【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】 1-10

tuziduiduiUID：2599524

【CASK EFFECT】0910G阅读能力基础自测（速度、难度、深度、越障、真题、RAM）
https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=910464&highlight

【CASK EFFECT】0910F阅读全方位锻炼--越障【SCI】汇总贴
https://bbs.gter.net/thread-982020-1-1.html

规则：0 u, r. g$ C/ d+ [4 f5 C

我每天贴出1000字左右的一篇文字7 j) N0 Q, Q- ]( V4 E

没有别的要求，只要大家坚持读完就可以

如果你能坚持一个月，你会发现自己的阅读进化了~
[注]9 K7 C8 w4 {" L
1、直接在电脑屏幕面前做，虽然GRE阅读是在纸上考，但是这个过程会遏制你做笔记，同时给你的阅读造成视觉障碍，也就是把难度训练和抗干扰训练同步结合，增加效率（初期会很累，但是既然大家想要成为高手，那么就别对自己太温柔）

Today's topic: Racing against Invasion: Engineering a Kamikaze "Cruise Missile"

In the summer of 2007,1 was a volunteer researcher at the Paul E. Garber Restoration Facility of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum (NASM), when a homb-shaped aircraft featuring two cockpits was pulled out of storage for inspection on the hangar floor. Its unmistakable resemblance to the Imperial Japanese Navy's Ohka kamikaze aircraft piqued my interest.Curiously, the artifact bore an unusually brief description: "acquired from the Navy in 1974" and identified as "Kugisho MXY7-K2 Ohka 43B."I wondered why Japan would have built a two-seat trainer for kamikaze missions,especially since it already had used the single-seat MXY7-K1 trainer. And what did the 43B designation signify? Finding no satisfactory explanations on the Ohka in published English-language sources' or from experts like Robert Mikesh,former NASM senior curator and author of Japanese aircraft books, I set off on my own research. I dug into recently discovered Japanese writings as well as some rare wartime Kugisho and Aichi Aircraft engineering records found in NASM's special collection. My quest took me through the entire history of the kamikaze aircraft development from wartime demands to the deliberations, decisions, and design evolution by the Imperial Japanese Navy's Kugisho—the Air Technical Arsenal, equivalent to the U.S. Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics—headquartered at Yokosuka naval base.

Inthe process, I found that Japan's abrupt and unexpected "unconditional surrender" had left unfinished the Ohka "human bomb" development.However, this little-known project would go on to have intrinsic significance in air power history, beyond the accelerated development of the only combat-deployed Ohka Model 11. At war's end, the year-long Ohka development produced nine distinct variants of the manned aircraft bomb, from gliders to jets to assorted launching modes—all in various stages of design, engineering, test or production.

Different Perspectives
One of Japan's last wartime innovations acquired the nickname of "Baka"(a derogatory term "Fool" in Japanese) bomb among the Allied forces so targeted.^ The very notion of a human bomb put the Ohka on the list of famous World War II aircraft. It also ensured that the Ohka would be well documented, analyzed, and judged for its short and Limited war record,unorthodox systems specifications, and its rather dismal record of tactical effectiveness.

The Japanese perspective was from the decidedly losing side of the war. The fatalism had indeed given rise to the kamikaze warfare—an act of desperation even in the Japanese Bushido (the honor code of the Samurai warrior)tradition of extreme loyalty. Japan devoted all of its available technological resources to the war effort—knowing full well that it would be for naught. It was a race to fend off the Allied invasion, which would be the moment of certain death for the determined nation to fight honorably until the last man.

To the Western mind, the term kamikaze was perceived as an obsession for self-sacrifice.Webster's dictionary later defined kamikaze as "a Japanese air attack corps assigned to make a suicidal crash on a target." In fact, kamikaze is an alphabetical pronunciation of the Japanese Kanji (Chinese character) Shimpu,which literally translates to "Divine Wind" and refers to the sudden overnight storm that sank the Mongolian fleet threatening to invade Japan in 1281. When the Imperial military, after agonizing deliberations, decided to call for the last ditch, certain death tactics, they called it the TokkoTai, meaning Special- Attack Force. To honor the patriotic sacrifice, Shimpu was attached as the salutary prefix to that force designation. Thus, ShimpuTokko Tai means Divine-Wind Special-Attack Force. The Allies connected the prefix Shimpu to kamikaze, while the Japanese kept Tokko as spoken solemnly in wartime. The Japanese do not associate Tokko with the notion of suicide; in Bushido, suicide connotes atonement for a failure or a shameful act and therefore is a wrong descriptor in this case of patriotic sacrifice.

It is interesting to note the late emergence of the Japanese accounts of the Ohka history, upon which this paper is based. This history was due, in part, to a marked reticence by the former Ohka project engineers to relate their decidedly somber chronicle. Their writings reflect their "painful experience" of shouldering the nation's fate and their responsibility for engineering the final weapon of the war that sent young pilots to their "Hisshi- Hissho(certain death in certain victory)." Rear Admiral Jun Okamura, an author and former Imperial Navy engineering officer wrote, "Each case of a young pilot's brave dive into the enemy ship hit deep in the guts of us engineers, as if a silent protest of the pilots against the minute power we and the nation could muster for them." He continued, "But I write, for the sake of the engineering record, about the Ohka as an aircraft whose designs encompassing application of several types of rockets and jets notched an epoch in our aviation engineering history." Okamura's engineering record covers the Ohka 11 model development to the practically simultaneous evolution of the MXY7-K1trainer, Ohka Models 21,22,33,43,43B and its trainer MXY7-K2 and 53.'^

cjluUID：2448066

看完了~比生物的好看多了Orz虽然不懂的词也多了那么点点^^

dairymanUID：2683905

Kamikaze是神风，这个我倒是知道……
文章中心思想没看懂，唉……

lghscuUID：2552043

Kamikaze是神风，这个我倒是知道……
文章中心思想没看懂，唉……
dairyman 发表于 2009-9-26 08:21

就是作者在探讨43B的来源吧，只是陈述性表达
没有过多主观意念在里面

lghscuUID：2552043

这篇读起来挺不怎么舒服

有外国人对中国的飞机感兴趣吗？

我暂时还不知道，希望有吧

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze



The Kamikaze (神風?, common translation: "divine wind") (
[ˌkamiˈkaːzɛ] (help·info)) were suicide attacks by military aviators from the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II, designed to destroy as many warships as possible.


Ensign Kiyoshi Ogawa, who killed himself in a kamikaze attack on USS Bunker Hill (see above) on May 11, 1945.


Kamikaze pilots would attempt to intentionally crash their aircraft – often laden with explosives, bombs, torpedoes and full fuel tanks – into Allied ships. The aircraft's normal functions, to deliver torpedoes or bombs or shoot down other aircraft, were put aside, and the planes were converted to what were essentially manned missiles, in a desperate attempt to reap the benefits of greatly increased accuracy and payload over that of normal bombs. The goal of crippling as many Allied capital ships as possible was considered critical enough to warrant the sacrifice of aviators and aircraft.
These attacks, which began in October 1944, followed several critical military defeats for Japan. At that time, Japan experienced a decreasing capacity to wage war, the loss of experienced pilots, and a rapidly declining industrial capacity relative to the United States. The Japanese government expressed its reluctance to surrender. In combination, these factors led to the use of kamikaze tactics as Allied forces advanced towards the Japanese home islands.
Although kamikaze was the most common and best-known form of Japanese suicide attack during World War II, they were similar to the "banzai charge" used by Japanese soldiers, and, in addition, the Japanese military used or made plans for various other suicide attacks, including those involving submarines, human torpedoes, speedboats and divers. The main difference between kamikaze and banzai is that suicide is essential to the success of a kamikaze attack, whereas a banzai charge is only suicidal, that is, the attackers hope to survive but do not expect to. The tradition of suicide instead of defeat, capture and perceived shame was deeply entrenched in the Japanese military culture. It was one of the main traditions in the samurai life and the Bushido code: loyalty and honor until death.

tequilawineUID：2702008

文章大意看懂了，但是细节就有些迷糊了，不过感觉比上一篇容易一些

solosandraUID：2889127

5:42
这篇看的还比较快,但是没有很理解..
困惑于做越障的时候到底是应该速度质量兼得还是慢慢读求理解呢..

solosandraUID：2889127

看来这个不能睡觉之前看..明天再看一遍..