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issue9. "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use."
提纲:
position:反对
body:
1.让步 承认事实Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience.
2.转折 从现今的状况来看 narrow audience 并没有阻碍use的使用
3. 递进 相反 在许多方面 不适当的wider audience反倒会因为对disciplines的一知半解导致ideas不能很好的推进
neko经典习惯论证方式
让步 一正一反
conclusion:对于一个新的discipline来说 最重要的不是让更多人去理解它 而是做出让人更能使用的东西
With the high-speed development of modern science and technology, it is impossible to achieve the realistic situation in which all people on the earth could be audience of any academic discipline. Narrow broad of audience, however, does not-as the speaker predicted-interfere the popularization of utilization of newly-born disciplines.
Specialization at the prominent speed in all scientific fields has become an irreversible trend that no one could deny or hold back. The generalists such as Aristotle 2000 years ago will never appear in such world where every second new phenomena are discovered and new disciplines are established while others being abandoned. Nowadays, it becomes ridiculous to expect ordinary people to understand the method of application of mathematics in economical field, the theory about the transformation from solar energy to electronic one, or the mechanism of some chemical curing certain disease. These disciplines, being like the loftiest artists, fail to resonance the popular but have to find the echoes from minority of people-the experts.
However, lack of understanding of such disciplines never prevents the extension to use them. The stock-prognosticating software which involves the utilization of applied mathematics are being used in every office in the Wall street; tremendous watches, calculators, or even cars due to the application of theory few could understand are produced in thousands of factories; and tons of supplements and medicines whose reaction are rarely known by the population are taken down every day. What the users, who can never replaced by the audience of mysterious disciplines, care most is not what the disciplines are, how they function, whether they are simple or difficult to understand, but the result of the application. In other words, the products rather than the logical relation are the only thing consumers pursue; difference between experts and ordinary people eliminates facing with the use of some discipline.
Moreover, in some cases, the efforts to wide the audience of disciplines may cause troubles and interfere the utilization of some disciplines. Take the debut of the nuclear power plant for example. Educators and politicians pushed toward popularization of knowledge about the nuclear power due to the end of World War II without consideration of the ability of the ordinary to absorb the theory properly. Later in 1960s, the utilization of nuclear power plant faced impassable troubles and doubts about the safety problem from the citizens. Although the complaint and suspicion ended up with the success of the plant, the shades and worries in such generation's minds lasted for more than twenty years. The wrong exception and understanding, once establishing in people's minds, are so big obstacles in the road of utilization of a scientific idea that may cause the process suspect or even abort. From this point of view, when the capability of fully understanding of an idea cannot found in most people, it is better to keep silence to them to avoid misunderstanding and to leave the research work to the experts.
To conclusion, the narrow audience, the specialists chosen by the society, does not equal to the small market and low possibility of utilization. A new discipline or idea requires nothing concerning public understanding yet a chance for experts to make out useful products.
不求语言 自己知道自己语言肯定恶心
大家看看逻辑如何
谢谢啦~~~~~ |
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