to increase. The city government should

for that reason devote more money in this year's budget

to riverside recreational facilities.

我找的是
1.调查不准确，有可能M市更多的居民喜欢的不是水上项目
2.即使河水清干净了，去那里做水上运动的居民人数也不一定增加，有可能这里不适合，有水草，或者水里有某种物质有味道去不掉，S之类的
3.可行性，政府不一定有资金去改善
请教一下这样行吗，一般写可行性可以吗？想听听大家的意见！

作者: seanzry 时间: 2012-5-10 02:21:00

really don like argument writing. sadddd...

作者: RavenJam 时间: 2012-5-13 10:39:12

求argument72提纲

作者: 大狒狒_小狒狒 时间: 2012-7-7 17:43:52

正纠结猴子问题呢，有点头绪了

作者: yujintong001 时间: 2012-7-19 12:19:42

谢谢楼主

作者: luckfanxinxin 时间: 2012-7-22 15:57:46

很好

作者: txjames 时间: 2012-7-24 22:31:39

lz总结得不错，期待更新:)

作者: landroverlh 时间: 2012-8-2 13:23:33

DINGIDING

作者: rigi0920 时间: 2012-9-27 15:12:03

顶

作者: dajingzi0428 时间: 2013-4-4 23:25:54

ddd

作者: sweetxia1 时间: 2013-8-7 06:51:27

楼主真是及时雨！太有用了！

作者: suyun0512 时间: 2013-8-8 22:04:00

:victory:

作者: Tinyfish 时间: 2013-8-29 10:58:53

感谢楼主好心人

作者: Calcifer.wuie 时间: 2013-12-29 10:11:31

非常有用，帮顶~

作者: max940623 时间: 2014-10-22 16:59:11

shinian1987 发表于 2011-6-30 18:53
9# holmes1

根据instruction，可以对recommendation和arguing后面的内容进行攻击。

楼主你好像74这种有两个论点的应该不多见吧？

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