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标题: 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词 [打印本页]

作者: 草木也知愁 时间: 2009-3-24 20:53:54 标题: 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲汇总贴

此系列是我复习AW的时候最好一批资料中的一部分

分开给大家

每天看一个部分就行了

实在是太赞这个资料了

要是能保证看5遍以上保证你的ISSUE写无敌了

要是10遍以上你的effective writting就牛大发了

要是看20遍以上使劲hug你一下，我就是~

东西太多不好贴上来看附件吧

这个是Peter前辈的总结，实在是太太太太太太赞了

作者: 米饭袜子 时间: 2009-4-21 23:22:16

赞赞~

作者: storm.yuan 时间: 2009-6-8 22:43:52

附件为何还下不了？？？

作者: 草木也知愁 时间: 2009-6-8 23:08:44

我这里可以下载啊找别人试了也行

你看看是不是你的浏览器的问题

作者: qsbbc 时间: 2009-7-22 08:31:01

为什么我看不了 55555555555

作者: rebel85 时间: 2009-7-29 15:47:57

Tks!!!

作者: wk4a 时间: 2009-7-29 17:10:00

一听你这口气就像邪教派来的，好吧，从了你

作者: 路德 时间: 2009-8-2 17:17:02

很有用！！！！！太好了！！！

作者: sheip 时间: 2009-8-2 17:45:48

嘿嘿好东西顶起

作者: cicialice 时间: 2009-11-8 10:40:32 标题: cicialice学习笔记

本帖最后由 cicialice 于 2009-11-8 10:42 编辑

Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.

Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

TS形式：
１．Complex sentences.

Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

２．Questions.（提问）
Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.

３．Bridge sentences.

Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."

４．Pivots.
The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.

作者: emteddybear 时间: 2009-11-10 22:12:41

没有咋个理解第四点４．Pivots. Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot."啥子意思哦

作者: QuincySM 时间: 2009-11-11 17:02:06

Date: 11/11/2009
Topic: 【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
Reference: https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-933473-1-1.html

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. 讲出每段的主要意思。They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. 讲出每段大意是如何支持文章的thesis的。They argue rather than report.TS都是论点，而非事实（论据）。感觉这个也可以用so what检验法来检验写得是否合理。 Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis.

Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.看来作为diagnostic tools这个是考官们会注意的部分。功利地看也是重要的啊

Forms of Topic Sentences

Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does? 这个和20问是一类问题，不过现在范围缩小到了一段而已。

There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. 句式要有变化。Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.

１．Complex sentences.
Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.

This sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.其实这就是转折句子的作用，承上启下嘛
The subordinate clause (from "although" to "task") recaps information from previous paragraphs; the independent clauses (starting with "the image" and "the painter") introduce the new information—a claim about how the image works ("more than Ôrealistic'") and why it works as it does (Vermeer "strengthens" the image by "imposing order").

２．Questions.
（提问）Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts).
Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?" We may fairly assume that the paragraph or section that follows will answer the question. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.这个和前一篇文章说的有结合之处。其实这些问题，是在构思文章是就考虑到的、可能吸引读者的疑问。

３．Bridge sentences.
Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."

４．Pivots.
Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact ("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug"); after following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.这个是转折也是递进吧。其实这种常常是承认广义上（或者表面上）什么东西成立，然后分析其实质，来让读者有递进认识的感觉。有一种引导功能。

Signposts

Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.

Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next. The following example comes from an essay examining how a painting by Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train, challenges Zola's declarations about Impressionist art. The student writer wonders whether Monet's Impressionism is really as devoted to avoiding "ideas" in favor of direct sense impressions as Zola's claims would seem to suggest. This is the start of the essay's third section:

It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance. Arrival of a Train explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.

The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.

作者: 木虫虫 时间: 2009-11-12 23:56:42

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词

首先，作者指出了TS的重要意义，它是作者和读者沟通的手段，也是作者修改文章结构的重要参考。
注意：TS不一定只有一句话
TS的句式要多变才有吸引力：
１．Complex sentences.
Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

２．Questions.
（提问）就是设问句，中文作文的常用手法，这样看来就很好理解了
３．Bridge sentences. 就是承上启下
４．Pivots.
Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. 就是主题句出现在段落中部，总结上个部分，引出下个部分
Signposts
Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next.中心词与主题句的要求差不多

作者: 海王泪 时间: 2009-11-14 00:02:36

本帖最后由海王泪于 2009-11-14 00:09 编辑

Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.

Topic Sentence在我看来其实就是支持Thesis的Reasons. （ISSUE而言）

注意TOPIC SENTENCE必须要有变化…

案例分析时间！！ :) 下划线部分为Signposts，粗体部分为TS关键内容。

仅供参考，如有错误疏漏，小弟跪求指导～～最怕是想歪了理解错了

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下面引用College Writing Skills with Readings第一篇范文的Thesis和TS

【Thesis】 While I love movies as much as ever, the inconvenience of going out, the temptations of the theater, and the behavior of some patrons are reasons for me to wait and rent the vedio.

【TS1】To begin with, I just don't enjoy the general hassle of the evening.

【TS2】Second, the theater offers tempting snacks that I really don't need.

【TS3】Many of the other patrons are even more of a problem than the concession stand.

【Conclusion】I was tired of the problems involved in getting to the theater, resistingunhealthy snacks, and dealing with the patrons.

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下面，我们看看官方6分作文论专才与通才。

【Thesis】

Both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists (Position平衡观点)

【TS1】Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media.

{S+}（专才是必须的）

【TS2】Simply put, without specialists, our society would find itself bogged down in the Sargasso sea of information overload.

{S+}（Signposts，simply put这里说明了和第一段是同一个内容，作了一个反证，如果没有专才会如何恶劣）

【TS3】On the other hand, Over specialization means narrow foci in which people can lose the larger picture.

{OS-}（Signposts，on the other hand,这里说明了和第一二段形成补充，说明了尽管专才是必须的，但是过分强调也会有坏处。）

【TS4】Not only may over-specialization be dangerous in terms of the truth, purity and cohesion of knowledge, but it can also serve to drown moral or universal issues.
Generalists and only generalists can see a broad enough picture to realize and introduce to the world the problems of the environment.

{OS-G+}（第一句是过渡也就是Bridge Sentence第二句才是Main ideas. 第一句是再次否定过分专才的坏处，突然笔锋一转

说通才能够解决过分专才不能解决的问题，也因此回应了TS3。漂亮。。。）

【TS5】Finally, over-specialization in a people's daily lives and jobs has meant personal and psychological compartmentalization.

{OS-}（Signposts，finally,最后提及过度专才不仅在解决问题上没有大局观，还可能在个人层面上出现心理问题）

【TS6 & Conclusion】Without generalists, society becomes inward-looking and eventually inefficient. Without a society that recognizes the importance of broad-mindedness and for sharing generalities, individuals become isolated. Thus, while our form of society necessitates specialists, generalists are equally important.

{G+}(没有了通才，就会出现OS的恶劣情况。结论Thus，S和G一样重要)

可以看出，一个平衡的观点是如何通过TS做连接的。。。

Specialist(1)à Without specialist(2)à Over-specialization(3)(4)à Generalist(4)à Over-specialization(5)à Without generalist(6C)

好好体会。。。记下一笔

作者: 薇薇vivi 时间: 2009-11-19 22:05:16

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-933473-1-1.html
薇薇vivi阅读笔记

Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader. 它们是一个很好的诊断工具，让你知道主题是否是可论证的。

Forms of Topic Sentences 主题句的形式
Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long.
主题句有时是两个甚至三个句子，并非是一个句子。
If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further.
如果第一个句子已经提出了观点，那么第二个句子就是反映这个观点，解释它，把它向前推进。

There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.
主题句的形式多样，如果形式总是一样，会让人审美疲劳。

形式有：
1、复合句。联系上下文的作用。
例如
Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.
从旧信息过渡到新信息。

2、提问。在接下来的段落中回答提问。
例如
Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?

3、Bridge sentences.（承上启下句吗？？？）

Bridge sentences：indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses:
如
"But there is a clue to this puzzle."

4、Pivots.（讨论的中心点？？）

Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph.
主题句并不总出现在段落的开头。
When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot."
当他们出现在中间时，表明段落将会改变方向。

This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact
处理反证比较好

("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug"); after following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.
常需要表示转折的词语，but ,yet,however,或更长的表明转向的短语或句子。

Signposts

They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background.

Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next.

作者: miki7cat 时间: 2009-11-22 23:00:51

本帖最后由 miki7cat 于 2009-11-22 23:03 编辑

*Topic sentences reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.

*Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

*TS的形式
:Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long.
:There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take.

1.复合句contains both subordinate and independent
2.提问 Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.
3.桥接 Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."
4.Pivots. Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot."

作者: nvligre 时间: 2009-11-22 23:20:20

很好很实用谢谢斑竹

作者: nvligre 时间: 2009-11-23 20:11:52

nvligre的学习笔记[/img]
topic sentence and signposting
一. topic sentence
Topic sentences reveal the main point of a paragraph.Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long, If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further.
Forms of Topic Sentences
1.Complex sentences(复合句）。可以起过渡作用，也可进行转折。还可构成并列。根据所写的句子来起到不同的作用。
２．Questions.根据提问对作者的观点进行反驳。
３．Bridge sentences，与上文形成关联。承上启下的作用。
４．Pivots.转折，与上文观点形成对比。
二.Signposts
the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.

作者: leo_lion 时间: 2009-11-29 16:43:10

谢谢

作者: kulewy531 时间: 2009-12-4 00:38:31

Topic Sentences and Signposting

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. Topic sentences  reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report. Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis.

Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

Forms of Topic Sentences

Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How do the phenomenons you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does?

There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.

１．Complex sentences.  Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

   Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.
Jan Vermeer：巴洛克时期的荷兰画家，由于当时奢华风的风靡。维梅尔的朴素之风不被认可，以致大多数的画都是在死后卖出的，但他善于利用光影的色彩细微变化作画，可谓与现在的光学照相机相比，代表作有《倒牛奶的女人》，《戴珍珠耳环的少女》等等，可惜英年早逝，还欠下了一大笔债留给了妻儿，直到很久以后才被人发觉他的画的艺术价值。
This sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.  The subordinate clause (from "although" to "task") recaps（翻新） information from previous paragraphs; The independent clauses (starting with "the image" and "the painter") introduce the new information—a claim about how the image works ("more than Realistic'") and why it works as it does (Vermeer "strengthens" the image by "imposing order").

２．Questions.  （提问）Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts).  Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?" We may fairly assume that the paragraph or section that follows will answer the question. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.

３．Bridge sentences.  Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses: "But there is a clue to this puzzle."

４．Pivots.  Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact ("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Narcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug（the color purple中的两个主人公）"); After following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.

Questions和pivots的方法还没有试过，下次争取试试

Signposts

Signposts（路标、点题） operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.

Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next. The following example comes from an essay examining how a painting by Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train, challenges Zola's declarations about Impressionist art. The student writer wonders whether Monet's Impressionism is really as devoted to avoiding "ideas" in favor of（支持） direct sense impressions as Zola's claims would seem to suggest. This is the start of the essay's third section:
Zola 法国作家和批评家，他在小说中是自然主义的主要倡议者，作品包括二十本的系列小说《鲁贡玛卡家族》（1871-1893年），还有一封为阿尔弗列德•德雷福斯辩护的公开信“我控诉”(1898年）
   It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif（主题） fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance. Arrival of a Train explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.

The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.  （最后这一句真是长啊，看了半天才似懂非懂）

体会：段落的TS要时刻注意“点题”的使用，以使文章更紧凑

作者: 橄榄娃娃 时间: 2009-12-7 02:13:08

7.Topic Sentences and Signposting

文章的三层次模型（有意思）

First--------thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure

Middle-----Topic sentences and signposts

Last-------- sentence-level editing and polishing

TS定义

Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. They argue rather than report.

Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction.

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both.

Forms of Topic Sentences

Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long

you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take（要注意使用多种形式的TS）

１．Complex sentences.
（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

应用在：always move from old to new information

２．Questions.
（提问---开头提出问题后文解答）

Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.

３．Bridge sentences.

４．Pivots.

Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph.

When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot."

信号词："but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face.

Signposts

Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay.

作者: Blithe0404 时间: 2009-12-17 15:46:34

Thank you,moderator first and then comes my note in this text.

Topic Sentences and Signposting

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. Topic sentences
reveal the main point of a paragraph. They show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report. Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed vis-ˆ-vis the claims of the thesis.

Topic sentences and signposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither the first thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing). Topic sentences and signposts deliver an essay's structure and meaning to a reader, so they are useful diagnostic tools to the writer—they let you know if your thesis is arguable—and essential guides to the reader.

Forms of Topic Sentences

Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does?

There's no set formula for writing a topic sentence. Rather, you should work to vary the form your topic sentences take. Repeated too often, any method grows wearisome. Here are a few approaches.

１．Complex sentences.
Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）

Although Young Woman with a Water Pitcher depicts an unknown, middle-class woman at an ordinary task, the image is more than "realistic"; the painter [Vermeer] has imposed his own order upon it to strengthen it.

This sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.
The subordinate clause (from "although" to "task") recaps information from previous paragraphs; the independent clauses (starting with "the image" and "the painter") introduce the new information—a claim about how the image works ("more than Ôrealistic'") and why it works as it does (Vermeer "strengthens" the image by "imposing order").

２．Questions.
（提问）Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts).
Consider the following: "Does the promise of stability justify this unchanging hierarchy?" We may fairly assume that the paragraph or section that follows will answer the question. Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.
３．Bridge sentences.
承上启下
４．Pivots.
Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence: a paragraph starts out conceding a point or stating a fact ("Psychologist Sharon Hymer uses the term Ônarcissistic friendship' to describe the early stage of a friendship like the one between Celie and Shug"); after following up on this initial statement with evidence, it then reverses direction and establishes a claim ("Yet ... this narcissistic stage of Celie and Shug's relationship is merely a transitory one. Hymer herself concedes . . . "). （需转折指示词："but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence）. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.

Signposts
Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.

Signposting can be accomplished in a sentence or two at the beginning of a paragraph or in whole paragraphs that serve as transitions between one part of the argument and the next. The following example comes from an essay examining how a painting by Monet, The Gare Saint-Lazare: Arrival of a Train, challenges Zola's declarations about Impressionist art. The student writer wonders whether Monet's Impressionism is really as devoted to avoiding "ideas" in favor of direct sense impressions as Zola's claims would seem to suggest. This is the start of the essay's third section:

It is evident in this painting that Monet found his Gare Saint-Lazare motif fascinating at the most fundamental level of the play of light as well as the loftiest level of social relevance. Arrival of a Train explores both extremes of expression. At the fundamental extreme, Monet satisfies the Impressionist objective of capturing the full-spectrum effects of light on a scene.

The writer signposts this section in the first sentence, reminding readers of the stakes of the essay itself with the simultaneous references to sense impression ("play of light") and intellectual content ("social relevance"). The second sentence follows up on this idea, while the third serves as a topic sentence for the paragraph. The paragraph after that starts off with a topic sentence about the "cultural message" of the painting, something that the signposting sentence predicts by not only reminding readers of the essay's stakes but also, and quite clearly, indicating what the section itself will contain.

作者: rushtosummer 时间: 2009-12-26 21:44:37

rushtosummer的学习笔记（7）
Topic Sentences and Signposting

Topic sentences and signposts make an essay's claims clear to a reader. Good essays contain both. They occupy a middle ground in the writing process.
Topic sentences

They reveal the main point of a paragraph and show the relationship of each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraph that follows. Topic sentences also establish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they're making are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.
Forms of Topic Sentences
Sometimes topic sentences are actually two or even three sentences long. If the first makes a claim, the second might reflect on that claim, explaining it further. Think of these sentences as asking and answering two critical questions: How does the phenomenon you're discussing operate? Why does it operate as it does?
1.
Complex sentences.

Topic sentences at the beginning of a paragraph frequently combine with a transition from the previous paragraph. This might be done by writing a sentence that contains both subordinate and independent clauses, as in the example below.（利用复合句，联系上下文的作用）Complex sentence employs a useful principle of transitions: always move from old to new information.

2.
Questions.（提问）
Questions, sometimes in pairs, also make good topic sentences (and signposts). Questions are by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essays strive for this forward momentum.
3.
Bridge sentences.

Like questions, "bridge sentences" (the term is John Trimble's) make an excellent substitute for more formal topic sentences. Bridge sentences indicate both what came before and what comes next (they "bridge" paragraphs) without the formal trappings of multiple clauses.
4.
Pivots.

Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph. When they come in the middle, they indicate that the paragraph will change direction, or "pivot." This strategy is particularly useful for dealing with counter-evidence. The pivot always needs a signal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however," or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face. It often needs more than one sentence to make its point.
Signposts
Signposts, as their name suggests, prepare the reader for a change in the argument's direction. They show how far the essay's argument has progressed within the claims of the thesis.
Signposts operate as topic sentences for whole sections in an essay. (In longer essays, sections often contain more than a single paragraph.) They inform a reader that the essay is taking a turn in its argument: delving into a related topic such as a counter-argument, stepping up its claims with a complication, or pausing to give essential historical or scholarly background. Because they reveal the architecture of the essay itself, signposts remind readers of what the essay's stakes are: what it's about, and why it's being written.

作者: rodgood 时间: 2010-3-6 23:46:46

复习留名~~

作者: 城市逐风 时间: 2010-6-5 21:02:50

看看哦，好像很有用

作者: 张寄托 时间: 2015-8-16 18:00:00

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