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标题: 【独立写作】cmj资料储备篇。欢迎大家加上新的资料~ [打印本页]
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-18 20:35:43 标题: 【独立写作】cmj资料储备篇。欢迎大家加上新的资料~
本帖最后由 ddcmj519 于 2009-2-28 15:29 编辑
后面贴了好几小篇文章，个人觉得很是不错滴。
现为方便大家使用，上传在附件里~[至2.28]
此处细说下个人觉得适合的用法~顺便小友情提示下写作的一些东东。
特别提示：此仅为个人意见~且！没经过考试的洗礼。。。所以。。。咳咳。。。。
part 1 About资料
1.TV 里面有几个表达很是地道（the marrige of words and images甚是喜欢~）。此段主要用于开头的衔接或者结尾的综述部分。适用类型：关于科技进步之类，电视，电脑类。
2.GOVERNMETN 此段主要读熟读详，很多涉及政府问题的题目需要有一定的这方面了解才能说的比较透彻。（虽然评分标准里没这项~）段子里面涉及至少6个题目的范畴，读好~
3.旅游 汽车类，旅游类，开头结尾知识背景。
4.文科教育 理由段，写关于学校课程设置类题目可用。
5.讨论 精读。1.合作类题目 2.领导、成员品质之类
6.修路 精读 政府修路 、汽车类
7.油价 主要是前段时间就写了个这种题。增长知识，顺便增加理由。
8.social role 这个主要针对家庭问题，如回家吃饭之类的提供思考方向。大概看下即可。
9.plan 这plan类题的一点东西。过下即可。
10.dress 记得185貌似有道穿衣问题的变态题。我自己不会写所以丢上来的。。。
11.city 改建类的一点思路提示。
12.声望 钱啊权啊之类的都可以扯过来的一点资料。
13.开头段四海皆准的句子，开头可用，后面有些小例子提供思考方向。
part 2 About 独立写作
stage1 入门级
状态：不知何为独立写作，拿到题目不知如何下手，写的出理由写不出展开。
solution：1.看范文，从范文中了解如何某篇，即总分总结构套路，顺便体会理由及展开的模式。and句型积累。
2.多思考，就拿到一个题目，思考出理由+展开。没完！ 想想理由还可以用到别的什么
题目上。所谓以不变应万变~
stage2 提高级
状态：写也写得出来，就是自己写着不爽读着也不爽
solution: 1.语法问题俺帮不了，搞本语法纲要3天发狠搞搞？
2.句子念着不爽。 回归了，其实我觉得这是归根结底的语法不扎实，不然啥啥从句，倒装用飞了都。but注意。
并不是长句就是好的哦。当然，最佳对策，背。背好句：长+短。
3.内容自己写着都觉得恶心。我经常陷入此魔道。。想来可能是我对题目的思考还欠着点，自己想得理由自己
觉得恶心。多练练或许会好些？
stage3 攻坚级
状态：自己很满意，大家也很满意，就是觉得欠着点啥。
solution：1.留心整篇文章的人称是否一致，是否符合题目要求。（貌似大家都不太注意这点）
2.注意文章整体内容分配，最后一&分段结尾段不要过短，看着有头重脚轻的嫌疑。
------------ 这是俺此段时间改作文的先看两点,所谓的first impression。
3.开头，这是cj告诉俺的，尽量不要写的太随大流some 。。others。。rater看多了会想吐。。
此外文章整体的过度词/句，也要能充分融入文章中才行，做到收放自如~
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或许乃会觉得俺以上话都是扯淡滴。anyway，俺也只是在作文组中改了那么几篇文章觉得大家可能有那么些困惑，而我可能有刚好有那么点点水平answer，于是就斗胆写了上来~~
见笑见笑吧~~
总之一句话，
写作这东西，就得靠练。
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-18 20:36:45
本帖最后由 ddcmj519 于 2009-2-18 20:37 编辑
The role of government in the economy (326 words)
Because most people do not volunteer to pay taxes or police their own financial affairs, governments cannot influence economic activity simply by asking people to pollute less, to give money to the poor, or to be innovative. To accomplish these things, governments have to pass laws. Since the early twenties century, governments of countries with advanced industrial or service economies have been playing an increasing role in economics. This can be seen in the growth of government taxation and spending, in the growing share of national income devoted to income-support payments, and by the enormous increase in the control of economic activity.
The large-scale organization of business, as seen in mass production and distribution, has led to the formation of large-scale organizations - corporations, labor unions, and government structures – that have grown in importance in the past several decades. Their presence and growing dominance have shifted capitalist economies away from traditional market forces and toward government administration of markets.
In the United States, government provides a framework of laws for the conduct o economic activity that attempt to make it serve the public interest. For instance, the individual states and the federal government have passed laws to shield investors against fraud. These laws specify what information has to be disclosed to prospective investors when shares of stocks or bonds are offered for sales. Another important area of law concerns the labor force, such as regulation of work hours, minimum wages, health and safety conditions, child labor and rights of workers to form unions, to strike, to demonstrate peacefully, and to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing.
In other nations, the ways in governments intervene in their economies has varied; however, governments everywhere deal with essentially the same issues and participate in economic activity. Even governments that are reluctant to regulate commerce directly have undertaken large-scale projects such as hydroelectric and nuclear energy developments, transportation networks, or expansion of health, education, and other public service.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-18 20:40:28
TV&PC (156 words)
Before television and computers, our most powerful communication tool was language. However, the supremacy of language has been challenged by the introduction of images --- powerful, realistic, moving images --- into our everyday communication. The advent of television and computing in the twentieth century marked a new period in communication technology, the Information Age. The marriage of words and images offered by television, together with the interactive power of the computer, have profoundly affected the nature of our society.
In this short life of half a century, the computer has revolutionized the way we communicate. In the workplace business rely on computers for communication and for performing routine tasks such as record keeping, accounting, and inventory. Computing has spawned new forms of media, such as the worldwide network of millions of computers called Internet. By the mid 1990s, the general public was using the internet for education, entertainment, and business, making it the fastest-growing medium today.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-18 21:08:37
本帖最后由 ddcmj519 于 2009-2-18 21:09 编辑
Tourism (96 words)
Modern tourism began with the transition from a rural to an industrial society, the rise of the automobile, and the expansion of road and highway systems. Before the Second World War, travel for pleasure was limited to the wealthy, but since then, improved standards of living and the availability of transportation have allowed more people to indulge. In the 1960s, improvements in the aircraft technology and the development of commercial jet airlines enabled fast international travel. The tourism industry exploded. Today, airports in nearly every country can accommodate jumbo jets full of tourists seeking exotic destinations.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-18 21:20:32
Liberal Arts Education文科教育
At the college level, the best preparation for management is a liberal arts education. Individuals who will guide the future of their companies must broaden and deepen their understanding of the world. This means covering the whole range of the liberal arts, from science to literature to mathematics to history. Today’s executives must have some grasp of economic realities and political process, as well as some comprehension of the basic framework within which scientific and technological changes take place. They must gain an understanding of human nature, including its negative aspects, such as the sources of human conflicts and the pitfalls of power.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-18 23:28:49
Group discussion
A growing number of companies are finding that small-group discussions allow them to develop healthier ways to think about work. People at all levels of corporate structure are starting groups that meet weekly or monthly to talk over ways to make workplaces more ethical and just.
Several factors must be present for small-group discussions to be successful. First, it is important to put together the right group. Groups work best when they consist of people who have similar duties, responsibilities, and missions. This does not mean, however, that everyone in the group must think in lockstep.
All participants should agree on the group’s purpose. Finding the right subject matter is essential. There are several ways to fuel the discussion: by using the company’s mission statement, by finding readings on work and ethics by experts in the topic, or by analyzing specific workplace incidents that have affected the company or others like it.
Finally, the dynamics of the group should be balanced, and the discussion leader must not be allowed to overwhelm the conversation or the agenda. Groups work best when the same person is not always in change. It is better to rotate the leadership for each meeting and let that leader choose the material for discussion.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-19 16:56:41
Road Building and The Automobile(324 words)
Car registrations in the United States rose from one million in 1913 to ten million in 1923. By 1927, Americans were driving some twenty-six million automobiles, one car for every five people in the country. Automobile scales in the state of Michigan outnumbered those in great Britain and Ireland combined. For the first time in history, more people lived in cities than on farms, and they were migrating to the city by automobile.
The automobile was every American’s idea of freedom, and the construction of hard surface roads was one of the largest items of government expenditure, often at great cost to everything else. The growth of roads and the automobile industry made cars the life blood of the petroleum industry and a major consumer of steel. The automobile caused expansions in outdoor recreation, tourism and related industries-service stations, roadside restaurants, and motels. After 1945, the automobile industry reached new heights, and new roads led out of the city to the suburbs, where two-car families transported children to new schools and shopping malls.
In 1956 Congress passed the Interstate Highway Act, the peak of a half century of frenzied road building at government expense and the largest public works program in history. The result was a network of federally subsidized highways connecting major urban centers. The interstate highways stretched American mobility to new distances, and two-hour commuted, traffic jams, polluted cities, and Disneyland became standard features of life. Like almost everything else in the 1950s, the construction of interstates highways was justified as a national defense measure.
The federal government guaranteed the predominance of private transportation. Between 1945 and 1980, 75 percent of federal funds for transportation were spent on highways, while a scant one percent went to buses, trains, or subways. Even before the interstate highway system was built, the American bias was clear, which is why the United States has the world’s best road system and nearly its worst public transit system.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-19 17:02:48
Higher price of oil (128 words)
As with most economist issues, economists disagree over the exact cause of inflation. But they do generally agree that a sharp increase in the cost of one essential item is likely to be contributing factor. When oil prices rose sharply in the mid 1970s, consumers were suddenly hit with higher prices for oil and for many other things. All the companies that used oil-to heat their buildings or run their machines-suddenly had to raise their prices to cover the increase cost of the oil. Anything transported by truck cost more. At the same time, all the consumers who bought oil in the form of gasoline for their cars had to spend a much lager portion of their paychecks on oil. These higher prices were a form of inflation.
作者: jm0701 时间: 2009-2-19 21:23:28
辛苦了~~ 你什么时候考哇？
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-20 09:20:20
3.29
等我把资料找的差不多，再再一楼补上对应题目的用法之类的。
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-20 09:21:06
social role (174 words)
Everyone in a particular society recognizes social roles: father, mother, child, teacher, student, police officer, store clerk, doctor, judge, political leader, and so on. Every culture expects certain types of behavior from people who play certain social roles. Anyone occupying a given position is expected to adopt a specific attitude. A store clerk is expected to take care of customers patiently and politely, and a judge is expected to make wise and fair decisions about laws.
Informal social roles are not always easy to recognize, but can be identified with carefully research. They are key indicators of a group’s health and happiness. Within the family, one informal role is the family hero, the person who defines integrity and upholds family morality. Others are the family arbitrator, the person who keeps peace and the family historian, often a grandparent, who relays valuable cultural information that maintains both the family and the larger society. And finally, there is the family friend, the person who provides comfort and the companionship to the family numbers with emotional needs.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-20 09:22:07
Plan (171 words)
Even the best plans are rarely carried out without some problems. Good managers learn to deal with problems as they come up. They make decisions as they are needed and adjust plans when necessary. Flexible plans allow for several contingencies. Contingencies are events that might affect what you plan to do but rarely are out of your control. For example, rain is a contingency that might affect the success of an outdoor event. Trying to move indoors at the last minute could be disaster. Therefore, your plan should include a “rain plan”.
An important part of dealing with contingencies is making sure that all your resources are not scheduled for use. You need to reserve some money and time for the unexpected. If you budget your money down to the last penny, you might not be able to advantage of a bargain that you suddenly hear about. Similarly, if you schedule your time too tightly, you might not be able to deal with those “unexpected events” that always seem to happen.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-22 14:06:23
Style of dress (195 words)
One’s style of dress reveals the human obsession with both novelty and tradition. People use clothing to declare their membership in a particular social group; however, the rules for what is acceptable dress for that group may change. In affluent societies, this changing of the rules is the driving force behind fashions. By keeping up with fashions, that is, by changing their clothing style frequently but simultaneously, members of a group both satisfy their desire for novelty and obey rules, thus demonstrating their membership in the group.
There are some interesting variations regarding individual status. Some people, particularly in the West, consider themselves of high status that they do not need to display it with their clothing. For example, many wealth people in the entertainment industry appear in very casual clothes, such as worn jeans and work boots of a manual labor. However, it is likely that a subtle but important signal, such as an expensive wristwatch, will prevail over the message of the casual dress. Such an inverted status display is most likely to occur where the person’s high status is conveyed in ways other than with clothing, such as having a famous face.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-22 14:07:16
City (116 words)
Cities differ from towns in the size, density, and diversity of their population. The city offers a wide variety of goods and services, as well as more extensive employment and cultural opportunities. City life is characterized by impersonal and formal social relation ships, greater privacy, and more lifestyle choices—a way of life referred to as urbanism. The urban spirit is sophisticated and dynamic, stimulating the mind through contrast and encouraging tolerance of differences. However, urbanism is not restricted to city dwellers; it can be considered a trait of all modern societies at a high level of technological development. The urban spirit spreads beyond the city via the mass media: television, movies, CDs, and the internet.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-22 14:08:05
Prestige (226 words)
Prestige refers to a person’s social standing—the level of respect that other people are willing to show. A person with high prestige is honored or esteemed by other people, while a person of low prestige is disrespected or marginalized. Prestige is a valued resource for people at all levels of a society, and this can be seen among inner—city youth, where to respect or “diss ” someone has negative consequences. Exactly what qualities are respected will vary from one society to another. Some societies honor wisdom and old age; others value warriors or youth.
In postindustrial societies, prestige is linked to occupational status although income is also important. In the United States, the top-status occupations are the professions—physicians, lawyers, professors, and clergy—requiring many years of education and training. At the other end of the hierarchy, the lowest prestige is associated with occupations requiring little formal education—for example, bus drivers, sanitation workers, and janitors. Prestige is linked to income, but there are exceptions, such as college professors, who have high prestige but relatively low salaries compared to physicians and lawyers. Conversely, some low—prestige workers receive high union wages and benefits. Criminals are often well rewarded with income and respect in their communities, while politicians—many of whom are wealthy—are frequent less respected than occupations such as secretary and bank teller.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-22 14:08:49
Cultural evolution (230 words)
The history of life is the story of biological evolution on a changing planet, and at no time has change ever been as rapid as in the age of humans. The evolution of humans and their culture has had enormous consequences, making human a new force in the history of life,
Culture evolution has occurred in stages, beginning with the nomads who hunted and gathered food on the African grasslands two million years ago. These hunter-gathers made tools, organized communal activities, and divided labor. Next came the development of agriculture in several parts of the world 10 to 15 thousand years ago. Agriculture led to permanent settlements, the first cities, and trade among societies. An important cultural leap was the Industrial Revolution, which began in the eighteenth century. Since then, new technology has escalated exponentially, and so has the human impact on the planet.
Throughout this cultural evolution, from simple hunter-gathers to high-tech societies, humans have not changed much biologically. Our knowledge is stored not in our genes but in the product of thousands of years of human experience. Cultural evolution has enabled us to defy our physical limitations and shortcut biological evolution. We no longer have to wait to adapt to our environment through natural selection; we simply changed the environment to meet our needs. We are the dominant species of life and bring environmental change wherever we go.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-24 17:00:23
Teaching
Teachers need the ability to understand a subject well enough to convey its essence to a new generation of students. The goal is to establish a sound knowledge base on which students will be able to build as they are exposed to different life experiences. The passing of knowledge from generation to generation allows students to grow into useful members of society. Good teachers can translate information, good judgment, experience and wisdom into relevant knowledge that a student can understand, retain and pass to others. Studies from the US suggest that the quality of teachers is the single most important factor affecting student performance, and that countries which score highly on international tests have multiple policies in place to ensure that the teachers they employ are as effective as possible.
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-24 17:02:02
Education
见 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education
写教育类话题可以参考下的全面资料~
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-24 17:03:56
基本就这些资料了。开始上课也没多少空找了，个人觉得够了，呼呼，这两天整理下之前的资料在一楼改上应用说明~
嗯。
if anyone有啥好的发现~欢迎跟上~
作者: glamorousky 时间: 2009-2-24 22:20:56
赞一个~:) 好好攒攒多了给加精
作者: TOEFL_Writing 时间: 2009-2-25 00:16:19
支持~ 坚持不懈一直把这个资料库做下去吧：）
作者: 天聋地哑 时间: 2009-2-25 00:19:15
谢谢楼主了~~ 我先抱走研究去了
作者: truthzl 时间: 2009-2-25 09:19:56
辛苦楼主了
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-27 19:06:47
额，做下去，其实我觉得差不多了，更多的话，wiki搜一下基本都搞定了。
其实个人觉得最万金的方法就是去详记那么两个人的生平，基本可以解决掉一些。
其他的可能就只能靠平时思考了~
当然大家有资料贴上来大家都欢迎哇哇~~~
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-2-28 15:27:25
money and happiness
来自60s。
They say that money can’t buy happiness. Ryan Howell believes that it can—sometimes. Howell is a researcher at San Francisco State University. He thought that maybe money matters if it’s spent on things that bolster our psychological well-being—activities that people truly enjoy and that enhance their lives in nonmaterial ways.
Howell recently presented his research at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology in Tampa. He recruited 154 participants between 19 and 50. Half wrote a paragraph about a recent experience they purchased, such as eating out or going to the theater. The other half wrote a paragraph about a thing they bought. Both also wrote about their feelings about what they got for their money. Turned out those who bought experiences reported significantly higher levels of feeling happy, and like it was money well-spent.
Howell says these feelings of well-being might come from feeling active and connected to friends and community. He also says we don’t get bored of happy memories, while we might get tired of a purchase. So the study challenges the old adage about money—because maybe money can buy happiness. If it’s not spent on just things.
作者: haoxufan 时间: 2009-3-1 10:39:30
感谢 拿走了
作者: yangkeli22 时间: 2009-3-1 15:31:32
不错，谢谢楼主，我也3.29考，加油！！！
作者: glamorousky 时间: 2009-3-2 21:58:05
来看看ddcmj519童鞋:)
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-3-2 22:34:40
28# glamorousky
谢老大关照~:loveliness:
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-3-2 22:45:57
摘自无夏前辈文：
简单想来，学校的教育分为三块：基本世界观的建立＋基础的技能训练＋个人专攻的引导和鼓励。
学校教育是更应该让学生知道“自己想要的是什么”，并且去寻找用“怎样的路径实践它”。而不应该是，在人生之路的一开始就被教导“只有怎么怎么样才是对的，那样就不对了”
虽然是G的题目，但是内容有点相通~正好解决头大的教育类~~~
有收获~丢过来·
作者: 左右手 时间: 2009-3-3 10:59:05
和楼主考的时间差不多，希望一起进步~~
好人好报的！~
作者: 左右手 时间: 2009-3-3 11:02:30
想问一下哦，楼主发在下面的文章是包含在附件的背景里面的吗
作者: ddcmj519 时间: 2009-3-3 22:56:08
32# 左右手
额 。
wiki的材料没整理进去，60s的也还没。。。。
我过两天有空再整理下~:loveliness:
最前那13篇已经在里面了~
作者: wisle 时间: 2009-8-7 08:45:48
版，你的这个贴太棒了~！收下
作者: 藕丁 时间: 2009-8-9 22:31:14
好贴~~出来赞一个啊~~
作者: EileenLee 时间: 2011-1-9 18:19:56
THX for sharing~~UPUP~~
作者: lucky1201 时间: 2011-1-10 12:30:18
感谢分享~！辛苦了~！
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