Abstract The most knotty problem which is faced by translators in their practice is to determine and choose a Chinese expression for the given word in an original, it is a very important translation skill. This paper discusses, by means of a large number of translated examples for “develop”, how to select a word meaning according to the context and the collocation of words.
Key words word meaning context collocation of words EST translation
(1) Another project underway is the use of genetic engineering techniques to develop a vaccine for some diseases.
正在进行的另一个项目是利用遗传工程技术研制某些疾病的疫苗。
(2) What man should really be proud of is his brain, which has enabled him to develop machines that go at fantastic speeds.
人类理当引以自豪的是其大脑，因为大脑使人类发明出运转速度极快的机器。
(3) Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies.
新鲜空气和运动造就了健康的肌体(或：……有益于健康；或……增进了健康)。
(4) In developing a design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science.
（进行）设计时，工程师必须运用其工程学和材料学的知识。
(5) The Italian Navy, though facing the same problem as the Royal Navy, has developed a totally different philosophy regarding last-ditch antimissile defense.
虽然意大利海军面临着和皇家海军同样的问题，但其对末段反导防御却持有完全不同的观点。
(6) Researchers have learned that diabetics are more likely than other persons to develop cataracts and glaucoma.
研究人员已经查明，糖尿病患者比其它人更容易得白内障和青光眼。
(7) Richard Lewis at the University of California developed a safer form of the drug. It can be put directly into eye.
加利福尼亚大学的理查得·刘易斯制备了一种较完全的药物，可以直接放入眼内。
(8) When women go through menopause and their prolactin level drops, a lot of women develop problems with dry eyes or not enough tears.
妇女绝经时，其催乳素就下降，因而很多人会出现干眼病或眼泪不足的毛病。
(9) It became apparent that rabbits were developing a degree of resistance to this disease.
野兔显然对这种疾病产生了一定程度的免疫力。
(10) By the time you are 21, nearly all the body systems you will need to stay health are fully developed.
人到21岁时，健康所需的肌体各个系统都已完全（发育）成熟。
(11) In the wild, some animals have developed partnerships to help in the struggle for survival.
在自然界，某些动物为了生存竞争，彼此之间建立了伙伴关系。
(12) Scientists are developing special testing plans for these new and unknown breeds.
科学家们正为这些新奇的未知品种拟订专门的检验计划。
(13) In its broadest sense, education refers to any process by which an individual gains knowledge or develops skills.
最广义地说，教育就是指一个人获得知识或掌握技能的过程。
(14) Albert Einstein, who developed the theory of relativity, arrived at this theory through mathematics.
爱因斯坦是通过数学创立相对论这一理论的。
(15) Researchers long wondered why left-handed boys develop learning disabilities more often than right-handed boys.
研究人员长期感到迷惑不解的是，为什么左撇子儿童比惯用右手的儿童更多地存在着学习能力缺陷问题。
(16) Local businessmen might play an active part in promoting scientific farming, to develop a market for their wares.
当地的商人积极提倡科学种田的目的是扩大他们的商品市场。
(17) Early humans developed a way to use the moon’s changing faces to tell time.
古代人想出了（学会了）利用月亮的圆缺来判断时间的方法。
(18) People with rheumatoid arthritis may develop heart problems, lung disease, or anemia.
风湿性关节炎患者可能并发心脏病、肺病或贫血。
(19) Many different breeding schemes can be used to develop a base for new generation selections.
为奠定新一代选育材料的基础，可以采用多种不同的育种方案。
(20) The science of logic seeks to develop methods and principles for distinguishing straight from crooked thinking.
逻辑学旨在阐明区别思维是否正确的方法和原则。
(21) Reactors of improved design, greater power, and operable at high temperature were rapidly developed in U. S.
美国很快又建造了一些设计更先进、功率更强大、且可在高温下运转的反应堆。
(22) Several American and Japanese companies are working to develop the senses of sight and touch for robots.
美国和日本的几家公司正在研究使机器人具有视觉和触觉。
(23) Scientists use observation and experimentation to develop a correct description of the natural world.
科学家们运用观察和实验，对自然界作出正确的描述。
(24) Researchers are developing ways to make plastics as recyclable as metal or glass.
研究人员正研究使塑料像金属和玻璃一样可以回收利用的方法。
(25) What would be done if the patient should develop allergy to penicillin?
如果病人对青霉素过敏，那该怎么办呢？
(26) The development of automatic ammunition handling systems enabled large calibre guns to develop remarkable rates of fire.
自动供弹系统的研制成功大大提高了大口径火炮的射速。
(27) Thomas Edison developed the telephone invented by Bell, an American.
托马斯·爱迪生改进了美国人贝尔发明的电话。
(28) American scientists regard the effort to develop hightemperature superconductors as a final chance for the United States to reclaim technological supremacy.
一些美国科学家把这次为推出高温超导体所做的努力视为使美国恢复技术霸主地位的最后一次机会。
(29) From this formula the data in figure 3 has been developed.
图3中的数据是根据这一公式推导出来的。
(30) Though Japan did not have nuclear weapons, it had the industrial base to develop them if it ever choose to do so.
虽然日本还不曾拥有核武器，但是如果它愿意的话，其现有的工业基础是可以发展核武器的。
(31) A german designer developed the idea for a rocket-propelled aerospace plane in the early 1940s.
早在40年代初，一名德国设计师就曾提出了火箭推进航天飞机的设想。
(32) Nature has operated a vast laboratory for two billion years, and bionics probes the secrets of the wonderful “special-purpose” mechanisms that have developed.
自然界是一个已进行了二十亿年实验的巨大实验室，它创制了许多奇妙的“专用”机制，仿生学就是要研究这些机制“奥秘”。
(33) A proper exposure to the light is needed to develop a good picture.
要洗好照片，适当的曝光是必要的。
(34) The computer, using the data from tests, can develop curves such as those of Figure 4.
这种计算机可以利用试验数据绘制出图4所示的那些曲线。
(35) To develop the student ability to undertake the experimental procedure is one of the important tasks of teachers.
培养学生的实验能力乃是老师的重要任务之一。
(36) The German quickly developed an instrument which picked up the radar signal and gave the U-boat warning.
德国人很快造出了一种能测知雷达信号并向潜艇发出警报的仪器。
(37) Through natural selection, weeds have developed efficient mechanisms of root and snoot growth.
通过自然选择，野草获得了根苗生长的有效机制。
(38) Automatic control by electronic technique has been developed to a high degree of efficiency.
采用电子技术的自动控制已经达到效率很高的程度。
(39) Women who drink and smoke heavily are likely to develop cancers of the oral cavity and tongue at a younger age.
大量饮酒和吸烟的妇女很可能在年轻时就患上口腔癌和舌癌。
(40) In this chapter we develop the implications of momentum conservation in the motion of a collection of particles.
本章将揭示群质点运动时动量守恒的含义。
(41) We recommend to develop first of all a computer link program with the help of the CP 525.
本公司建议首先利用CP525编制计算机连接程序。
(42) Any planet with the proper mass, temperature and chemistry ought to develop life.
任一具有适当质量、温度和化学性质的星球都理应孕育有生命。
(43) Crying is one of the important ways we have developed to alleviate stress.
哭泣是人类为排遣痛苦而体验出来的重要方法之一。
(44) One of the most promising products of this experimental technology is the integral fast reactor developed by the Argonne National Laboratory.
这一实验技术的最大成果之一是由阿根国家实验室设计的整体式快速反应堆。
(45) However, since the “line of sight” to the target is in motion, the missiles must develop a continuous lateral acceleration to stay on the beam.
然而，由于目标瞄准线处于运动之中，所以导弹必须具有连续的横向加速度才能保持正确的航向。
(46) Doctors in the United States developed a method that greatly improved the chance that these nerves could be repaired.
美国医生找到了一种方法，从而大大增加了这些神经得以修复的机会。
(47) They played a big part in developing Latin American unionism.
他们在促进拉美的工会运动方面起了重要作用。
(48) Several attempts have been made through the years to develop the deposit, although a fairly complicated wet beneficiation process is needed to allow separation of the clay.
虽然分离这种粘土需要相当复杂的湿选工艺，但这些年来还是进行了某些尝试以开采这个矿床。
(49) But this does not mean these people are carriers of the AIDS-linked virus or that they will develop AIDS.
但这并不意味着这些人带有艾滋病病毒或者将染上艾滋病。
(50) The divisions of time we use today were developed in ancient Babylonia 4000 years ago.
我们今天使用的时间划分（制）是4000年前在古巴比伦国确定的。
(51) The commander merely wanted supplies and equipments to develop fighting divisions.
这位指挥员只想得到补给与装备，以充实作战部队。
(52) More than 10000 different chemical mixtures have been found in plants in recent years. Scientists have learned why plants develop such strange mixtures.
近年来，植物中发现了一万多种化学混合物。科学家们已经查明为什么植物体会含有这些奇特的混合物。
(53) After the film is developed, the sound track will be light or dark according to whether the original sound was weak or loud.
由于原始声音有强有弱，所以软片显影后声带也有明有暗。
(54) To determine the reasons for this disparity, a series of tests were initiated to develop a clear understanding of the effects of variations in machining conditions on the performance of grinding wheels.
为了确定这种差异的原因，曾进行了一系列实验，以便更清楚地了解各种不同的机加工条件对磨轮性能的影响。（develop译不出）
(55) From the basis set out here a number of further functions may be developed and used in the calculation of filtration problems.
根据本文提出的基本原理，可以求得其它一些函数，以用于计算各种过滤问题。
(56) Scientists are trying to develop a method to freeze the cells that produce insulin.
科学家们正在努力探索一种方法以冷冻那些制造胰岛素的细胞。
(57) Both Leibniz and Newton had independently developed a branch of mathematics called calculus, which underlies most of modern physics.
莱布尼兹和牛顿两人都独自创建了微积分这一数学分支，从而为大部分现代物理学奠定了基础。
(58) As these major approaches to peace have not proved very fruitful, the United Nations has developed two new procedures aiming at the limitations of wars.
由于这些主要的和平途径收效甚微，因而联合国又采取了两项旨在限制战争的新措施。
(59) In the 1970s, weapon scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California developed the reduced residual radiation nuclear bomb.
七十年代，加利福尼亚州劳伦斯·利弗莫尔国家实验室的武器科学家们曾试制过残余辐射性有所减弱的核弹。
(60) Asia, with more than one-quarter of the world’s potential hydropower, has developed only 9 percent of its vast exploitable resource.
亚洲虽然拥有世界水电资源的1/4，但却只开发了其中的9%。
(61) In April 1984, the space agency launched a four-ton cylinder carrying experiments to develop new spaceage materials including secret ones for making stealth satellites.
1984年4月，宇航局曾发射过一个4吨重的圆柱体，上面载有对太空时代的新材料（包括用于制造隐身卫星的秘密材料）进行试验的科学仪器。
(62) The producer decides which actors will be selected for the show, and he appoints other people to help him develop the program.
制片人决定了参加演出的人选，同时又指定其他一些人帮助制作这个节目。
(63) To develop this protective oxide, a minimum of 12% chromium is required.
为了形成这种保护性的氧化物，需要有至少12%的铬。
(64) To achieve these ends, the U. S. has developed a national strategy that combines political, economic, and military elements.
为了实现这些目标，美国已经制订了一种综合政治、经济和军事诸因素在一起的国家战略。
(65) When the first artificial pacemakers for the human heart were developed about 30 years ago, the sole objective was to save the patient from unpredictable sudden death.
当首批心脏起搏器在大约30年前问世时，其唯一的目的就是使患者免遭意外的猝死。
在实际翻译中，develop用作及物动词的译法还有不少，例如：
develop a farm 创办一家农场
develop a map 展开一张地图
develop potentialities 挖掘潜力
develop armed strength 炫耀武力
develop competence 增长才干
如此等等。
2. Develop用作不及物动词
Develop用作不及物动词时，和其前面的成分构成主谓搭配关系。试看以下各例：
1) It is the father’s sperm which determines whether the fertilized egg will develop into a boy or a girl.
正是男性的精子决定着受精卵将发育成男孩或女孩。
2) Some insects carry pollen from flower to flower, enabling plants to set the seed in connection with which the fruits develop.
某些昆虫能在花间授粉，从而使植物长出赖以结果的种子。
3) If the disease develops, other symptoms may appear.
如果病情加剧，就可能出现其它症状。
4) Noises may develop in a worn engine.
磨损的引擎里可能会发出各种噪声。
5) The ovum develops only in the female, and the sperm cell develops only in the male.
卵细胞仅在女性体内产生，而精子细胞则仅在男性体内制造。
6) Darwin set out to question views about how life had developed on the earth.
达尔文开始对地球上的生命是如何形成的那些观点提出了疑问。
7) The earliest forms of life developed in the ocean and evolved there before moving to the land.
最原始的各种生命发端于海洋并在海洋中进化，最后才移居到陆地。
8) A chicken develops in the egg.
小鸡在蛋中孵化。
9) The patient, at first, may feel tired and lose weight. Then pain and stiffness gradually develop in the small joints of the hands and feet.
患者最初觉得乏力和消瘦，随之手脚的小关节即逐渐感到疼痛和僵直。
10) The eurodollar market developed during the early 1950s as a result of the Cold War.
欧洲美元市场兴起于50年代初期，是冷战的结果(或：50年代初期，由于冷战的结果，欧洲美元市场逐渐发展起来)。
11) Scientists say this fits in well with the way human cancers evelop.
科学家们说，这种情况和人类癌症的演变方式是相当一致的。
12) Researchers learned that the lever of testosterone in a fetus goes up and down as the fetus develops.
研究人员已经查明，随着胎儿的生长，其睾丸激素的多少在不断变化。
13) Though cells were discovered two and a half centuries ago, it is only in the last hundred years that knowledge of the work of the nucleus has developed.
虽然细胞在两个半世纪以前就已发现，但有关细胞核功能的知识只是在最近一百年才积累起来。
14) As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved and the growing interconnection of different disciplines made it impossible to…
随着本世纪岁月的流逝，有待解决的问题日益增多、日趋复杂，加之不同科学间的相关联系日渐加强，使得不可能……
15) Lung fever develops from flu.
肺炎是由流行性感冒引起的。
16) Sound-absorbing provision for lowering the sound level are worthwhile in room where loud noise develops.
在噪音大的房间，采取吸音措施以降低声级是很有必要的。（develop译不出）
17) Land animals are believed to have developed from sea animals.
一般认为，陆地动物是由海洋动物进化而来的。
18) There would be a very good chance for life to develop on the planet if current theories of the origin of life are correct.
如果当代关于生命起源的理论不错的话，这颗行星上就很可能有生命存在。
19) From this “accidental” discovery developed the enormous benefits of “stainless steel”.
不锈钢的巨大优点就是从这一“偶然”的发现中得来的。
20) The plot of the new novel developed in the author’s mind.
这部新小说的情节已在作者的头脑中构思(或：酝酿)出来了。
21) Most experts agree that fiber helps the body to quickly remove fat that may cause cancer to develop.
大多数专家认为，（植物）纤维可以帮助机体快速消除可能诱发癌症的脂肪。
22) An egg cell cannot develop into a new life by itself.
卵细胞不能独自衍生成一个新的生命。
23) It developed that he had another wife living and his indictment for bigamy followed.
他另有妻室一事已经暴露，随之他被指控犯有重婚罪。
24) The walkaround phones now have a range of about 700 feet from the base unit, but they are expected to become more powerful as technology develops.
步行电话机已可在距总机约700英尺的范围内使用，随着技术的进步，其功率还会更大。
25) The cause of glaucoma is not yet fully understood. But doctors know that the disease develops as pressure inside the eye increases.
青光眼的病因还不完全清楚，但医生们知道这种病始于眼内压增高。
26) Bacteria do not develop at low temperature, so that food can be preserved in cold storage.
细菌在低温下不能繁殖，因此食品可以冷藏。
27) In the human being, tissue hypersensitivity which usually develops within five or six weeks after the first infection helps to explain certain inflammatory reactions.
在人类身上，组织过敏往往在首次感染后5—6周才反映（表现）出来，这一现象有助于解释某些炎症反应。
28) The most important among them is the new attitude toward divorce that is developing in the country.
其中最重要的是对待离婚的一种新的看法，这种看法正在全国范围内蔓延。
29) Later on, the myth developed that we had been too friendly that Dinitz was excessively influenced by me.
后来，有一种神话流传开来，说迪尼茨和我过于友好，他受我的影响过多。
Redundancy and the Technique of Amplification & Omission
TIAN Yan
(Center for Semantic Study, Wenzhou Normal College, Wenzhou 325027, China)
Abstract: This article discusses different types of redundancy, especially the various manifestations of semantic redundancy. It also shows how redundancy can be used in amplification and omission.
任何信息系统在进行信息交换时，总不免会受到冗余信息的干扰。冗余信息主是干扰信息准确传递的信号，其种类繁多。在汉英、英汉互泽过程中，各自系统会产生或缺少各种冗余信息，造成理解困难，降低交际效率。因此，翻译时我们有时需要删除冗余信息，有时则需要添加冗余信息，以提高交际效率。例如：“Let us go and try it again.”（让我们再去试试。）（省略“and”）；再如：“这篇作品虽然词藻华丽，但是言之无物。”（This article is devoid of substance though full of flowery language.）（省略“言之”）以上两例的划线部分如果在各自系统内部，就不构成冗余信息。但如果进行翻译转换，它们就成了冗余信息。为使信息能够准确传递，就宜采取去掉或添加冗余信息的办法来提高交际效率。例如：“扩大开放”，对中国人来说理解不成问题，但译成英语就要添加对中国人而言的冗余信息，宜译为：“open China wider to the outside world”。
需要指出的是，专门用于突出思想、强调感情、分清层次和加强节奏感的修辞性冗余信息不属于本篇文章讨论范围。例如：“我懂得衰亡民族之所以默无声息的缘由了。沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。”（鲁迅《记念刘和珍君》）；“…and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.”（Abraham Lincoln The Gettysburg Address）
关于冗余信息的分类，目前还没有一致的看法。有人认为语言中的冗余现象可以分别表现在两种语境中，即语言性语境中的冗余（Redundancy in the Linguistic Context）和非语言性语境中冗余（Redundancy in the Non-liguistic Context）（邵志洪，1997：353）但笔者认为，冗余信息还可按其性质分为语法性冗余信息和语义性冗余信息。
所谓语义性冗余信息，是指由语义分析而产生的冗余信息。例如：汉语句子“大街两旁，高楼大厦张灯结彩，装饰一新。”中的“装饰一新”包含了“张灯结彩”，它们 互为冗余信息；英语句子“Job applicants who can speak English would receive preference over those who can’t.”中的划线部分为语义性冗余信息。本文主要探讨的是语义性冗余信息。
（5） 英语：In rock music there is a distinct and almost overwhelming beat. No single beat is characteristic of the music today. But each song has an easily recognizable rhythm. As you listen to a song, your foot usually starts to pick up the beat.
（12） 汉语：抓大放小（to invigorate large enterprises while relaxing control over small ones）
（13） 英语：Day after day he came to work-sweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. （他每天来干活——扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。）
（14） 英语：Maybe America didn’t need art and inner miracles. It had so many outer ones. The USA was a big operation, very big. The more it, the less we. （或许美国并不需要艺术和内在的奇迹，因为它外在的奇迹早就够多的了。美国本身就是一大宗投机买卖，非常非常大。它掠夺得越多，我们剩下的也就越少。）
（17） 英语：The elevator boys ooze the spit and polish of West Point cadets and in polite English remind you that you must not smoke inside their lifts.（“spit”原意作“唾液”解，“polish”作“上光油”解。美国西点军校学生为了使自己制服上的铜纽扣和所穿的皮鞋发出亮光，在涂上上光油后再吐口唾沫，这样擦起来，纽扣和皮鞋的光度更亮。这里的“spit and polish”形容开电梯的人非常注意外表和服饰，所以整句译为：“开电梯的人像西点军校学生那样衣着整洁，派头十足，并用彬彬有礼的英语提醒乘客不得在电梯内吸烟。”）以上是显性和隐性语义性冗余信息在汉英两种语言中的不同表现形式。
（20） 不分青红皂白to make no distinction between black and white
（21） 活到老，学到老。Live and learn.
（22） 树立新的劳动就业观念。Foster new concepts of employment
（23） 他长得很结实。He is quite strong.
（24） 不尝黄莲苦，怎知蜂蜜甜Who has never tasted bitter knows not what is sweet.
（25） 花园里面是人间乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎和花不完的金银财宝。The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.
（26） 安居工程housing project for low-income urban residents
（27） 赢得市场gain a larger share of the market
（28） 抓大放小，三改一加强Efforts were focused on the reform reorganization, upgrading and better management of enterprises, aiming at well managing large enterprises while adopting more flexible policies toward small ones.
英译：Curly hair is usually excluded because it is difficult to pull it straight. Another kind of hair, fragile, easy to break and split because of its donator’s constitution, should also be excluded.
英译：The ideal length of the hair is 60 cm. If the hair is too short, it will be time-consuming to thread the needle frequently and if too long, it is not convenient to pull it through the satin.
原文中的“太短”、“太长”，显然省略了冗余信息（词项缺损），为便于英语读者理解，应加上表条件的“if”，连接词“and”和“太短”、“太长”的主语“the hair”，抽拉的宾语“it (the hair)”和状语“through the satin”；另外，这句话按英语表达习惯重组时，可省略“至于”、“一般”等汉语符号系统所产生的句法性冗余信息。
如果我们把“新北京、新奥运，”直译为New Beijing, New Olympics,虽然与原文在字面上的意思是一致的，但New Olympics却有可能引起歧义，好像要把奥运会改头换面，搞成另外一种模式似的。可能是为了避免误解，翻译者对这一口号采取了一半直译一半意译的做法，将它翻译成New Beijing, Great Olympics。但是这种译法也有问题，因为great一词在这里没有多实际意义（根据《朗文当代英语词典》，它的常用意思大体上包括：very good, excellent; very suitable; a lot, very much; large; important; influential等）。据说，一位在北京居住了十多年的澳大利亚朋友指出：Great Olympics中的great一词毫无意义（meaningless）。
显然，Great Olympics无法表达“新奥运”的深刻内涵。那么“新北京，新奥运”到底如何翻译为好呢？这里提出两个选择供参考：一是New Face to Beijing, New Phase to Olympics（面貌一新的北京立志要把奥运会推向一个新阶段；其特点是face与phase同音）。另一种可以考虑的选择是New Role for Beijing, New Stage of Olympics（北京作为主办者要扮演好新的角色，为奥运会提供一个新舞台让各国运动员进行精彩的表演；这里的特点是role和stage互相对应，而且New Stage为双关语：新的舞台和新的阶段）。这两种译法不但准确而深刻地表达了原文的意思，而且还突出了两个“新”字，在形式上也整齐对称。
这里所说的循环句，它与英语里的回文句（palindrome）是不同的。回文句是指无论是顺着读或者倒着读，其意思都相同的单词、短语或句子。例如：radar, madam, rotator, nurese run, name no one man, Able was I ere I saw Elba等。而汉语里的循环句则不同。比如有这样一个茶壶，上面写着五个中文字：“可以清心也。”这就构成一个循环句，其特点是以其中任何字起头都能组成一个大体上通顺的意思单位。把这个循环句拆开来就变成一个“纵横句”，其特点是可以横竖读：无论是横着念还是竖着念、顺着读或者倒着读，其效果都是一样的。如下图所示：
如果我们要把这个茶壶出口到国外市场，最好是附上一个效果相当的英语译文，那么可以想见，这个商品的吸引力和附加值就会大得多。如果不附加效果相当的译文，或者只是附上一个字面上的翻译（比如A nice pot of tea refreshes your mind），不把循环句或纵横句的效果体现出来，那么中文原文的艺术魅力也就没有了。这当然是个翻译难题。
翻译的最高要求是达意（loyalty in meaning）、传神（similarity in form）和表形（identity in style），即要做到“意似、神似和形似”三者的统一。就这个循环句而言，有没有可能找到“三统一”的译文呢？应该说还是有可能的。在着手翻译时，首先必须把它的基本意思传达出来，即进行意译。同时还要表现出其循环句的特点。从翻译的思路来看，这五个字既然可以随意拆分与组合，说明它们各自具有独立性。因此，要注意避免使用动词、介词和冠词；只能用名词和形容词。如将它译成A pot of tea refreshes就行不通。而下面的译法就基本上（只是相对而言）能达到上述要求：
Real nice refreshing cuppa tea
Nice refreshing cuppa tea real
Refreshing cuppa tea real nice
Cuppa tea real nice refreshing
Tea real nice refreshing cuppa
这里的cuppa即a cup of tea（英式口语）。按说，tea这个词本来可以不要，但为了与原文在字数上保持一致，所以有意添加了这个多余的词。看起来似乎有点画蛇添足，但也不失为解决问题的一个有效途径。
To drop out of (teaching, etc.) and venture into business
To be seduced into commerce / industry
康居工程
The Affordable Housing Program
“货币分房”
The “own-as-you-pay” housing system
“吃饭财政”
A “mouth-feeding” budget-a budget much of which is used for a burgeoning government payroll
以外贸企业为龙头
With foreign trade companies as the locomotive / flagship
“摸着石头过河”
“To wade across the stream by feeling the way”
文化搭台，经贸唱戏
Cultural events set the stage and trade activities play the star role.
大锅饭
The “big pot” distribution system under which everyone gets the same “portion” irrespective of his work / contribution
饭后百步走，活到九十九。
An after-dinner walk a day keeps the doctor away.
“金梧桐”企业实
行网上招聘人才。
Companies wishing to attract talents worldwide have set up recruitment homepages on the Internet.
带职分流，
定向培训，
加强基层，
改善结构。
无情调节，
有情安排。
To stream out redundant government staff with their ranks retained;
to provide tailor-made training programs geared to re-entry purposes;
to move downward to join and rejuvenate grass-roots organizations and to improve the personnel composition with “fresh blood” injected.
To trim out redundancies relentlessly, and to re-assign the laid-offs considerately.
（集邮爱好者语）方寸之间，深情无限。
On these tiny postage stamps, Philatelic friendship “franks.”
生意场上“一锤子买卖”的做法
The “grab-the-money-and-run” business mentality
堤外损失堤内补
To gain on the swings what was lost on the roundabouts
把企业推向市场
To lead/guide enterprises (at their elbows) to the market
To let enterprises “swim” / “immerse” in the marketplace
八． 带数字的归纳语的翻译
这是指“三要三不要”之类的说法。翻译成英语是“three do’s and three don’t’s”。再如“三农问题”（指农业，农村，农民），我们似可把“三农”英译为rural economy, rural development and rural demography。下面再举一些例子：（参见下表）
“三包”；包修、包换、包退
We offer 3-R guarantees: guaranteed repair, replacement and refund.
“三来一补”：来料，来图，来样加工；补偿贸易
The “Three plus one” trading mix: custom manufacturing (with materials, designs or samples by the customer) and compensation trade.
“三公”：公平、公正、公开
The recruitment is based on the principle of equal opportunity, fair treatment and open competition.
“三个面向”：面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来
Out education is oriented to the modernization program, to the global perspective and to our nation’s future goals.
“四大目标”：建设大港口、扶持大工业、发展大经济、实现大繁荣
We are determined to build a port of large size, foster an industry of large scope, develop an economy of large scale and achieve prosperity of large magnitude.
“四自原则”：自找伙伴，自筹资金，自主经营，自负盈亏
The “four-self” principle: self-supporting in finding partners, self-reliance in raising capital, self-decision in management, and self-responsibility for losses and gains.
一个确保、三个到位、五项改革
One goal to attain, three tasks to accomplish and five areas to undergo reform
“五讲四美”：讲文明、讲礼貌、讲卫生、讲纪律、讲道德；心灵美、语言美、行为美、环境美
Five merits to advocate and four virtues to promote: civilized behavior, common courtesy, hygienic conditions, proper discipline and public morality; loft sentiments, refined language, good manners and environmental awareness
“九通一平”： 通水、通电、通热、通气、通下水、通邮、通讯、通闭路电视、通还道路；平整土地
Eight availables and two accessibles:
Water, electricity, heat, gas, sewage, post, telecommunications, and closed circuit TV are available. You are accessible to paved roads and leveled ground.
八个环境：园区的创新环境、开放环境、法制环境、引进人才环境、继续教育环境、产业发展空间环境、政府管理和社会服务环境
To create a favorable environment in the Science Park for: technical innovation, outward orientation, operation legalization, talent attraction, continuing education, industrial expansion, governance and service provision
（英译汉）the three-P’s: patience, persistence, and perseverance
“三性”：耐性、持久性、坚韧不拔性