Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios
『表达积累』
pay vt. 使受益 <it pays sb. to do sth.> 对...有回报
game theory 博弈论
parasitic → host宿主
mate immediately and disperse 离开
『句子分析』
「Immediately relevant to密切相关的」
倒装 The sex ratios in certain... are immediately relevant to game theory.
:By Fisher
根据F的理论,ratio(maximize genes and descendants)will be favored; thus, it pays the female to produce equal M and F。这个species的比例是1:1
:Hamilton
卧槽:noting that。。。不是nothing that
主干:Hamilton offered a remarkably cogent analysis.
1) eggs not develop in their host
2) adult wasps not mate immediately and disperse
noting that… 这种结构
:Since only
Since only…., it would pay her…., because…
since only 是部分原因,相当于限定
:Like Fisher
注意Like,说明两者的观点存在相同的一面,but,注意a step further,说明H更好,在于他能够recognizing that he was looking for a strategy. →(infer) F没意识到这个stable strategy,同时这个stable也照应了文章开头的game theory(随机事件)
『结构分析』
理科生物学:先讲现象再解释
前三句在讲现象
↑
后面提出F和H的观点和证据(H↑)
F:equal
H:one male
两者相同点:look for a stable strategy,but H↑(recognizing this strategy)
『题目分析』
1、E ✘
in that 因为
OWN:similar → 最后一段:both looking for a stable strategy
A)NS
B)some of the animals错了(不知道他们研究了其他生物),而且他们有seek to manipulate ratios?
C)remain stable?第一句话,意味着stable。✔
D)没提高他们study game theory
E)文章说的是sex ratios,不是reproduction
WHY:没读懂文章,但是我应该根据Like Fisher定位到最后一句的stable也可以做对的。
2、BC ✘(再错)
OWN:fertilize → F、Female only lays one egg、Determine sex
A)one egg ✔ ✘ 好贱好贱,only one female,lay one male egg
B)YES、L5 ✔
C)YES、两种:F的和H的 ✔ ✘ 文中只提到了1:n,没说到具体大约多少。而且要注意among offspring,确定这个对象是正确的。「虽然有两个观点,但是作者暗指地支持H,所以回答时候用H的观点」作者对两个观点有偏向性的!F↓H↑
WHY:L15不断用only来迷惑我,注意限定词修饰的对象
3、D ✔
A)L5
B)L13
C)The adult female wasp can be fertilized by a male that was hatched in the same larva as herself. 和她在同一个larva的意思。为什么对?adult的意思就是有繁殖能力,所以用adult没问题!
D)so that 目的结构 almost certain 大错 ✘
E)emerge from 从 hosts离开,推理出来:
因为他们要(L17)让其他female 受精,所以不能走,走的时候受完精,所以已经maturity!
Tocqueville, apparently, was wrong. Pessen
『表达积累』
argue
:论述(argue so,这样论述的)
:indicate = give evidence
:倒装
At least so argues E. Pessen in his iconoclastic study of the very rich in the United States between 1825 and 1850. = At least EP argues so in his………..
『句子分析』
T is wrong(这里可以infer:T的观点 fluid、fair)。 JA not fluid,egalitarian,individual wealth 「were ephemeral conditions」比较抽象。
最后一句说明后面开始讲P了(文章以T is wrong开头,做引子)
:倒装
At least so argues E. Pessen in his iconoclastic study of the very rich in the United States between 1825 and 1850. = At least EP argues so in his………..
至少EP在study是这样论述的
L9 Though 一个新的特点,和前面很难有结合吧?
active in business,work,not self-made。(特点)
再一个but,inherited
「Though in work, not self-made, but inherited.」
In no sense XXX 说明他们不善变,比较固定、稳定,然后后面可能会讲他们为什么会稳定啊
because they survived 大萧条,that destroy lesser ones。
L14 Indeed,更进一步!wealthiest money keep ↑ before 1850,half。「Indeed来支撑上一句话的观点」
Although:文章要结束了,作者来了个转折!?!?!?!orz
说明后面肯定错了
错了:overestimate importance「their是指observations」,the inequality continued in Jack period「这里可以猜Jack应该指1850-1900,注意开头也提到Jack是不平等的,这不是矛盾吗?查一下continue的用法没错,看GET」,接着又一个that US is …. 分级的
even before industrialization → infer after industrialization是分级的
GET:注意eighteenth century是指1700-1800
所以conclude:
1)that inequality in 1750-1800 continued in Jack, 所以Jack就是指1825-1850吧。
2)that US is a …. before 太general了,所以说他overestimate → infer 1850-1900 社会可能不太这样?
『结构分析』
第一段:T wrong in JACK(in fact not egalitarian)P study is correct(1825-1850)从错的引出对的,第一段的作用。
第二段:介绍P的study,同时Though, … , but…. Indeed...列出了the rich的特点(细节题聚集地啊!)
最后一个Although讲出了P的不足:美国在工业花前并不总是一个class-ridden, plutocratic社会。
『题目分析』
4、D ✔
注意题目:the very wealthy between 1825 and 1850 EXCEPT
OWN:(1)not self-made but inherited、active in work and commerce、在大萧条持续↑
A)distinct,确实(不可以靠感觉)。L8-9 establish …. inordinately wealthy class。
B)holdings 改写 share,L15 constantly increased its share
C)professionals 改写 professions。。。L10
D)L10 most not self-made,与题目刚好相反
E)直接改写大萧条
总结:本题我一开始很关注some、most、many,但是这道题的重点不在这里。文中没有特别指出many和some,默认是对的。但是most就不一定了。