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标题: Argument开头段-梳理结论论据-练习 [打印本页]

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作者: oceann    时间: 2017-6-1 11:16:05     标题: Argument开头段-梳理结论论据-练习

Argument开头段第一句通常是对该Argument的转述。
在该贴下练习。
先梳理出结论和论据，然后转述。

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作者: oceann    时间: 2017-6-1 11:23:01



题8：

The following appeared in a memo from the director of student housing at Buckingham College.

"To serve the housing needs of our students, Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories. Buckingham's enrollment is growing and, based on current trends, will double over the next 50 years, thus making existing dormitory space inadequate. Moreover, the average rent for an apartment in our town has risen in recent years. Consequently, students will find it increasingly difficult to afford off-campus housing. Finally, attractive new dormitories would make prospective students more likely to enroll at Buckingham."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

结论： Buckingham College should build a number of new dormitories.
论据： 1. enrollment is growing 2. cannot afford off-campus housing 3. attractive new dorm

写出开头段的第一部分，概括原题中的结论和主要论据。
Buckingham College should build many new dormitories, because the growing enrollment of studens, the rising rent for off-campus apartments and to attractive prospective students by new dormitories.

参考答案

According to the director, Buckingham College should commit to building new dorms given the projected enrollment over the next 5 decades, the expected shortage of dorm space. He also argues that new dorms can help students who cannot afford off-campus apartments that have become more expensive in average and attract more prospective students to study at Buckingham.  

The director argues that more dorms should be built to meet the demand of housing among Buckingham students and to recruit more students to join the college.

改写：
短：The director argues that Buckingham College should build new dorms to fulfil the growing demand of on-campus housing among BuckingHam students and to attract prospective students to join the college.
长：The director argues that Buckingham College should build new dorms considering the growing enrollment which would cause inadequate dorm space. Moreover, he claims that it can also benefit students who cannot afford the rising rent of off-campus apartment and attract more prospective students to join the college.

第一段：（加上主旨句）
The director argues that Buckingham College should build new dorms to fulfil the growing demand of on-campus housing among BuckingHam students and to attract prospective students to join the college.
In order to evaluate the soundness of the argument, we need to collect more related information about the issues discussed in the memo.
or In order to evaluate the soundness of the arguments, we need to collect more related information about the enrollment trend, average rent for off-campus apartments and the considerations of prospective students.

参考答案：
In order to evaluate the recommendation, we need more information about the enrolment trend of Buckingham College, the exact rents of the off-campus housing, students’ financial background and how prospective students make their choices.  

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作者: oceann    时间: 2017-6-1 11:29:53



22)
According to a recent report, cheating among college and university students is on the rise. However, Groveton College has successfully reduced student cheating by adopting an honor code, which calls for students to agree not to cheat in their academic endeavors and to notify a faculty member if they suspect that others have cheated. Groveton's honor code replaced a system in which teachers closely monitored students; under that system, teachers reported an average of thirty cases of cheating per year. In the first year the honor code was in place, students reported twenty-one cases of cheating; five years later, this figure had dropped to fourteen. Moreover, in a recent survey, a majority of Groveton students said that they would be less likely to cheat with an honor code in place than without. Thus, all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.

Write a response in which you discuss what questions would need to be answered in order to decide whether the recommendation and the argument on which it is based are reasonable. Be sure to explain how the answers to these questions would help to evaluate the recommendation.

结论：all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similar to Groveton's in order to decrease cheating among students.
论据： 1. figue reported by stu droppd 2. survey

改写：
The author recommended that Groveton's honor codes have successively decreased cheating among students. He argues that the report of cheating by students in Groveton has dropped greatly after the carrying out of honor code, and most Groveton students concede not to cheat in a survey.

订正:
According to the author, all colleges and universities should adopt honor codes similiar to Grovetion's to decrease cheating among students, because the cheating cases reported by students has decreased since the honor code and most Groveton students concede that they prefer not to cheat considering the code.

短： According to the author, all colleges and universities should follow Groveton's example to adopt honor codes to decrease cheating among students.

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作者: oceann    时间: 2017-6-1 11:49:34



132) The following appeared in a letter to the school board in the town of Centerville.
"All students should be required to take the driver's education course at Centerville High School. In the past two years, several accidents in and around Centerville have involved teenage drivers. Since a number of parents in Centerville have complained that tahey are too busy to teach their teenagers to drive, some other instruction is necessary to ensure that these teenagers are safe drivers. Although there are two driving schools in Centerville, parents on a tight budget cannot afford to pay for driving instruction. Therefore an effective and mandatory program sponsored by the high school is the only solution to this serious problem."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

结论：All students should be required to take the driver's education course at Centerville High School.
论据：1. accidents involve teenage drivers; 2. parent too busy to teach children to drive; 3. 2 driving school--cannot afford.

改写：
According to the arguer, Centervile High School should offer a mandatory driver's education course to all students, because several accidents in Centerville involving teenage drivers and many parents are neither too busy to teach their children too drive nor cannot afford the driving school.

参考答案：
The author of the letter argues that the only way to solve the problem of accidents involving teenage drivers is to introduce a compulsory program funded by Centervill High School.

总结：结论是为了解决一个问题，所以应该采取xx措施。accidents involve teenage似乎是一个现象
转述的时候可以不要写论据，只是写结论 +主要的论据。
The author of the letter argued that Centervill High School should offer a compulsory driver's education course to all students to solve the problem of accidents involving teenage drivers.

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作者: oceann    时间: 2017-6-1 14:11:52



题目：
The following appeared in a letter from a homeowner to a friend.

"Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams Realty is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents; in contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago I listed my home with Fitch, and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.

Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted."

结论：Adams is superior. if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams Realty.
论据：1. Adam has more agents. 2. Adam's revenue is twice. 3. Adams sell faster.

开头段
概括题目：In the letter, the homeowner argued that Adams Realty is a better choice if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price.
主旨句：Clearly, several assumptions are explicitly or implicitly stated throughout the argument, thus we need to investigate these assumptions to evaluate whether the argument is convincing.

参考答案:

According to the friend of the homeowner, Adams is a better real estate firm and should be used in order to sell the home fast and get a good deal because it has more full-time agents, better home sales records. To assess this argument, we need to examine critically a number of assumptions about the workforce size and full-time or part-time mode, the average prices and the time required to sell a home.

订正：概括时加上主要论据。主旨句提到具体内容，即中间段将要讨论的内容。可以用名词指代。

According to the homeowner, Adams Realty is a better real estate firms and shoulde be emolyed when you want to sell your home quickly and at a good deal, because it has more full time agents and higher revenue.
In order to assess the soundness of the arguments, we need to examine critically several assumptions have been made explicitly or implicitly about the workforce size and work mode, the average house prices, and the time required to sell a home.

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作者: oceann    时间: 2017-6-1 14:48:35



21. The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist.

"Twenty years ago, Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well. The interview-centered method that my team of graduate students is currently using in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding of child-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."

Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

结论: This research of mine proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid as well.

论据：my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village.  

第一段
According to Dr. Karp, Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is invalid and moreover the observation-centered approach for culture research is also invalid.
In order to evaluate the soundness of the argument, we need to collect more information about the issues discussed above.

参考范文

It might seem logical, at first glance, to agree with the argument in Dr. Karp’s article
that children in Tertia actually are raised by their biological parents (and perhaps even,
by implication, that an observation-centered approach to anthropological study is
not as valid as an interview-centered one). However, in order to fully evaluate this
argument, we need to have a significant amount of additional evidence. The argument
could end up being much weaker than it seems, or it might actually be quite valid. In
order to make that determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn.

分析范文：1.转述 2.需要evidence 3.weaken/valid. 4.需要知道更多 --> 1总结，2/3/4套话
总结时具体一点，说出具体结论，即小孩是有谁抚养。

订正：
According Dr. Field, the children in Tertia actually are raised by their biological parents rather tan the by an entrie village proposed by Dr. Field (perhaps even, by implication, that the observation-centerd approach for culture research is valid as the interview-centered method.).
In order to fully evaluate the soundness of the arguments, we need to collect a large amount of additional evidences. The argument could be weakened by the evidence, or it might actually highly valid. To make the judgement, we need to know more and explore the information we learned.

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