137.The following appeared in an editorial in the Mason City newspaper.
"At present, Mason City residents seldom use the nearby MasonRiver for any kind of recreational activity, even though surveys of the region's
residents consistently rank water sports (swimming, fishing, and boating) as a favorite form of recreation. Since there have been complaints about
the quality of the water in the river, residents must be avoiding the river because they think that it is not clean enough. But that situation is about to change: the agency responsible for rivers in our region has announced plans to clean up MasonRiver. Therefore, recreational use of
the river is likely to increase, so the Mason City council will need to increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the
Mason River."
In the argument, the arguer advocates that the Mason City council should increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the MasonRiver, for that recreational use of the river will probably increase. In support of the recommendation, the arguer points out that the survey of the local residents consistently rank water sports as a favor of recreation. Additionaly, the arguer also reasons that residents avoiding the river since there have been complaint about the quality of the water in the river. Furthermore, arguer also cites that the local agency reponsible for rivers has announced plans to clean up MasonRiver. The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.
In the first, the survey of the local residents to the assumption is vague. The survey reveals that the local resident like water sports, but it does not provide any information that they like do water sports in MasonRiver. Maybe a lot of residents prefer to swimming in a swimming
pool, surfing in the sea, fishing in a fishing club. There are more places other than in MasonRiver that people can do water sports. Additionally, we know nothing from the argument the way the survey is conducted, the representativeness of the respondents in the all local residents. Without more detailed information about the survey, the arguer's conclusion is not convincing.
In the second, the arguer confuse causal relation with correlation. The arguer just assumes that people avoid the river because of the complaints about the quality of the water in the river. Maybe people now have less leisure time to do water sports. Or it is possible that quality of living is better than before, people have person pool in their houses and they need not to go to a public river for water sports. The arguer should rule out all other reasons that prevent residents to go to the river to make the assumption logical acceptable.
Finally, the arguer make a hasty generalization. The arguer indication that the recreational use of the river will probably increase does not have any informational support. After the river is cleaned, the residents maybe just go to have a walk , or even do favorite sports. It is quite likely that few people will go there again, let alone the increase use. The assumption of the increase use along the MasonRiver is misleading unless more information is presented.
In sum, the argument lack credibility because the arguer does not provide convincing evidence to what claims in the argument. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the local residents recreation. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about the possibility of the increase of the recreational use.
提纲:
205.The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce.
"Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district, and vandalism there declined almost immediately. The city of Amburg has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since
high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat crime, we should install such lighting throughout Amburg. By reducing
crime in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city."
34.Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.
25.The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell.
"Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."
9.The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at OmegaUniversity.
"Fifteen years ago, OmegaUniversity implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent. Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby AlphaUniversity. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, OmegaUniversity should now terminate student evaluation of professors."
In the argument, the arguer advocates that the Mason City council should increase its budget for improvements to the publicly owned lands along the MasonRiver, for that recreational use of the river will probably increase. In support of the recommendation, the arguer points out that the survey of the local residents consistently rank water sports as a favor of recreation. Additionaly, the arguer also reasons that residents avoiding the river since there have been complaint about the quality of the water in the river. Furthermore, arguer also cites that the local agency reponsible for rivers has announced plans to clean up MasonRiver. However, the argument suffers from several critical fallacies.
In the first, the survey of the local residents to the assumption is vague. The survey reveals that the local resident like water sports, but it does not provide any information that they like do water sports in MasonRiver. Maybe a lot of residents prefer to swimming in a swimming
pool, surfing in the sea, fishing in a fishing club. There are more places other than in MasonRiver that people can do water sports. Additionally, we know nothing from the argument the way the survey is conducted, the representativeness of the respondents in the all local residents. Without more detailed information about the survey, the arguer's conclusion is not convincing.
In the second, the arguer confuse(S) causal relation with correlation. The arguer just assumes that people avoid the river because of the complaints about the quality of the water in the river. Maybe people now have less leisure time to do water sports. Or it is possible that quality of living is better than before, people have person(AL) pool in their houses and they need not to go to a public river for water sports. The arguer should rule out all other reasons that prevent residents to go to the river to make the assumption logical acceptable.
Finally, the arguer make(s) a hasty generalization. The arguer('s) indication that the recreational use of the river will probably increase does not have any informational support. After the river is cleaned, the residents maybe just go to have a walk , or even do favorite sports. It is quite likely that few people will go there again, let alone the increase(d) use. The assumption of the increase use along the MasonRiver is misleading unless more information is presented.
In sum, the argument lack(S) credibility because the arguer does not provide convincing evidence to what claims in the argument. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence(s) concerning the local residents recreation. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about the possibility of the increase of the recreational use.
提纲:
205.The following appeared in a recommendation from the president of Amburg's Chamber of Commerce.
"Last October the city of Belleville installed high intensity lighting in its central business district, and vandalism there declined almost immediately. The city of Amburg has recently begun police patrols on bicycles in its business district but the rate of vandalism there remains constant. Since
high intensity lighting is apparently the most effective way to combat crime, we should install such lighting throughout Amburg. By reducing
crime in this way, we can revitalize the declining neighborhoods in our city."
34.Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.
25.The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell.
"Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."