1、"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning." 1． 我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多的多；意见分歧阻碍了学习。
Although we can learn knowledge from people whose views we share, the knowledge is limited, since the sphere of knowledge of the people who share the same opinion are confined to same level of cognition with us.
It will be quite different if we communicate with people whose views contradict to ours.
Admitted that, it is little harder or even bitter to accept opposite views for us due to our self-assertion is impaired caused by other’s challenge.
2、"Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society." 2． 竞争对社会的好处大于坏处。
Through competing, the one who is most eligible is put on the right place, and then will produce much more values than those who are not competent as he or she.
While, on the other hand, if a competition is fraught with adulteration and illegality, it will bring deterioration to the society rather than progress. A case in point is related to market economics.
3."It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations." 3． 我们应该把更多的钱用在当前的问题上，而不是用在可能有助于我们后代的长期的研究项目上。
When we enjoy the fruits of industrialisation and democracy, we are, on the other side, confronted with social problems brought by as another consequence of this process.
Firstly, immediate, existing social problems that baffled us deeply need to be resolved as quickly as possible so to restore a sound society and conduce its healthy development.
However, many present social problems cannot be resolved immediately as we hoped.
Furthermore, neglecting long-term researches that may help future generations, overemphasizing to focus on the present problems, may result in incomplete resolution to these social problems, which can merely be an expedience rather than a resolution.
4."No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study." 4． 如果没有失败者介绍自己的经验和知识，没有哪个领域的研究会取得长足的进步。 %%几乎没有任何领域能够取得具有重要意义的进步,除非结合其他行业的知识和经验到该领域中来%%
I agree with the assertion that significant advances in knowledge require expertise form various fields.
A. No area of intellectual inquiry operates in a vacuum, that is, sciences in various fields are inextricably related. B. Scientific breakthrough in one certain area may be great contribute to advancement in another or several other fields.
C. New scientific fields often emerge in the interaction among different disciplines.
D. Sciences of other areas are indispensable for a certain creation in a field to be viable and perfect.
Related example: 1) Radioactivity is the starting point for cancer treatment, for the dating techniques used on ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and for molecular biology and modem genetics; it is also the source of nuclear energy and the atomic bomb.
2) In invention of telescope initiated in the magnifying tube, a great advancement in optics. Thus began the age of telescopic astronomy 3) Computer—nearly all the scientific areas
5."A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer." 5． 一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的课程，而不应该允许不同地区的学校擅自决定自己的教学领域。
Firstly, with the same national curriculum, it is convenient for educationist of different parts of the nation to scientifically arrange and prepare the classes of the curriculum.
Secondly, thinking of the possible differences, it is unwise to allow schools rather than a nation to choose the courses for the students.
A nation rather than the schools in different parts of the nation determine the national curriculum for the students, however, it does mean that the local schools have no freedom to choose any course for local students.
6."The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth." 6． 了解当代文化最有效的途径是分析它在形成初期的发展趋势。 %%%%%了解当代文化最有效途径是分析其年青人的趋势和潮流。%%了解当代文化最有效的方式是分析其年轻人的文化趋势"
We always regard youth as the future of the society. Although they are young, fresh and immature, they are also shrewd, full of passion and vitality.
Actually, studying the trends of a country's youth, may help to understand its contemporary culture, since that youth is the pioneer of a country, in this sense, they mirrors the development of the country.
Since youth is only a fraction of the society, studying them and their culture just provide us one perspective of the whole culture.
In my view, compare with the youth, those conventions and traditions constitute the foundation of the contemporary culture.
7."The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." 7． 数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录。
Our life has gone through great changes since the video camera came into being, which provides a totally new and different way of recording life to the traditional written methods.
Compared with written records, video documentation is much less influenced by the one who took record and the one who interprete it.
Another conspicious advantage of video records is its integrity.
Yet it’s rash to say that video camera has already won over traditional written documents and become the new domination of documentation field since video record is limited in several aspects.
We cannot say whether video camera or the written document is more important than the other in that each one has its irreplaceable merits and values. Video camera offers the accurate and convincing method of recording which can revive life in before while traditional written document can provide a more detailed and rational record in lower cost.
8."It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public." 8． 政治领导们在公众面前有所保留是必要的，甚至是必须的。
Firstly, political leaders, in a democracy regime, will harm the proper right of people as they withhold information from the public.
Secondly, withholding information from the public will result in corruption in the government, and therefore bring detriment to society.
Admittedly, sometimes it is necessary for political leaders to keep the public from know something, such as country’s top secrete, which is indispensable and helpful for a country in defending aggression and keeping safety.
9"Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use." 9． 今年来学术领域更加专业化，以至于学者门的研究只作用于很小范围内的人群。除非学者们的研究能适合大范围的人群，他们的想法才有用。
As a matter of fact, the more specialized the ideas, the less accessible to them.
However, specialization does not have any impact on the value of scholars’ ideas.
Actually, it is not necessary for the public to understand all abstruse ideas scholars hold. For example, most people do not know how the CPU is running in the personal computer, but this does not hamper them to using computers.
10"Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated." 10． 政府必须保证主要城市用于发展的财政支持，因为国家的文化传统发源于并保留在这些主要城市
It is always true that big cities of a country boom not only in economy but also in culture.
Actually, not all the major cities of a country are bound to the responsibility of preserving a nation’s culture traditions.
Indeed, in some major cities, where have less culture traditions, it creates a better environment for development than in those cities where long culture traditions are preserved.
Nevertheless, admitted that, there are also some major cities that are characterized by their long culture traditions, similarly, either small cities, or villages and towns, in spite of not being major cities, are the places where culture traditions generated and handed down be generations.
11"All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems." 11． 所有的国家都应该帮助建立起一个全球性的大学，用来培养学生们解决世界上最顽固头疼的社会问题。
Though each social problem appears to be different in different nations, as theft in affluent nations may be conducted more for psychological reasons rather than for the value of the issue with regard to its counterpart in poor nations, there is always a radical key lying beneath.
On the other hand, though nearly all the social problems are persisting in every nation, some may be disasters in one nation while slight flaw in another. Such a global university asks for the support from all nations of the world.
12"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic." 12． 人们的态度更多情况下取决于当时的处境和环境，并非人们的性格特点。
We are living in the society. We have families, friends and colleagues. We communicate each other, and have influence on or being influenced by others.
Immediate situation or surroundings play enormous influence on shaping our attitudes and moods toward exterior.
However, what people express in responding to their situation and surroundings is based on their internal characteristic, which develop on the combination of intellectual and morals.
As a matter of fact, people’s attitudes are determined by the compound effect of situation and internal characteristic.
13"Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct." 13． 许多世界上鲜为人知的语言由于越来越少的人使用而逐渐消失。使用这些语言的国家应该采取措施防止这些语言绝迹。
With the development of globalization, increasing cooperation within countries brings each country both prosperities especially in science and technology, and impact on culture.
When retrospecting development of recent history, we may find many languages of the world are becoming extinct.
While, with the disappearing of native language, at the same time, native culture constructed on the language is perishing.
14"It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature." 14． 每个人都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他的幻想类的文学作品。 %%%%%每个人都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他的幻想类的文学作品。
We have been brought up with fairy tales, mythologies and science fictions.
Imaginative literature is characterized by fancy and illusion, which can inspire our imagination as well as intelligence.
However, when we immerse in the fantasy contrived by imaginative work, we should also notice its dark side.
15"The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior." 15． 社会的安定取决于它对人们极端行为的响应和措施
Though it seems impossible that there will be a society as serene as paradise without any kind of horrible extremes of human behavior, it should never be an excuse for the failure of keeping the happening of extremes under effective control.
But the stability of a society asks for much more than just agile responds and firm punishment to the extremes of human behavior.
The stability of a society even requires its adequet conduction to some seemingly ordinary human behaviors in specific situations. A stable and healthy society is cherished by everyone.
16"Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals." 16． 尽管很多人认为现在奢侈安逸的生活是无害的，但实际上这样的生活阻止了人们培养坚强独立的性格
Without modern facilities, we could hardly do anything.
While, without such modern facilities, can we become truly strong and independent individuals?
It is important us for to realize the limitation of modern facilities and that potential danger which will be aroused if we lost our domination over modern facilities and too rely on them.
17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws." 17． 有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，应该不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律
Laws and regulations are set up along with the entrenchment of a government serving as a means to control the country.
Since laws are built up under the power of government, which represents the public interest whereas run by a few individuals, it is quite possible that laws are constituted in the name of representing the majority while on the contrary in a few individuals favor.
Facing unjust laws, every individual has the very responsibility to resist them.
No matter that whether every individual could reach an agreement on unjust or not, one point is important that we should put forward our opinions toward unjust laws.
18"Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea." 18． 只有通过质疑某个观点，并把它与其他观点进行比较，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。 %%%%%只有通过质疑某个观点，并把它与其他观点进行比较，人们才能真正理解那个观点的价值。 只有被迫对某个观点的质疑进行反驳，并。。。
Think of those ideas which we have long been used to, maybe since we are young.
When the idea held is challenged, however, we are motivated to defend it against doubts and disagreements.
Anyway, one should never be a bigot, who sticks to his own point of view and never budge even if lethal errors are rooted in.
19"If a society is to thrive, it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens." 19． 一个社会要发展，必须先取得整体的发展，再去发展社会中的个人。 %%%%%%一个社会要繁荣，其整体的发展应优先于个人的利益。 （我理解题目的意思是：整体的发展和个人的利益发生矛盾的时候，出于对社会繁荣的长远考虑，个人的利益应让位于整体的发展。）
The achievement of social entire success owns much to ceaseless and assiduous hard work of every citizen.
If a country overemphasizes the priority of its overall success in the process of thriving, it risks to obtaining the achievement at the expense of individual’s interest.
However, not every individual’s interest accords with that of society.
Tim: A society is a community comprised by the members. It exists because its members exist. In my opinion, its overall success entirely depends on the welfare of its individual citizens. Such welfare should be prioritized.
Prior to our analysis, we need to agree upon the definition of "overall success". Hypothetically, if we eliminate the elderly, the weak, the mentally and physically handicapped, and the unfit, then clearly our society consists of only healthy and intelligent members. It will likely become productive, and thus make considerable advancement.
Does this considerable advancement mean overall success? If it does, then we should indeed adopt a policy of master race, such as the one advocated by Nazis. We should place our emphasis on the society's success ahead of the welfare of individual members.
My definition of overall success, however, is different. Rather, happiness of its members is the main criterion. If members are stressful throughout their life, this society is not deemed successful even if it enables its members to land on Mars.
Again, hypothetically, let us say that our world population is reduced from 6.2 billion to 100 million. All the unfit have been annihilated. These 100 million people are good looking, tall, smart, young, and healthy. Their earth is filled with bountiful food and is equipped with advanced technology. Now, let us examine the likelihood that they will be happy.
First, this master race still cannot defy aging and death. The members will age and die. But according to their own regulations, people at the age of, say, 50 must be phased out. So, what do you think that those reaching ages of 35, 40, or 45 will feel?
Second, other than aging, the members do not dare to show any sign of weakness. If they are sick, they'd better pretend to be well. If they do not understand something, they will pretend that they are bright. If they are unable to accomplish some tasks, they will appear to be competent. So they constantly live in pretense and anxiety.
Finally, how will these cut-off limits of unfitness be defined? It is law of nature that nobody on earth is perfect. Nobody can possibly possess every nice attribute in him. If he is bright, but physically weak, will he be eliminated? The society will become chaotic, as there will be constant debates over the definition of unfitness.
In summary, based on three reasons stated above, members of this society will not likely live happy lives. If they will not, the society, deemed by me, is not successful. If I am allowed to uphold my own definition, then clearly we should accept every member, weak and strong alike, as he is, and prioritize his well being. The society does not necessarily have to make progress.
20"National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults." 20． 政府为儿童所想所做应该比成人多
Adults, who make up the major work force of our society, are where the fortune and power of the nation lying, thus the premise of the social stability.
Faraway from the superficial impression that national government has set enough social programs and services to help adults, the fact is that, such help still can not meet the request and even worse is that some of them are not adequetly conducted to bear the assumed outcomings.
As we have to keep sufficient notice on adults affairs, we shall absolutely never fail to provide children a safe, clean and nice environment for them to grow happily and robustly.
21"Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world." 21． 在乎自己声望和社会地位的人很少能带来改革。而那些真正想要改善一个政府、一个教育系统或者其他机构的人却必须要接受世界上其他人的蔑视。
Though no explicit static data, it’s not difficult to find that earnest in seeking personal reputation is always bound with eagerness to involve in social affairs such as reforming.
Then there seems to be a paradox, since earnest in social affairs always goes with ardor for personal reputation, how one manages to sacrifice the latter for the former?
Yet it’s unfair to ignore the contribution to any beneficial reforming of common people who may not show so much care for earning reputation or standing.
22"Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals." 22． 很多人认为一些个人和小的群体（例如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）影响了他们的思维和做法。其实是这个社会作为一个整体影响着人们的态度，而并非一些个人
society as a whole defines us and our attitudes.
in daily life, we are more often affected by those persons, who are around us
each individual is under dual impact both of society as a whole and small groups as a part
23"Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives." 23． 当前的科学技术提供的信息总是由很多小的信息片段组成。这导致了人们总是专注于零碎的信息，而很少注意到大的问题和整体的框架结构
2.1 access to great deal of information help people to get a wider view of an issue, thus help them prevent being limited in thoughts.
2.2 in order to discrimitate between important information and trifle ones, people improve themselves in the ability to understand, analyse, compare and rationalize, which is very useful for them to get a better command of large issues ( need profound understanding and capability to deal with complicated cases)
2.3 to prevent preoccupation by fragmented information, people should hold right view on information, not to assimulate all, but to percollate relevant ones from those needing only a glance.
24"People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power." 24． 当权者小心谨慎并且有限度的使用他们权力的时候他们的工作才最有效
2.1 people without cautin and restraint tent to abuse the power they are granted
2.2 caution and restraint assist people to have better understand and make better use of the power
2.3 caution and restraint do not mean tying oneself up
25"Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible." 25． 每个人都能把事情搞大搞复杂。而真正需要努力的却是相反的—-------即要把事情越简单化越好
2.1 to make things simple means to have profound understanding of the whole matter, to discriminate between essence and peripherals, and ultimately to refine the big and complex body of knowledge into principles
2.2 it’s relatively easier to pick out the facial differences between things than to dug out the underlying similarities
2.3 moving in the opposite direction calls for courage not only because one should face the dazzling amount of ideas, phenomenon, information, data and presumptions, but also because he/she is always in risk of total lose since any new discovery that contracts their theory will nullify most of their efforts
Tim: Mainstream people tend to complicate things or matters, so that the outsiders may not be able to understand what they are doing. Consequently, they can safely protect their own job securities or professional prestige. Examples abound. Once I was asking a composer why he used a certain bass accompaniment in one of his compositions. He appeared to be insulted by my questions. His response was like: who are you to ask me such a stupid question? The composition is such a complicated and difficult task. It took me so many years to learn it. And you, an amateur, expect me to explain it in a few minutes? In truth, it is my belief that, if my friend is willing, and if he is a good composer himself, he should be able to answer my question in a very simple manner.
我们所选择处理的方式太复杂,所以小事也浪费了不少时间.如果少走弯路,就会节约时间,创造更多的财富.
比如,猴哥的这个花果山share资源和ideas,discoveries,真好.原来很arduous和arid的事情变得easy了
26"Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served." 26． 很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现在的开发者在规划时应该优先考虑到保留历史建筑。 %%%%%%%...在这样的情况下，现代的发展应该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足
i. Historic buildings are irrecoverable resources we should preserve not only for ourselves but for our decendants
ii. Historic buildings are valuable records of a society’s past, and they serve more as travel attractions, city emblems.
iii. Some old buildings which are of less value and in bad state can be removed for contemporary needs for ground. But modern planners should avoid destroying historic buildings for modern purposes. Better approachments should be work out for the dilemma.
27"No one can possibly achieve success in the world by conforming to conventional practices and conventional ways of thinking." 27． 遵守传统经验和想法的人是不会成功的
How do we evaluate whether we are success? Maybe we should discuss it from two aspects individually and socially. On the one hand, success is based on the individual’s self-perception of the outcome.
On the other hand, in a strict definition, success means important achievement, which contributes greatly to society, obtains acknowledge by the others and gains brilliant fame.
When we retrospect the development of the history, any important progress was pulled by successful innovation, which acquired by the genius who do not confirm the conventional practices and thoughts.
28"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little." 28． 学生们只有在学习了事实的来龙去脉后才有必要记住这些事实。只学习事实本身的学生是学不到多少东西的
In the process of studying, no matter in whatever discipline, we are required to memorize facts that are indispensable for us to master the knowledge.
To have a better understand of an affair, we need not only to kwon the fact, but also the ideas, trends and concepts that help to explain the fact.
29"Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy." 29． 公众人物，例如演员、政治家和运动员应该预料到人们对他们私生活的关注。当他们决定成为公众角色时，他们应该知道自己的一些隐私将被公布于众
Though they are taking the public appearance most for job, public figures such as actors, politicians and athletes can hardly count on people to separate clearly their public role from private lives, as is even impossible to themselves.
Ironically, though some public figures do feel uneasy with the buzzing paparazzi, or loathe the unsatisfiable interest into their personal lives, most of them have to concede that they cannot live without these troubles
Anyway, a public figure is all the same to everyone of us physically and mentally, no matter how significant a role he/she plays in public life.
30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time." 30． 技术进步的最主要的目标就是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时间
First of all, as we have witnessed, achievement in technology has immensely improved people’s efficiency, such as assembly-line, robots. Computer, etc.
Besides, when people enjoy relative more leisure time brought by improved efficiency, on the same time, society has encountered other problems, such as the problem of employment.
As a matter of fact, increasing efficiency is merely a byproduct of the advance of technology.
31"Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial." 31． 花费在研究上的金钱总是很好的投资，即使研究结果是有争论的
A. Research is the exploration of the unknown for true answers to our questions, and for lasting solutions to our enduring problems.
B. Research is also the chief means by which we humans attempt to satisfy our insatiable appetite for knowledge, and our craving to understand ourselves and the world around us.
C. Many researches may be controversial and the results of them may bring to people some harm, after all they are of greater benefit in the short or long term.
Related Examples: 1) Research of atomic energy,
2) Research of radioactivity: the starting point for cancer treatment, for the dating techniques used on ancient objects, rocks and the universe, and for molecular biology and modem genetics.
3) Copemicus's heliocentric theory; Galileo's research in astronomy. 4) Technique of cloning
32"A school or college should pay its teachers at the same rate in all disciplines, regardless of differences in salaries for related fields in the world outside of school. For example, entry-level teachers in mathematics and in the arts should receive the same pay, even if outside of school, math specialists earn a much higher salary on average than do specialists in the arts." 32． 学校或者大学应该付给所有学科老师相同的工资，而不必理会校内外教师的薪水差异。例如，入门级的数学老师和艺术老师应该拿到相同的薪水，即使在校外，数学专家比艺术专家的平均薪水高出很多
It’s absurd to for a school or college to pay its teachers merely according to the salaries for related fields in the world ourside of school.
Yet absolutely same rate of salary to teachers of all disciplines is unfair, too.
Another latent problem in same salary rate for all disciplines is that it will undermine teachers of their work enthusiasm.
33"Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image." 33． 在当今社会，引人的表面现象比现象背后的本质重要得多
Not like in movies, where actors and actresses can shift freely from a role of betrayer to a hero in one day, an individual may show an attractive image before the public, but this contrived mask cannot sustain long.
Once some once-brilliant images collapse, the overall trust in paradigms of the public will break down as well.
Though our society calls for appealig images, who can dominate the view of value of the public, give them power and confidence when difficulties occur, and inspire them to work hard and win, there is not any need to create them by hinding the reality and truth behind.
34"Instead of requiring students to take courses in a variety of disciplines—that is, courses ranging from the arts and the humanities to the physical and biological sciences—colleges and universities should allow students to enroll only in those courses that will help prepare them for jobs in their chosen fields. Such concentration is necessary in today's increasingly work-oriented society." 34． 学校与其让学生们学习种类繁多的课程------艺术、人类学到物理、生物科学，还不如只让学生们学习针对以后工作而开设的有针对性的课程。这样的集中方式顺应了目前工作为主的社会
1. Studying various disciplines keeps one balanced in the society. Those who concentrate in only job related courses will inevitable find themselves limited in everyday life.
2. Inter-disciplines study is necessary both in the improvement of either disciplines and in the innovation of new knowledge
3. Basical courses of a wide range of disciplines should be compulsory, but sufficient freedom should be granted to students in their choosing further study of non-work-oriented courses.
35"No matter what the situation, it is more harmful to compromise one's beliefs than to adhere to them." 35． 不管在什么样的情况下，妥协总是没有坚持好
Belief, as for every one, is like the beacon which lights up the way of progressing, and sustain us in adversity.
When we retrospect history, we may find out that honorable laurels are always credit to those who adhere to their believes resolutely rather than to comprise to others. Bruno may be the extremely archetype, who would rather to be burned than to yield to the inquisition to give up his theory. Others, like Galileo, Curie, Nobel and so on, all persist in their believes which eventually lead them to the success and engrave their names on history.
However, we should adhere to our believes no matter what circumstance rests on the prerequisite that our believes are sound and conductive to the development of individual as well as the overall society. Adolf Hitler is also an archetype of pursuing one’s belief,
36"The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries." 36． 只有后来人评价以前的人，而不应该同时代的人相互评价
The greatness of individuals cannot be appreciated by their contemporaries in large part is due to their outstanding talent and their transcendental intelligence which surpass the common cognition of general public and their peers.
Besides, to test the validity of theories, works and ideas of the great individuals need a long time even centuries.
In a democratic society, individuals have full free to express their ideas and show their unique talents and characters.
37"In most societies, competition generally has more of a negative than a positive effect." 37． 在大多数社会，通常情况下竞争总是起到消极的作用，而不是积极的作用
In order to be more specific,I would like to cite the example of the competing situation in the battlefield of business,which is obviously quite familiar with many people.
When two adjacent shopping-centers resolve to take the price-cutting maneuver to gain the game, a predictable scathe for the two merchants is definitely waiting ahead.
38"In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books." 38． 在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少
Though each has its advantages, television and books are not capable to win over each other.
Reading books is an active process, where we can make choice of what, when and to which extent we want to learn.
With regard to the appealing traits and easygoing nature, television can help a lot in study.
39"The intellectual benefits of attending a university or college are vastly overrated: most people could learn more by studying and reading on their own for four years than by pursuing a university or college degree." 39． 人们对进入大学学习的获益总是评价很高：许多人通过四年的学习学到的东西要比仅仅为了得到大学文凭学到的东西要多
Bill Gates, who quitted from university and did not complete his degree while establish his business of Microsoft which ranks in the top of Fortune, may serve as a good example that people could learn more by studying and reading on their own rather than pursuing a university or college degree.
As for people who have strong ability of self-management and definite purpose of learning, they may obtain more knowledge from self-studying than attending university or college.
While, many people still would like to learning by attending university or college, because the formal education system not only provide students a perfect studying atmosphere but also instruct students study more efficiently and effectively.
In addition, studying in university or college other than studying on their own, conduce to shape a sound personality
40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem." 40． 对待学者和研究人员的评价不应该取决于他们的工作是否对整个社会有所贡献。而应该是看他们怎样为了自己的兴趣而奋斗，不管他们的兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊
Not for Edison’s sustained work, we wouldn’t have benefited so much from his marvelous inventions.
Research work is, in one sense, not well purposed action, but rather some exploration of unknown world around us.
Sometimes, scholars and researchers are similar to poets, actively envolved in their enshrined tasks with great concentration and enthusiasm.
Yet the freedom we should grant scholars and researchers is not boundless.
41"Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science." 41． 一些非主流的领域，如占星、算命以及偏执在社会中扮演着非常重要的角色，它们满足了人们的那些主流科学满足不了的需要
We may find out that, people who resort to fortune-telling, astrology and such nonmainstream area of inquiry unusually are ill educated and underclass of the society.
Indeed, the main reason that why nonmainstream area of inquiry is favored by a few people is that it comforts people who worry about their destiny.
Besides, nonmainstream area of inquiry also plays an important role to satisfy peoples’ curiosity about the unknown world.
42"Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups." 42． 因为学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作，他们会在学术上获益非浅。 %%%%%...，因此所有年龄的学生如果经常以群体的方式工作，他们会在学术上获益非浅。
Firstly, the rapid changes in our modern time, especially in science and technology, challenge the traditional ways of learning and working.
Secondly, learning and working frequently with groups, students will be more efficient and then make much more progress than that if they study solitarily.
However, admitted that it should be laudable to encourage students to learn cooperatively, one should not use this as the excuse of relying on other members and do not think independently themselves.
43"To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards." 43． 一个官员要想成为一个好的领导，他必须有极高的民族和道德标准
To be an effective leader, as we known, one should possess wisdom, competence, enlightenment, tolerance, shrewd, prowess, resolution and so on.
An official without high ethnical and moral standards is doomed to fail to lead the public effectively, in the worse case, to spell disaster on the public.
Besides mentioned above, if public acquiesce public officials without higher moral standards, this will harm the morality of the entire society.
44"Government should not fund any scientific research whose consequences, either medical or ethical, are unclear." 44． 政府不应该去资助一个预期结果不明确的科学研究，不管它是医学还是道德伦理。
Any scientific research starts with hypotheses and assumptions, because the purpose of scientific research is to explore the untapped frontier of the world.
Besides, the process of research is one of ceaseless and gradual accumulation of knowledge.
Admitted that, there exit dangers when the result of a scientific research is unclear in medical or ethnical, since it may rouse unexpected confusion even chaos in society.
45"Government officials should rely on their own judgment rather than unquestioningly carrying out the will of the people whom they serve." 45． 政府官员应该有自己的判断力，而不应该被群众的愿望所左右
It is always hard to get consensus over a controversial issue.
Ironically but true, sometimes government officials can do quicker and better decisions on their own judgement rather than following the will of the people absolutely.
Anyway, by insisting the government officials making decision on their own judgements we never dismiss the importance of the will of people.
46"While some leaders in government, sports, industry, and other areas attribute their success to a well-developed sense of competition, a society can better prepare its young people for leadership by instilling in them a sense of cooperation." 46． 尽管一些政府领导，比如体育、工业和其他的领域的人把他们的成功归功于良好的竞争机制和竞争意识，一个社会还是应该给年轻人灌输合作的思想。
Through competition, one makes himself/herself become eminent, so do the leaders entrench their successful position.
The sense of competition is indispensable for a leader no matter what areas he/her belongs to.
More specifically, cooperation is a kind of responsibility bestowed to one who wants to be a leader.
47"Society does not place enough emphasis on the intellect—that is, on reasoning and other cognitive skills47． 社会没有给予智力培养方面足够的重视，比如人的推理和认知
In a sense, intellectual skills and non-intellectual skills are somewhat like skeleton and flesh of a body.
A society cannot advance without cognitive skills, yet it cannot keep well-being without non-cognitive ones.
Both crucial to individual and society, intellectual and non-intellectural skills, however, receive unfair attention at present..
48"The study of history places too much emphasis on individuals. The most significant events and trends in history were made possible not by the famous few, but by groups of people whose identities have long been forgotten." 48． 对历史的研究把太多的重点放在对某些个人上。而历史上一些重大的事件和发展趋势不是由个别名人决定的，而可能是由那些已经被人们淡忘的人制造的
In most historical documents, those significant figures were described as the only decision makers.
It is natural, however, for historians to do so, or from another aspect, they have to.
Lacking of sufficient materials is another problem.
Tim: When we conduct analyses on the revolution early in the 20th century in China, Chairman Mao will naturally be the focus. When we study Psychology, the image of Dr. S. Freud puffing his cigar pipe will emerge
Today's newspapers will become the history 100 years from today. If we take a look at them, we will notice that 99% of the news focuses on important people. Often we will find articles reporting or discussing about trivia, such as Clinton's dog or Laura Bush's evening gowns.
Why do TV stations broadcast soccer games? Obviously, there are plenty of soccer fans who will watch the games. Similarly, why do newspapers report these trivia? Obviously we, as readers, are interested in reading them. We are less interested in knowing about a middle-aged woman, with 3 kids, visiting orphanages to bring joy to those orphans. We all flock to the powerful and the beautiful. Tim Shih would rush to read the news about Miss America's crowning scandal, but would ignore the news regarding a group of volunteers picking up garbage on the pavement of freeways.
So, possibly, it is we ourselves, the common people, who have shaped the history, such that it concentrates on important individuals.
49"Imaginative works such as novels, plays, films, fairy tales, and legends present a more accurate and meaningful picture of human experience than do factual accounts. Because the creators of fiction shape and focus reality rather than report on it literally, their creations have a more lasting significance." 49． 有想象力的作品，比如小说、戏剧、童话和传说向人们展示了过去人们经验的精确且有意义的画面，而现实作品则稍逊。因为小说的作者重点刻画事实，而非文学本身，他们的作品有更深远的意义
1. imaginative works not only shape and focus reality, but concentrate on reverie and vision as well, which reduce fiction of their accuracy. Their significance may also decay with time goes by.
2. factual accounts literally document reality and facts using more scientific language and rational analysis, therefore enhancing their accuracy and meaningfulness
3. both the two are valuable presentation of human experience, with each dealing with different aspects
50"In order to improve the quality of instruction at the college and university level, all faculty should be required to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach." 50． 为了提高大学的教学质量，所有的教职员工应该去校外参加一些和他们教的课程相关的工作
1. to faculty members of some academic area, working outside the academic world will do little help to their academic ability while distracting them from the research and instruction work they should concentrate on
2. compulsory working in professions outside academic world may cause the college and university to lose their outstanding faculty member
3. to some academic area such as engineering, faculty members should be encouraged to work outside for some time in order to better orient instruction to students for future career
51"Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student." 51． 只有针对每个学生的需要和兴趣，教育才真正的有意义
1. the efficiency of education lies in its generalization ( teacher, student )
2. over-specified education will narrow down students’ ken and capability of acclimation to future career
3. in order to cater individual needs and to enhance interests of students, schools can offer some specifically designed programs to students
52"Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony." 52． 教育鼓励学生们提问和批评，这样无利于社会的和谐
We should discriminate between social harmony and categorical obeying. The latter was employed by monopolies to keep their people doing whatever they ordered without any right to raise doubt, let alone rejection.
The purpose of questioning and criticizing is not just providing a vent for dissatisfaction.
With regard to the immature of young students, what education should do besides encouraging them to question and criticize is to avoid them of self-righteousness.
53"College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government." 53． 大学教育应该对所有学生免费，全部由政府来承担
It is true that government subsidy is a large part of the school’s income.
While, fully financing college and university may exceed the capacity of the government, although this will is valuable.
Up to now, it is still impossible for government to afford all the expenditure for college and university, but alternative methods are produced to alleviate the burden of students from poor families. Instead of fully waiving the tuition, college and university have established the scholarship, fellowship, loans as well as part-time jobs.
54"History teaches us only one thing: knowing about the past cannot help people to make important decisions today." 54． 历史只教会我们做一件事：了解过去并不能帮助今天的人们在重大的事情上做决定
History is a part of our development, and provides relevant information of present problems.
History also serves as a source of precedent and predication, which guide us to avoid or less making false decisions when in face of hard task in present.
Admittedly, there are entirely new problems that we have to cope with on our own without any precedents in history to refer to, but this does not prevent us from making right choices, since learning history has taught us to perceive and analyse the problems with historic perspective.
55"Competition for high grades seriously limits the quality of learning at all levels of education." 55． 人们为了更高的学历而竞争，严重限制了人们各个阶段的学习。（好象不通？）
Competing for grades serves as an effective stimulant to urge and conduce to arouse students’ ambition in the process of study. Since under current education system, tests and examination are still mainly method to check the outcome of study, and score is the most important criteria to evaluate the performance of students. Usually, high score means better academic performance. Who rank at the top will obtain acknowledge of their intellect and competence both from teachers and peers, this point also be illustrated by the fact that scholarship will be given to those who have high grades in most of their courses. In such education system, students may be motivated to study hard and assiduously in order to achieving acknowledge of others and the hortation of better performance, and in turn, they have a better master of what they have learnt. In this respect, competition for high grades does promote students learning better.
While, such competition increasingly expose its negative effects on the quality of learning.
What is more, heating competition for high grades may arouse extremely mental and psychological stress for students, which will seriously undermine the interest and ability of studying.作者: xshs_5 时间: 2003-1-15 17:41:46