152.The following is a letter to the head of the tourism bureau on the
island of Tria.
"Erosion of beach sand along the shores of Tria Island is a serious threat
to our island and our tourist industry. In order to stop the erosion, we
should charge people for using the beaches. Although this solution may
annoy a few tourists in the short term, it will reduce the number of
people using the beaches and will raise money for replenishing the sand.
Replenishing the sand, as was done to protect buildings on the nearby
island of Batia, will help protect buildings along our shores, thereby
reducing these buildings' risk of additional damage from severe storms.
And since the areas along the shore will be more attractive as a result,
the beaches will be preserved and the area's tourist industry will improve
over the long term."
结果:charge the people for using the beach to protect the shores
原因:
erosion is a serious threat to the shores.
论证: 1. 短时间损害旅游业,但是有助于筹集资金修复沙滩
2.bata岛修复沙滩,保护建筑
3.长期来会保护沙滩,增进旅游资源
前提: erosion is the main threat to the shores.
攻击前提: the erosion is not the only threat to the shores and damage the shores greatly among other factors. Even if the erosion is a serious threat, there might have other more serious matter that cause the damage. Only protection takes all the possibility in to account , a practical
and useful plan could be made.
Serious but not the main cause.
( other possibility :the garbage, the pollution, the industry use)
Without ruling out other factors that account for the damage, I cannot accept that the erosion is the main threat to the beach.
攻击 前提——结论:
Even if the erosion is the only and mainly threat to the beach, lacking evidence, the author cannot assert that charging the people will stop the erosion.
(无关推理+忽略其他可能性)
Perhaps, the erosion is not caused by the tourist. (客观天气条件,地理状况,海洋生物)
Perhaps, the beach is not attractive sight to the tourist because of the poor conditions of the shores.(对游客收费无法起到保护作用)
攻击小瑕疵1. 可能收费挡不住人们对海滩的热爱,人数基本不变,也可能人们就此不去海滩,无从收费