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标题: 1006G敛寒影的备考日记---为理想奋斗是件愉悦的事！ [打印本页]

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-7 21:16:30 标题: 1006G敛寒影的备考日记---为理想奋斗是件愉悦的事！

本帖最后由敛寒影于 2010-1-12 21:43 编辑

坚定地走下去，我没有退路！

即使不能到达既定的远方，但沿途定有美丽的收获！

要微笑，要坚持，不能失去方向！

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-9 21:55:21

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
1
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
1
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
1
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
1
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
1
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
1
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
1
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
1
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
1
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
1
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
1
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
1
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
1
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
1
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
1
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
1
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
1
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
1
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
1
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

我把它们串起来，也就是说，找到题干中的关键词或者讨论的核心问题，然后再做由浅入深的分析。
前四个问题：自己先给这个关键词下个定义，也就是说，在题目讨论的这个问题中，这个关键词主要指的是什么， X的特点、组成部分、怎么形成的，等这些与X自身物理性质相关的东西，列出这些为的是进一步缩小范围，让头脑清楚我们写的到底是个什么。
第五到第十个问题：是进一步的简要的分析，X的作用、产生的原因、导致的结果，与Y的对比，这些搞清楚了，就可以初步对题干中的观点有个判断和质疑。
问题11-15：X更深层的东西，现状、重要性、实质、怎么产生的、它的代表，这些问题就是论证部分要展开的内容，帮助我们有更深的理解，可以解决字数少的问题。
问题16-20：是在审问自己的观点是什么，个人的反应、印象，X到底有什么价值？最本质的主要特点？用哪些实例证明赞成或反对的观点？
写作中，要努力运用这些步骤依次想明白这些问题，这个过程要坚持下来！

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-9 21:55:41

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（1）20 Questions for Writers
1. What does X mean? (Definition)
1
2. What are the various features of X? (Description)
1
3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)
1
4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)
1
5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)
1
6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)
1
7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis) BE EACW
1
8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)
1
9. What are the types of X? (Classification)
1
10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)
1
11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)
1
12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)
1
13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)
1
14. How did X happen? (Narration)
1
15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)
1
16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)
1
17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)
1
18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)
1
19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)
1
20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

我把它们串起来，也就是说，找到题干中的关键词或者讨论的核心问题，然后再做由浅入深的分析。
前四个问题：自己先给这个关键词下个定义，也就是说，在题目讨论的这个问题中，这个关键词主要指的是什么， X的特点、组成部分、怎么形成的，等这些与X自身物理性质相关的东西，列出这些为的是进一步缩小范围，让头脑清楚我们写的到底是个什么。
第五到第十个问题：是进一步的简要的分析，X的作用、产生的原因、导致的结果，与Y的对比，这些搞清楚了，就可以初步对题干中的观点有个判断和质疑。
问题11-15：X更深层的东西，现状、重要性、实质、怎么产生的、它的代表，这些问题就是论证部分要展开的内容，帮助我们有更深的理解，可以解决字数少的问题。
问题16-20：是在审问自己的观点是什么，个人的反应、印象，X到底有什么价值？最本质的主要特点？用哪些实例证明赞成或反对的观点？
写作中，要努力运用这些步骤依次想明白这些问题，这个过程要坚持下来！

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-9 21:58:22

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（4）start to write

Ask yourself what your purpose is for writing about the subject.
you need to narrow down your choices

Ask yourself how you are going to achieve this purpose.
安排文章布局，找出用哪些例证

Start the ideas flowing
Take a rest and let it all percolate.
Nutshell your whole idea.
Diagram your major points somehow.
这四项是帮助思维更清晰、有条理的

Write a first draft.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-9 22:13:57

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement
一、什么是主题句？
A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend to prove. （主题句说明你的观点和要论证的论点）A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.（事实和论据不是主题句！）

A thesis statement is a sentence (or sentences) that expresses the main ideas of your paper and answers the question or questions posed by your paper. It offers your readers a quick and easy to follow summary of what the paper will be discussing and what you as a writer are setting out to tell them. The kind of thesis that your paper will have will depend on the purpose of your writing.（是你观点的概括，要告诉读者什么）

A good tentative thesis will help you focus your search for information. But don't rush! You must do a lot of background reading before you know enough about a subject to identify key or essential questions. You may not know how you stand on an issue until you have examined the evidence. You will likely begin your research with a working, preliminary or tentative thesis which you will continue to refine until you are certain of where the evidence leads.（例子是围绕中心展开的，可以写完全文，转过头再来修改主题句）

The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph. (The opening paragraph serves to set the context for the thesis.) 注意，这里明确的指出了，主题句（thesis statement）必须出现在开头段（opening paragraph）的最后！
Remember, your reader will be looking for your thesis. Make it clear, strong, and easy to find.使主题句清晰！

二、什么是好的主题句的属性？
1.主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．

2. "SO WHAT?", "WHO CARES?"
不要说那些大家都知道的废话，要有可质疑性、可辩论性
“Tell something new about something I care about.”

3.两个公式：
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis

三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？
1.吸引读者思考---（简要地提炼出观点，表明立场即可，有了可质疑性和可辩论性，就可吸引读者的眼球。）
2.避免出现SO WHAT问题---（交代清楚问题和为什么。）
3.避免绝对的论调---（太绝对了，就容易出问题。迂回一下，显得更客观。）
4.主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？---（主题句要起到统领分论点的作用）
5.主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？---（保证有话可说。）

四、如何写出好的主题句？
1.考虑重要性
2.对比,考虑流行和反对观点
3.感觉与现实，尊重现实
4.注意因果关系
5.质疑、否定
6.好的相对于坏的原因
我的理解是：这也就是六种写主题句的模式吧！同时也列出了观点的特点。
选择的观点具备的属性或者说的特质：最重要的；不一定是流行的，但一定是你的例证可以充分证明是正确的观点；客观的。

五、对于主题的头脑风暴：
首先，读题目的时候，找到你产生质疑或是感兴趣的点，当然，这些肯定是关键词或是只要问题中的。
第二，问自己一些问题，可以参考上一个小标题下的内容（定义？影响？作用？主要方面？怎么解决？。。。）。
第三，把这些问题进行提炼，找到中心，凝练成主题句。第四，列出一些引导思路的问题，这些的作用可能在下面写作时用得上。
PS:好的主题句应该包含这些类似的单词：because,since,so,although,unless,however.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-9 22:14:15

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（6）thesis statement
一、什么是主题句？
A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend to prove. （主题句说明你的观点和要论证的论点）A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts.（事实和论据不是主题句！）

A thesis statement is a sentence (or sentences) that expresses the main ideas of your paper and answers the question or questions posed by your paper. It offers your readers a quick and easy to follow summary of what the paper will be discussing and what you as a writer are setting out to tell them. The kind of thesis that your paper will have will depend on the purpose of your writing.（是你观点的概括，要告诉读者什么）

A good tentative thesis will help you focus your search for information. But don't rush! You must do a lot of background reading before you know enough about a subject to identify key or essential questions. You may not know how you stand on an issue until you have examined the evidence. You will likely begin your research with a working, preliminary or tentative thesis which you will continue to refine until you are certain of where the evidence leads.（例子是围绕中心展开的，可以写完全文，转过头再来修改主题句）

The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph. (The opening paragraph serves to set the context for the thesis.) 注意，这里明确的指出了，主题句（thesis statement）必须出现在开头段（opening paragraph）的最后！
Remember, your reader will be looking for your thesis. Make it clear, strong, and easy to find.使主题句清晰！

二、什么是好的主题句的属性？
1.主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．

2. "SO WHAT?", "WHO CARES?"
不要说那些大家都知道的废话，要有可质疑性、可辩论性
“Tell something new about something I care about.”

3.两个公式：
Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument = Thesis
What you plan to argue + How you plan to argue it = Thesis

三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？
1.吸引读者思考---（简要地提炼出观点，表明立场即可，有了可质疑性和可辩论性，就可吸引读者的眼球。）
2.避免出现SO WHAT问题---（交代清楚问题和为什么。）
3.避免绝对的论调---（太绝对了，就容易出问题。迂回一下，显得更客观。）
4.主题句是否引导了下文的分论点或者段主题？---（主题句要起到统领分论点的作用）
5.主题句是否可以适合被展开论述？---（保证有话可说。）

四、如何写出好的主题句？
1.考虑重要性
2.对比,考虑流行和反对观点
3.感觉与现实，尊重现实
4.注意因果关系
5.质疑、否定
6.好的相对于坏的原因
我的理解是：这也就是六种写主题句的模式吧！同时也列出了观点的特点。
选择的观点具备的属性或者说的特质：最重要的；不一定是流行的，但一定是你的例证可以充分证明是正确的观点；客观的。

五、对于主题的头脑风暴：
首先，读题目的时候，找到你产生质疑或是感兴趣的点，当然，这些肯定是关键词或是只要问题中的。
第二，问自己一些问题，可以参考上一个小标题下的内容（定义？影响？作用？主要方面？怎么解决？。。。）。
第三，把这些问题进行提炼，找到中心，凝练成主题句。第四，列出一些引导思路的问题，这些的作用可能在下面写作时用得上。
PS:好的主题句应该包含这些类似的单词：because,since,so,although,unless,however.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-9 22:17:47

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（7）段落TS和逻辑顺序标志词
一、Topic sentences指什么？Topic sentences的属性？
1.揭示段落的主要内容
2.展示每段中心句对于全文主题句阐释的关系，告诉读者接下来这一段主要讲什么
3.与全文的主题句建立联系，每段的中心句对于阐述清楚全文主题有怎样重要的作用
4.是一种有辩论性的论点，而不是叙述性的汇报

二、Forms of Topic Sentences
1.复合句：就是承上启下，利用复合句，联系上下文。一个句子，包括有次要的部分和独立的分句，前面总结上文，下面引出要论证的内容，从一个观点过渡到另一个观点。
2.提问：就是自问自答，这样的中心句能表达观点很明确，起到引领作用。
3.过渡句：区别于复合句，不是通过总结上文，而是指出和上文相关的一些问题，比如说上文疑问的解决方法或是与上文并列的理念等，来引出下文。
4.中心句在段落中间部分出现时是转折点，要有表示转折关系的连接词。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-10 00:11:20

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）-（11）
第一部分---段落间的关系
一、一些常见的逻辑顺序：
1.逐层地安排：
①一种是，从最不重要的到最重要的；另一种是，从最重要的到最不重要的（开头---最重要的；中间---不太重要的；结尾---第二重要的）
②从一般到特殊；或是从特殊到一般
③由简单到复杂
④频率的顺序
⑤熟悉的顺序
对应连接词：
more importantly; best of all; still worse; a more effective approach; even more expensive; even more painful than passing a kidney stone; the least wasteful; occasionally, frequently, regularly

2.按照递进的顺序，层层深入，把最重要的问题放在最后的位置，这样可以一直吸引读者。

3.如果讨论的问题有两方面，可以先讨论A方面，再B方面。但是这样的缺点是，讨论B的时候读者容易吧A忘了，或者这个问题本身很复杂，不易将两个方面分开，这样，就有另一种方法---分别谈这个问题的各个特点，在谈每个特点的时候，就此问题的A和B两个方面分别做以论述或者对比。

4.逻辑顺序：一种是因果关系---先说原因，后说结果；另一种是问题解决型---先提出问题，再提出解决方案。（逐级递减的重要性；逐级递增的纷杂性；空间顺序；时间顺序；过程的各个步骤）

5.各种顺序的糅合

6.前言---材料和方法---结论---讨论

二、如何处理复杂顺序：
“WHAT?”---什么证据可以证明文章中你的描述是正确的？
“HOW?”---在反面观点面前，这个论题怎么站得住脚？
“WHY?”---你的文章可以解释你的观点的重要性。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-10 00:16:18

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）-（11）
第二部分段落内部的关系
一、段落的组成结构：
段落的基本三要素：
 一个独立的观点－和Thesis密切相关
 一个合理的逻辑顺序
 没有无关细节
Topic sentence:文章开头的第一或者第二句话
Supporting evidence/analysis: 必须在论据和论证之间找到一个平衡！
The conclusion(observation): 文章的最后一句或者倒数第二句！总结上文并过度下一个分论点

二、段落的组成内容：
1.使用有指向性的词或者短语：
介绍读者熟知的概念时，用这些词可以提示他们对这些已经知道的基础内容一带而过。
of course；as you know；until now ；obviously ；normally ；previously ；everyone is familiar with ；remember that

2.新的增强旧的：
避免使用传统的时间顺序（将旧事物最先叙述），应把新事物放在最前面叙述；
新旧事物对比，能提高人们对此问题的关注度；
在叙述前的背景知识介绍可以加强整体的内容。

3.增加解释性的词语或短语

三、段内句子连接：
 Unity-所有句子讲同一个主题
 Coherence－句子之间相互关联，共同构成有机整体
 Connection－适当的连接句子
1.利用逻辑连接词连接段落：
Connective words that describe relationships:
also; therefore; meanwhile; next; accordingly; for example; however; besides; moreover; whatever; nevertheless; although; likewise; usually; generally; instead; incidentially; thus; furthermore; yet; incontrast
Connectives that give a sense of time:
Firstly; secondly; finally; now; once; when; altimately; eventually; lastly; later; meanwhile; previously; then; soon; formerly; sometimes
Other Connective phrases:
To begin with; in brief; in summary; instead of; in other words; for the same reason; such a; in fact; in the same way; conversely; summing up; on the other hand; in general; more specifically; in addition to; another way to; no matter what; that is what; what is more; on the contrary; as a result; if so/not

2.利用重复：
代名词的形容词---this; that; these; which; their; his; its; her
核心词重复----simple repetition或same nouns form

3.利用强调词：
Especially; increasingly; more importantly; particularly; as much as; by far; highly; in fact; even if/even though; so…that; only; very; significant; most; above all; quite; unique; indeed; such; at all; in any case.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-10 00:19:57

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）-（11）
第三部分如何使用论据论证
一.论证的步骤：
摆出论点；
给出证据，一定与论点相关；[/color]（体会：在论据的筛选方面，需要斟酌一下，哪些更有力度，更有说服力和针对性。）
评价证据指出怎么样支持了论点。[/color]（体会：这点很重要，我觉得这在文章中的作用，不仅是增强了论据的说服力，而且起到呼应主题的作用，同时，相当于对例证进行了进一步的提炼和说明，这样也使得每一段落得整体内荣更丰富。）

二、Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
6) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?

体会：总之，就是要选用有代表性的、典型的例证。在选取时，可以进行反推，这样的例证能否得出我要证明的内容，论据除了证明论点外，最好还能起到提升观点的作用。在使用例证时，在叙述部分，要用客观的描述性的语言，陈述完毕，再用带有感情色彩的语句评论这个例子怎么可以支持我的观点。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-10 00:23:32

【Fundamental Course of Writtng】基础写作每日一讲（8）-（11）
第四部分 Strategies for Writing a Conclusion
一、结尾的几要素：
A conclusion should
• stress the importance of the thesis statement, （重现主题句）
• give the essay a sense of completeness, and （完善全文）
• leave a final impression on the reader.（给读者一个深刻的印象）

二、建议：
• Answer the question "So What?" （强调文章的重要性）
体会：相当于是论点的部分延伸吧，说明文章的观点是客观且正确的，可以带来什么好处。
• Synthesize,（综合全面的观点） don't summarize
体会：一种和开头相呼应的方法，就是用简单凝练的语言重申观点。
• Redirect your readers
体会：结尾从具体回到一般，提升到一个更高的层次，给读者一些启示。• Create a new meaning
体会：各种理论共同作用，得出一个新的意蕴。
• Point to broader implications.
体会：对论点的延伸，提出更广泛的寓意。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-10 19:31:07

11月10号
今天早晨背了一篇作文，背了两个list。下午看了39+3的两天内容和语法的1-4部分，现在脑子有点晕晕的，先整理一部分，发出来吧！
每次看语法时就会想起高中英语老师带给我的恐怖回忆，一个很凶的，长头发，经常穿很长的开叉的黑色裙子的老师，在讲台上滔滔不绝地念，我们在下面奋笔疾书，大部分英语课是这样的。。。不过不得不承认，俺老师的内容还是讲的很全面很有深度的。。。
以下是针对自己不是很清楚或容易犯错的地方，摘出来，加深印象0910AW SPECTACULAR 之

【SU & SY SO】汇总贴 & DAY I 主谓一致
2、主谓一致中的就近原则
2）当either… or… 与neither… nor，连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。
Either you or she is to go.
如果句子是由here, there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.

3、谓语动词与前面的主语一致
当主语后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。

The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory.

He as well as I wants to go boating.

5、指代意义决定谓语的单复数

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第二期——情态动词

6—— must, can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测
3）情态动词+动词完成时。
表示对过去情况的推测。
We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
地是湿的，昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4）情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
Your mother must have been looking for you.
你妈妈一定一直在找你。

10—— would rather表示"宁愿"
would rather do
would rather not do
would rather… than… 宁愿……而不愿。
还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。
If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.
典型例题
---- Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?
A. do you ratherB. would you rather C. will you rather D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法，would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿"，本题为疑问句， would 提前，所以选B。

其次是情态动词的误用，像can 这样语气过于绝对的表达最好换成may/ will, 或者是语气更委婉的might/would probably等，同时还要搭配一定程度的副词，如：
indulgence in computer games can lead to social violence especially of teenagers.上句中can不如might用起来更加客观，因为几乎每个小孩都玩游戏，但绝不是每个人都会犯罪。

另外一个容易误用的词是should，多表示根据社会风俗习惯个人的责任，而在比较正式的议论文写作中，多数句子是以客观事物做主语的，所以用should就有些不太恰当，如：
To tackle the problem of youth crimes related with computer games, advertisement enterprises should restrict the large-scale promotion.

一般我们会用另外一个更客观性的短语be to do来代替，或者是shall，但是这里的shall不是用于第一人称后的将来时符号，而表示的是一种情态。

至于must, 因为语气实在强硬，所以一般在社会性的问题的论述上我们要慎用，建议多换成need/ shall/ be to do 或者是be expected to do形式。如：
To help students get better employment, universities must increase the skillful courses.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-10 19:32:47

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第三期——冠词、数词
三.定冠词的用法
①用于上文已提到过的人或事物。例如：
He has a new pen. The pen was bought in America. 他有一支新钢笔。这支钢笔是在美国买的。
There is a book called “Gone with Wind”on my shelf. The book was written by a foreign writer.我的书架上有一本叫《飘》的书。这本书是一位外国作家写的。
I saw a film last night. The fiim is very interesting. 昨天晚上我看了一部电影。这部电影非常有趣。

②特指谈话时双方都熟悉的某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：
The bag on the desk isn’t mine. 桌子上的书包不是我的。
The angry man on the screen is David. 在荧屏上出现的那个生气的男人是大卫。
Is the city of Nanjing beautiful? 南京城漂亮吗？

⑤用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如：
the Summer Palace 颐和园 the Communist Party of China 中国共产党  the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the Great Wall 长城 the Olympic Games 奥林匹克运动会

(11)当名词被一短语或从句所修饰时，该名词前用冠词。例如：
The man under the tree is my grandfather. 在树下的那个男人是我的爷爷。
The one on the left is a new kind of machine. 在左边的那一个是一种新型机器。
The girl in white is Mary. 那个穿白色衣服的女孩是玛丽。

四.零冠词的用法
4.在星期，月份，季节，节日前。例如：on Sunday，in March，in spring，on Women’s Day
(特例：如果月份，季节等被一个限定性定语修饰时，则要加定冠词：He joined the Army in the spring of 1982.)

六.用与不用冠词的差异
in future从今以后，将来/in the future未来
go to school(church…)上学(做礼拜…)/go to the school(church…)到学校(教堂…)去
数词
五.小数的表示法

0.09：point zero nine
2.7：two point seven

六.百分数的表达法

90%：ninety percent
0.5%：point five percent

七.倍数表达法

表示两倍时用twice，表示三倍以上的倍数时用times。如：
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.
This desk is twice as large as that one.

八.算式表达法：

5+6：five plus six(or five and six)
7-6：seven minus six
2×3：two multiplied by three(or two times three)
8/4：eight divided by four

九.与数词相关的主谓一致原则

1)当名词词组中心词为表示时间、路程、金钱或重量等复数名词时，往往根据意义一致的原则，把这些复数名词看做一个整体，谓语采用单数形式。如：
Twenty dollars is not enough.
Two months has passed before we realized.
但是如果“数词”单用，表示人或物，谓语动词一般用复数。如：
Three were killed and ten were missing in that accident.

2)如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数+of-词组”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of-词组中名词或代词的单、复数形式：如果of-词组中名词或代词是单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式；如果of-词组中名词或代词是复数，谓语动词也用复数形式。如：
Two thirds of the earth is covered with water.
Two thirds of the people present are against the plan.

3)如果主语是many a，more than one+单数名词构成，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Many a student in this class has hoped a long break.

4)a+单数名词+or two做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。one or two+复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
A word or two is missed in the sentence.
One or two words are missed in the sentence.

2.D。英语表示“……世纪……年代”时应为：“in the+年代’s”，如：在二十世纪八十年代=in the 1980’s，表示从1980—1989这期间的10年；如果是in 1980=在1980年，一年的时间。
11.C。几个半的表示法有两种：
　　“基数词+单位名词(复数)+and a half”
　　“基数词+and a half+单位名词(复数)”

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-10 19:33:42

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第四期——虚拟语气

这部分很重要，也是最容易出问题的部分，就不把全文都粘在这里了，做题前看了一遍，做题后又看了一遍。这部分的题目很有价值，我错的也很惨，都一一标记了，准备明天找个时间再继续研究一遍，就不在此贴出来了。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-11 22:50:29

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第五期——倒装
【一些状语从句中的倒装语序】
2、有些让步状语从句中又是也有倒装的情况，（主要把标语或部分谓语提前）：
。
Clever though he was, he couldn’t conceal his eagerness for praise.

Try as I would, I couldn’t make her change her mind.

Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional.

Search as they would, they could find no one in the wood

【某些副词或状语引导的倒装句】
2, 有个别其他副词放在句首时，又是也会有这个现象：

Often would she(she would) weep when alone.
Bitterly did he repent that decision. 他深深地悔恨那个决定。
Gladly would I give my life to save the child.
。
3, 有些短语，（特别是介词短语）移到句首时也可能引导倒装语序：

On no account must we give up this attempt.
Under no circumstances could we agree to such a principle.

一般这类的都是一些否定含义的短语，类似的还有：In vain, not until, at no point
还有表示唯一的，如：only in this way
So…that结构： So bright was the moon that the flowers were bright as by day.
。
【其他倒装句】

1，祝愿的句子:
Long live world peace! 世界和平万岁！
May you have a long and happy life. 祝你幸福长寿。

2、间接引语后的插入语，主语有时可放在谓语后面：
“I do hope,” said Nancy, “they haven’t all forgotten about it.”
。
3, 有时修辞上的考虑，表语也可以提前：
Very grateful we are for your help.
A very reliable person he is, to be sure. 他是个很可靠的人，没问题。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-11 22:51:04

0910AW SPECTACULAR 之【SU & SY SO】第六期——从句
从句

从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等）。

名词性从句主语从句1. 主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有：

*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
*It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
*It seems that the performance is very useful.

一、名词性从句之宾语从句

2. what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。
What we lack is experience.

3. what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都用陈述语序。
How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.

二、名词性从句之表语从句

表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。that常可省略。如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.

三、名词性从句之同位语从句

有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。
The news came that their team had won the championship.

用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：

　　　 a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is necessary that…　　有必要……
　　　　　It is important that…　　重要的是……
　　　　　It is obvious that…　　很明显……　　

　　　 b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is believed that…　　　　　人们相信……
　　　　　It is known to all that…　　　从所周知……
　　　　　It has been decided that…　　已决定……

　　　 c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
　　　　　It is common knowledge that…　 ……是常识
　　　　　It is a surprise that…　　令人惊奇的是……
　　　　　It is a fact that…　　　　事实是……

　　　 d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句
　　　　　It appears that…　　　　　　似乎……
　　　　　It happens that…　　　　　　碰巧……
　　　　　It occurred to me that…　　我突然想起……

四、形容词性从句（即定语从句）

1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something, nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first, last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。
That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。
This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.

as引导的定语从句

as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。
These are not such problems as can be easily solved.(as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.(as代替主语)

五、副词性从句（即状语从句）

1。时间状语从句引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。
2)as soon as, hardly(scarcely)...when, no sooner...than, each(every) time, the moment, immediately(that)等。

2. 地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.

3. 原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that),seeing that, considering that, in that等。
比较：because, since, as和for
1）　because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。
　 I didn't go, because I was afraid.
　 Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2）　由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。
　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill.
　 He must be ill, for he is absent today.

4. 结果状语从句引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。

5. 引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。

6. 引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if,unless,as(so) long as,on condition that,in case,provided(providing) that,supposing等。
if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。
unless = if not.

7. 让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有though, although, whether, even though, even if, no matter what(when, how...),whatever(whenever, wherever, however....)等。though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。
注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-11 22:55:14

今天的任务完成的有点少
除了这个还背了两个List和一篇作文，阅读没有跟上
今天犯懒了...
明天争取补上！加油！

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-11 22:59:13

以上笔记还是只贴了自己觉得应该加强的部分

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-18 20:48:10

第三次作业

分析性写作的总体观

分析性写作是GRE普通考试中2002年10月新加入的一个部分。考察你的批判性思维和分析写作的能力，评估清晰地论证复杂理念，分析论点，有主次并有内在联系地讨论的能力，不需要你掌握具体的背景知识。
分析性写作包含两个独立的计时的部分：
l
45分钟的任务一---陈述你对一个问题的观点
l
30分钟的任务二---分析论点
你可以在两个话题间选择，每一个具有广泛意义的话题陈述了一个观点，可以让你任何你希望的方面去讨论这个话题，只要你能用相关的理由和例子去解释和支持你的观点。
在分析论点这个写作任务中，你没有可选择的内容，这个部分提出了与话题论证部分所不同的挑战，需要你通过你可以找到的充分的理由，去批判一个指定的观点，你应该去考虑这个论断中逻辑是否合理和稳定，而不是去同意或者不同意给出的立场。
两个任务是相互补充的，一个需要你去建立你自己的论点，找到一个立场，并用证据来支撑你对这个问题的观点，反之，另一个需要你通过评定他人的主张和提出的证据，去批判他人的论点。

分析性写作部分的准备

任何人----即使是非常熟练和自信的作者----应该在到考场前花些时间准备分析性写作部分。回顾标准规则，评分标准，评分人和评分的描述，样本话题，评分样本习作的反响，和读者的注释，这些都是很重要的工作。
分析性写作部分的话题与一系列广泛的学科相关---从艺术到人类，到社会，再到自然科学---但是没有一个论题需要具体的背景知识。事实上，每一个话题都做过领域测试，以保证具有一些重要的特点，包括以下几方面：
l
GRE的考试者，不管学习的或是感兴趣的领域是什么，都能理解并简单地讨论它；
l
这个话题可以引出一系列复杂的思维和具有说服性的作品，这些是大学老师认为在研究生期间取得成功非常重要的内容；
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作者自己的观点和对内容的理解是多种多样的。
为了帮助你准备分析性写作部分，已建立一个话题库，你的考试内容将从中抽取。这将对你的复习很有帮助。你可以在网站www.gre.org/pracmat.html找到题库，或是写信至PO Box 6000, Princeton, NJ 08541-6000。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-18 20:50:35

分析性写作部分的考试策略

计划好你的时间非常重要。在限定的45分钟内完成ISSUE的任务，你会有充足的时间从两个话题中选择一个，考虑你选择的题目，列出计划并组成你的文章。在30分钟限定的时间内完成Argument的写作任务，你有充足的时间去分析题目，写出批判性的计划，组成你的文章。尽管GRE德读者知道在有限的时间内你写出的是初稿，你仍然希望在这个考场环境下，这篇文章能够尽可能地代表你的写作水平。
在完成每个任务的时候留出几分钟的时间检查明显的错误。尽管一个偶尔的拼写或语法错误不会影响你的分数，但是严重的、连续的错误将转移你文章的整体效力而降低分数。
在分析性写作部分，你有10分钟的休息时间，其中，在下一个考试前有1分钟的休息，在预定的时间内补充你的草稿纸。

分析性写作部分怎么评分

根据GRE分析性写作评分指导的标准，每一篇习作按照6分的水平整体评分。整体评分意味着每一篇习作被看做一个整体：读者不需要把文章分成几个部分，对某一个特定的部分评分，例如思想、组织、句子结构、语言，而是针对文章总体评分，综合地考虑文章总体特点。例如，文章极好的组织还是贫乏的组织，将对读者对整个文章的印象产生影响，从而影响分数，但是，文章的组织，作为一个明确的特点，对整个文章的评分没有特别大的权重。
普遍地，GRE的读者是大学教员，具有很高的写作和逻辑思考的能力，并认为这在课程学习中很重要。所有GRE的读者经过严格的训练和GRE资格考试，以保证他们能够准确地评定分数。
为了保证评分的公正和客观：
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习作随机分给考官
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所有考生的具体信息对考官隐藏
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每一篇习作由两个老师打分
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考官不知道此篇习作的另一个分数
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评分程序需要两个考官给出邻近的或相近的分数，否则将由第三个考官评定
最终的分数是两篇文章的平均分，评分叙述在29页，提供了解释分数评定的信息，主
要的评分重点集中在评判性思考和分析性写作的能力上。
出现以下情况，文章被判雷同，取消分数：
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与另几篇或另一篇的习作相似
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引用没有标明出处
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与别人协同完成的习作，没有标明别人的贡献，也是不被承认的习作
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包含借来的或是别人习作里的理念或文字

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-18 20:52:41

在ISSUE中呈现你的观点

理解ISSUE的任务：
这部分评定你对一个具有广泛意义的话题评判性思考并在作文中清晰表达观点的能力。每一个话题，都有一个引用的领域，并且都有一个结论，考生可以从许多不同的角度讨论，并应用于不同的情况和条件。你的任务是为你自己对这个问题的立场展示出一个引人注目的例子，一定要仔细阅读观点，并从多方面思考，和背景相联系，考虑这些复杂的观点，然后记录下你的立场，并列出用来支撑你论点的主要的理由和例子。
ISSUE的任务允许从相当大的范围内考虑观点，尽管列出中心论点很重要，然而，你可以用不同的方法，例如：
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完全同意或完全否定观点，或者同意部分
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质疑文章中可能的假设
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限定条款，尤其是当你定义或是应用一个条目对支持你的观点有很重要作用的时候
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指出为什么观点适用于一些情况而不适用于另一些情况
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评估观点并与你的论点对比
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逐步展开你的观点，用一些或是一个延伸的支持你观点的例子
考官评分不是寻找你对一个问题正确的答案，实际上，没有正确的立场这一说。取而代
之的，是你如何清晰地展开论述，来支持论点的能力。
理解上下文：写作目的和观众

ISSUE的任务是批判性思维和说服力写作，写作的目的是取决于你怎样建立好一个吸引人的论据去证明你对这个问题的立场，在写作中与学者观众们有效地交流论证。
   为了明白考官们怎么评分，你应该阅读例文和考官的注释。5分和6分的作文，将向你展示一个多样的，成功的组织、发展、交流、具有说服力论证的写作策略。考官的注释讨论了分析和写作的特殊方面，比如，例证的使用，论证的发展，组织，语言的流畅，和词语的选择。对每一篇习作，注释指出了具有说服力方方面面，还有那些能够转移文章整体效力的部分。
准备ISSUE部分的任务：

由于ISSUE评估的写作能力是贯穿在整个教育过程中形成的，不需要参加任何的特定的课程和特别的教育来提高。
   许多大学课本会提供一些具有说服力的建议，你会找到有用的部分，但是这些建议对于你需要的ISSUE的写作部分更技术化，更特殊。你不需要掌握很特殊的批判性思维和写作策略，相反，你应该会使用理由、证据、例子来支撑你的立场。试想，题目问你政府对艺术博物馆提供资金支持是不是很重要，如果你认为政府应该对艺术博物馆投资，你就应该通过讨论艺术很重要，并解释博物馆是让艺术对每个人成为可能的公共的地方，来支撑你的观点；另一方面，如果你的立场是政府不应该支持博物馆，你就应该指出，政府用有限的资金投资建设艺术博物馆，不如投建其他的社会中更重要的公共项目；或者，如果你认为政府的投资只适用于在某些特定的条件下，你就应该聚焦于艺术的标准，文化相关的，或是政治条件，思考这些怎样或者是否决定了艺术博物馆能够接受政府的投资。相对于你的立场，在文章中的展示出的你的批判性的思维能力更重要。
准备ISSUE的不错的途径是联系写作一些公开发表的话题。这里没有最好的途径：一些人习惯开始练习时没有45分钟的限制，一些人习惯在时间限制内练习，不管你采取哪一种练习方法，你应该回顾这个任务的方向，然后：
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仔细阅读话题中的观点，保证你充分地理解这个问题；如果不清楚，有朋友或者老师讨论
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从你的思想和经验，你读过的或者观察过的事件，你认识的人这些方面来思考，和题目建立联系；这是你建立复杂观点，并用例证来加强、否定、在某些方面限定观点，来支撑你的论证的基础知识
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决定你的论点或是你要攻击的立场---记住同意或是不同意，完全否定，还是赞成某些部分，还是适用于一些不适用与另一些情况，这些由你自主选择，没有限定
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决定用什么具有说服力的证据来支撑你的观点
记住，这是一个批判性思维和具有说服力的写作，因此，问自己以下问题对建立复杂观
点很有帮助：
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什么是这个问题的中心？
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我全部同意还是部分同意这个观点，为什么？
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这个观点做了某些假设么？如果是这样，他们是合理的么？
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这个观点是否只在某些条件下适用？如果是，是什么条件？
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我需要解释我是怎么理解文章中的一些术语或是观点中的一些概念么？
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如果我在这个问题上建立了某个立场，有什么理由支持我的论点？
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有什么例子，不管真实的还是虚构的，我能应用他们来证明我的理由和提升我的观点？哪一个例子是最引人瞩目的？
一旦决定了你的立场，考虑不同意你意见的其他人的立场，问问自己：
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他们会用什么理由来驳倒或是破坏我的立场？
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我需要在文章中承认或是反驳这些观点么？
为了计划你的反应，你应该总结出立场并详细地记录怎么支持的的观点。当你完成了这
些，再看一遍你的笔记，决定怎样组织你的反应。然后写出你建立在这个问题上的观点。即使你没有写出全部的回应，对于练习一些ISSUE的话题和勾画你可能的回应是很有帮助的。在你练习了一些话题之后，试着在45分钟内写出对某些话题的回应，这样你才能更清楚在实际考试中怎样利用好时间。
从教批判性思考写作的老师那里得到你对这个问题看法方面的一些不足或是建议，是很有帮助的，同时，在评分标准的知道下，和写此话题的其他学生交流看法也是很有帮助的事情。试着思考每一个分数满足或缺少了评分准则中指出的哪些内容，与评分指导对照看你的文章，将会帮助你认清在哪里和怎样提高你的写作水平。
你回应的形式：
   你可以随意地组织和发展你的回应以任何的方式，只要你认为可以有效地交流你对这个问题的想法。你的回应可以，但不一定需要包含在英语写作课上或是深入写作的专业课上学到的写作技巧。GRE的考官不是在寻找特殊的写作策略或写作模板，事实上，GRE的考官在评判上百份的文章，尽管在内容和形式上千差万别，但所反映出的批判性思维和说服性写作的水平是相差不大的。考官注意的是，正如一些6分的作文所反映出的，开头简要地总结作者的观点，然后清晰地论证主要论点；也会注意到，作者通过一个预言，问一系列的问题，描述一个设想，或是定义一个引用的术语，这些方法来将读者引入作者的立场。考官清楚，作者可以得到一个很高的分数，通过给出丰富的例证或是一个有延伸意义的例子。看样文的例证，尤其是5分和6分的，思考那些读者怎么成功地发展和组织他们的观点的。
   你可以用尽可能多的或是仅仅几段，你认为合适的，来论证你的论点。例如，当你的讨论转入到一个新论点的时候，就需要一个新的段落。重要的不是例证的数量，段落的数量，或者论证的形式，重要的是你思想的力度、清晰度，和与读者交流时的技巧。
样题：
“In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need more generalists—people who can provide broad perspectives."

策略：
这个论点涉及到几个相关的问题：generalist和specialist指的是什么，他们对于社会的价值是什么？社会真的需要更多的通才么？专家是被评价过高么？
这里有几个基本的立场：是的，社会需要更多的通才，对专家的评估过高。不是，反面正确。或者，随着不同的因素而定。或者，两者在当今的文化中都很重要，没有一个是被过高估计的。
分析的过程可以列举出一个特定的社会或国家，从社会的一个或者多个领域，从不同的情况来看。可以聚焦在专家和通才在相关的通信、运输、政治、信息、技术领域所作起到的作用，这些方面来讨论。这些任何的途径都是有效的，只要你用相关的理由和例子来证明你的观点。
在你写出立场之前，花几分钟的时间阅读并分析题目，考虑以下的这些问题：
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通才和专家有什么主要的不同？其中最重要的是哪几点？
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这些不同存在于不同的条件下和不同的专家身上么？有特例么，例如，那些需要广泛的知识和特殊的技能才能很好地完成工作的人？
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在你的领域通才和专家的作用是什么？
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社会对通才和专家的价值是怎样认定的？专家是否在一些情况下被估计过高，而在另一些情况下不是？
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社会真的需要比现在更多的通才么？如果是这样，他们需要服务于那些领域？
现在你可以组织你的思想成两个方面：
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理由和例证支持文章中的论点
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理由和例证支持文章中相反的观点
如果你找到了一个观点比另一个更加清晰更有说服力的，考虑从这个方面论证。一旦你
建立了论点，在脑中记住你应该反驳的，另一个论点。
如果两面的观点都很引人注意，考虑形成一个立场去支持更加有限或是更复杂的论点，而不是两方面得特定的观点，然后你可以使用两方面的理由和例证来支撑你的论点。

作者: menberber 时间: 2009-11-18 23:21:10

提示: 作者被禁止或删除内容自动屏蔽

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-11-19 23:38:47

Argument写作

作者: 虎19860119 时间: 2009-11-27 09:27:45

疑惑中......
LZ 09-11-12到09-11-17都没有贴作业？为什么呢？
好奇中......

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-8 00:25:39

6分习作评语
这是一篇杰出的习作—由深刻见解的，理由充分的，高效地使用语言。介绍性的段落提出了作者的立场并提出了上下文的关系，更好地发展立场。
论证由两部分组成，第一部分展现出了一个引人注目的例子特殊化，主要是在医药领域。第二部分展现出了一个同样引人注目的例子，很好地组织了例子用来反对过多的专家，主要有三个原因：
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合理的（狭隘地训练的专家不能理解全部）
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道德的（通常通才明白为了更好所需要的是什么）
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个人的（专攻/分类太早会对心理造成不良影响）
通过合理地使用专家的陈述加强了论证的合理性和生动的比喻。论证的合理性不仅仅是区别于其他文章的原因，语言也很精确且富有修饰性的变化。作者持续地使用连接词来过渡和组织思想以推进全文的发展。
5分作文评语
通过讨论专才和通才的需要，作者展示了一个很好组织的复杂的分析过程。
论证过程的根源使用了两个组织很好且具有延伸意义的例子。首段由讨论医药通才和专家的必须性展开，用这个例子引出另一个例子。下一段就是由这段的从普遍到特殊的特点展开，以教育为中心进行讨论，从初等教育到高等教育，从基础算法到微积分。
缓慢的发展是通过使用合适的连接词“but”、“usually”、“for instance”，文章结尾也再次重申观点。
作者对语言的运用和语法的掌握也很好，几处语言的不清晰处也不会影响此文还是超出了6分的水平。问题主要出现在：缺少代名词、平行结构的错误、语法的不严谨和语言的不精确。
4分习作评语
这是一篇有充分分析的文章。在开篇介绍性段落中有些模糊的对专家的定义后，作者展示了一个中肯的例子来说明专家的重要性。这个例子主宰着作者的主要回应，对全片获得4分的整体印象有积极的作用。
第二个例子，委员会的工作，少了一些说服力。然而，这似乎帮助作者清晰了对通才的定义，像雨伞，意味着是所有专家们知道的综合。
尽管作者对专家和通才的关系认识是与众不同的，在结尾才清晰地展现出来。然而，这些理念没有充分和深入地发展和很好地逻辑控制来获得一个比4分高的分数。
文中也存在一些错误。有一些句子结构、语法、用法，有时短语的使用也不严密且冗长。但是总之，这篇文章的总体回应还是展现了英文写作的清晰的充足的对语言的控制能力。
3分习作评语
作者的立场是清晰的：专家是重要且必须的。然而没有用充足的理由和逻辑性的例子来证明立场。
第一段展现出了相对于普通从业者的一个脑外科医生的合适的例子。然而，第二段的越来越狭窄的大学教育的例子，包括了仅仅两句话，没有被充分地发展。对发展作者的立场起到了很小的作用。
第三段提出了另一个例子，是所有例子中最充分发展的。不幸的是，这个例子没有清晰的逻辑性。作者试图论证有专项发展的城市比普遍发展的城市有优越性。而作者告诉我们普遍发展的城市不如其他的城市。这个结论从作者的论断中产生没有逻辑性，而且和我们的常识也不符。
尽管全篇对语言的使用也有一些不严密，但作者的观点是不模糊的。获得3分的主要原因是没有充分地展开且不合适地使用了例子。
2分作文评语
这是一篇分析存在严重错误的文章。作者的回应倾向于偏向专家，但是不论理由还是例证都没有说服力。例证过于简单且没有区分性，这是在区分两种不同的专家，而不是在区分通才和专家。
语言贫乏，有些语句难以理解。然而，这不是1分作文：作者展现了对问题的观点，用不充足的分析深入文章，然后清晰地交流一些理念。
1分作文评语
这篇文章的回应是很基本的一个不完善的讨论。
首句展现出了作者支持专家的立场，但是紧接着没有一个内在联系的论证来支持这个立场。一些理念似乎是反驳的，例子也是模糊的。如果文章中解释的第一个医生是通才而第二个医生是专家，则例子就很有用了。然而，写出的例子是不清晰的且有误导性的。结尾的声明仅仅增加了混淆性。
由于大部分的句子很短且指向不明确，作者试图表达的意思也是不清晰的。作者应该使用逻辑连接词使得思想的联系更具有内在的逻辑性。然而，语言和语法的错误使用时逐渐深入的，但是最主要的是由于论证间缺乏内在的逻辑联系而得了1分。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-8 00:26:53

Argument写作

理解Argument写作任务

Argument写作需要你理解、分析、评估论据和在文章中清晰表达分析的能力。在这个写作中，作者提出了一个案例，并对其中的行为的原因或事件进行解释，由这些背景的理由和证据来提出观点。你的任务是通过评判性地检验文章逻辑链和论据使用的合理性，讨论作者对这个事件的逻辑思维是否稳妥。这个写作任务需要你仔细地读题，你要至少读一遍题目，并且尽可能详细地记录下你要论证的点。在读题的过程中，你应该仔细注意以下几点：
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提供了怎样的证据
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什么的明确的立场、论点或是结论
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假设的条件是什么，或者没有理由和证据的地方是什么
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从给出的论据中可以得出什么结论，但是文中没有提出的
更进一步地，你应该考虑文章中论证的结构，这些证据是怎样联系起来组成一个理由链
的，也就说，你应该注意作者得出结论过程中的每一个独立的，清晰的步骤或是论据，考虑他们之间的联系，以及由上一级推出下一级的逻辑关系是否合理。循着这条主线，找出作者试图连接逻辑的连接词和短语。
写好Argument的关键是你要明白你不是要评价题目中讨论的问题是对还是错，你是要讨论由文中提出的论据是否能推出文中的结论。你不需要同意或者不同意文中提出的观点，你需要做的是评价文章中的思维的合理性。在这里，你不需要像ISSUE文中要求的那样，展示出你对所讨论问题的观点，而是要评价另一个作者的观点或是论证是否符合逻辑，这样做的同时，展示出考官认为在大学期间很重要的技能----辩证性思维，对文章的深入理解能力，以及分析性写作的能力。
理解写作的目的和读者
写作目的是你怎样富有洞察力地分析一篇别人的作品，并且把你批判性的写作和你的读者有效地交流。你的读者是训练有素的大学和学院的老师，利用评分标准作为指导，为你打分，评分规则见第28页。
为了更清楚考官们怎们评分，你应该看例文中考官的点评。尤其是5分和6分的习作，将向你展示怎样成功地组织和发展具有深刻见解的评判，同时，你也可以借鉴到怎样有效地使用语言。评分者的点评详细地讨论了分析性的写作，例如中肯的观点，发展和论据，组织，句式的多样性，以及对语言的熟练的驾驭。这些评语指出了哪些部分是富有洞察力的，并且可以有效地转移文章整体的效果和印象。
写作准备：
由于Argument的写作是分析性的写作，这种不拘泥于任何形式的推理的技能是在你的整个受教育的过程中形成的，不需要任何特殊的课程训练。尽管在一些大学课程中的逻辑思维和批判性的思维对写作有帮助，但在这里考试的要求不会像这样的具体和有技术含量。你不需要懂得分析方法和技术术语的含义。例如，一个话题中说道，一个初中校长得出结论，操场的新器材提高了学生的出勤率，因为自从安装以来，缺勤率减小了。在这里，你只需要认识到，提高出勤率还有很多其他可能的解释，你可以举出一些常识性的例子，或者可以建议证明这个结论还需要哪些内容。例如，出勤率的降低可能由于天气晴好，这些都可以用来限定作者的结论的提出。
l
解释
l
分析---把论据或论证的过程拆成几部分，更好地理解它们怎样共同作用形成整体的，或者可以在写作中分成几部分陈述导致这个结果的过程
l
论证---有理由和证据来支撑的一系列的论点，一系列的理由证明某些事情的真伪
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假设---一个理念，常常是未阐明或未经检验的，就用来支持一个特殊的立场；某些被认为是理所应当，但是必须真实才能证明结论的正确性
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结论---由一系列的理由而得出的结论，如果证据有理由，结论就是正确的；即是一种结论申明
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反例---一个例子，真实的或假定的，能够驳倒文中的观点
一个非常好的练习写作的方法是练习发表的辩论性的题目的写作。对于每个人来说，没有一种所谓的最好的练习办法，一些人习惯不限时写作，如果这样，请充分利用分析题目的时间。不管你用哪一种方式，都应该
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仔细阅读文章---你应该阅读至少一遍
l
尽可能多地分析观点、结论、潜在的假设
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尽可能地想出可供选择的解释和反例
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想出哪些额外的证据可以削弱或者进一步增强论点
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问问自己怎样改变文章中的内容可以使理由更加合理
简要地记录这些问题的想法。当你的思维与分析同步时，整理笔记并安排讨论的顺序，然后批判性地将你的每一个小点展开。即使你没有对全文做出一个整体的评价，这个过程对锻炼分析问题并找出自己观点也是很有好处的。当你能迅速准确地找出问题，且对自己更加有自信时，你就应该限时写作，这样对在真正考试中怎样把握好节奏就有一个清晰的认识。例如，你不希望把时间花费在讨论在讨论一个观点上，或是用来证明如此多的相关的例证而没有时间证明其他更主要的问题。你应该希望能够得到写作老师、哲学老师，或是那些在他们的领域专注于批判性思考的老师们的回应。和同学讨论是很好的一个提高地方法，试着评分，不要过分关注写作满足或不符合那一项评分标准，你的目标是得到提高。
怎样解释数字、百分比和统计表格
一些题目中包含数字、百分比、统计表格用来证明结论。例如，一篇文章中可能提出，一个团体今年的活动不太受欢迎，因为和去年相比，仅仅100人参加，而去年参与人数是150人，减少了33%。你应该明白，这些数字不是要你做数学题，取而代之的，是你要评估这些作为支撑论点的证据。在上面的这个例子中，结论是一个社团的活动不太受欢迎。你应该问问自己：100和150的不同能够支持此结论么？要注意，在这个例子中还有其他可能的解释，比如今年天气更糟糕，今年的活动时间可能是一个不是很便利的时候，今年活动经费的开支有所增长，或者在此活动进行的同时有另外一个受欢迎的活动也在进行。这每一个原因都可以解释参加人数不同的原因，同时也就削弱了此活动不受欢迎的结论。同理，百分数也可以支持或者削弱那些真实的数据所代表的内涵。考虑这个观点—学校的戏剧俱乐部需要更多的设施，因为人数百分之百增加了。这个100%增加很重要，如果人数是从100增加到200，然而，人数从5增加到10也是100%的增加。记住这些数据、百分数、统计表格是用来证明结论的证据，你应该考虑他们是否真正能够支撑结论。
你回应的形式
你可以随意地组织和发展你的论断，只要你认为可以有效地表达出你对这个辩论性问题的分析。你的写作可以但不是需要包含在英语课上或是写作课上学习到的特殊的写作技巧。GRE的考官不会寻找特殊的写作策略和发展模式。事实上，当教员们接受培训成为GRE考官时，他们看过上百篇的作文，尽管在内容和形式上高度地不同，但在批判性思考和分析性写作的方面展现出的水平是一样的。考官们看的是，例如，一些6分作文开头简要地总结出辩论性的问题，然后清晰地陈述和展开批判性地论证。考官们认为一篇文章能得到高分通过分析和深入讨论几个问题，或者由通过批判一个主要点而全面展开的论述。你需要看5分和6分的例文来学习其他作者是怎样深入展开和组织他们批判性写作的。
你可以选择通过在形式和组织结构整体方面的完善方面来提高整体的批判性写作效果。这就意味着使用尽可能多或尽可能少的段落作---讨论下一个问题时换一个段落。你可以按照文中的论点的顺序逐个批判下来，也可以先讨论一个中心的有问题的假设，然后逐次批判其他的观点。也可以用例子来帮助你说明或进一步地阐释文章中一个重要的观点（记住，ARGUE的任务是考察你评判性思维和分析性写作，不是你组织例证的能力）。重要的不是回应的形式，重要的是有力的分析和清晰地传达你的分析。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-8 00:27:41

样题---写作策略
这篇ARGUE引用了一个医院的统计学证据用来支持一般性的结论—开发高质量的保护性措施和有效的设施能够减少滑冰中产生的重伤。在组织分析中，问问你自己医院的证据是否能够真正证明结论，你需要问自己一下几个问题：
 滑冰者中多大比例的人受伤后去了急诊室？
 这些去急诊室的滑冰受伤者能够代表普通的滑冰者么？
 有些滑冰受伤者是否没去急诊室呢？
 去急诊室的滑冰者是否都是重伤？
 佩戴保护设施也受伤的25%的滑冰者的受伤程度和没有佩戴保护设施的75%的受伤的伤势程度一致么？
 除了保护性的措施之外，还有其他的原因与滑冰受伤的危害相关么？例如天气条件、可见度、滑冰技术。
6分作文评语
这篇杰出的作文显示了作者富有深刻见解的分析问题的能力。开头部分，关注到了采取文中不合理的原因可以导致“人们会重新考虑对保护设施在资金上和心理上的投入”，紧接着，广泛地检查每一个论断的根源性错误。特别地，作者列出了几个主要的错误：
 预防性的和保护性的装置是不一样的
 佩戴这种齿轮的溜冰者倾向于受伤的概率很小，因为他们本身就很小心很有责任感（否则也不会佩戴这种保护性的装置）
 统计数据没有区分不同程度的受伤程度
 不一定高质量的齿轮更有益
讨论逐步地有逻辑地被组织，每一点都很彻底也很中肯地发展。更进一步地，行文简洁、
利落、自由。句子富有变化且复杂，措辞精确且富有表现力。
5分作文评语
这篇强有力的习作正确地致力于批判性地写作，留心到了“指出了一个可能的关系”，但它的结论是“有政论性的”。文中提出了3个中心问题，如果回答，将会破坏文章整体的合理性：
 整体溜冰者的特点是什么？
 什么才是有用的保护或者有作用的齿轮能够保护或者减轻溜冰者的受伤？
 持续的受伤者的类型和受伤原因是什么？
作者通过回答这些问题将文章发展下去，这些可能的答案或加强或削弱论点。文章没有想6分作文那样全面的富有见解地、深入地、全面地分析观点，但是清晰的组织、强有力的语言掌握能力、行文的充实度足以比4分作文优秀。
4分作文评语
这篇习作在“含糊不清的和非决定性的统计表”方面做出充分的回应。文章鉴别和批判了错误使用论断中不合逻辑的理由：
 不使用器材被“机械地”假定为受伤的原因
 “accident”指的是较小的伤势
 其他原因也可以导致受伤---暗中溜冰，未经训练或热身不充分，没有意识到自身身体的局限性
作者很合适地抓住了AUGUE中的弱点，理由清晰且连贯，但是行文间缺少连接词。语言的掌控力度较好。作者可以将对语言的清晰的掌控和写作习俗达到一致。总之，4分习作与5分的相比缺乏更加彻底的对论断的发展。
3分作文评语
前半部分一般性地写作但是有限地回应仅仅描述了ARGEU的内容，后半部分着重鉴定两个假设：
 购买保护性齿轮的人们应该使用齿轮
 高质量的齿轮比其他的齿轮更有效
这些批判点充足地制定出分析且值得获得3分，但是与4分作文相比，发展不够充足。
2分作文评语
这篇习作有严重缺陷的回应，从多个方面建议孩子和溜冰鞋厂商确保孩子们佩戴保护性的服装，而不是分析和批判文中的错误。实际上，作者没有理解ARGUE 的写作目的。
句子结构和语言使用上频繁地出现错误。选词的错误、时态、标点符号，这些众多的错误影响意思的表达。
这篇文章得到2分的原因是论证中出先了严重的语言缺陷，同时没有建立一个逻辑性的分析和批判的写作。
1分作文评语
根本的缺陷是不加批判地接受了文中的理由：“保护性的措施帮助减少在事故中受伤的危险”。尽管作者可以分析的出没有证据证明这个观点，但是除了几个进一步的词汇，都是原文的抄写。两句话的反应就是重复，逐字地重复了两遍。语言的使用也存在问题，语言没有连贯性。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-9 22:05:35

这段时间要适应朝六晚五的日子了。。。虽然很混乱，但还是要挤时间学习！！！

今天自测了7篇阅读，情况如下：

GRE两篇和LSAT的一篇都3分吧，CET4和CET6是4分往上吧，SCIENCE和GODFATHER也3分吧！

前三篇读懂后感觉还是模糊，做题就更是在混沌的状态，感觉那个是对的，很肯定的题很少，science那篇就是看文献的感觉，多读几遍，思路就能清楚了

继续找时间补作业！看到大家都很努力地在奋斗，有点惭愧，这断时间学习只能靠挤了。。。

回去继续背单词！加油↖(^ω^)↗

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-10 21:52:30

刚刚背完两个L单词。虽然学习时间少了，但是督促自己每天完成一点任务。

第四次作业还没完成，这就去补作业了。

克服时下的困难！加油加油！

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-13 18:59:30

第二次作业的链接

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1029441-1-1.html

https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1029438-1-1.html

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-13 19:55:10

读了十篇别人的作文，我的读后感如下：

首先，作者的字数不够的一个直接原因是，论证部分没有展开的很充分，例如：第一篇的第二段中，关于第一个原因，指出儿童参与的可能还有其他的运动后，应

进一步指出，这些运动也可以致伤，这样就更透彻地点名了致伤是所有运动不可避免的，通过怎样的措施可以减少致伤，等等。正如第一次作业中学习的那样，论证

部分要合理地展开，通过这样进一步的深入，可以点到作者错误的具体的某一点上。第二篇的作者把存在的问题都点到了，可是字数还是不够，就是因为没有充分地

展开，错误之处会产生什么影响，错误的根源在哪里，这些错误与错误之间有没有什么必然的联系，等等，如果思考了这些问题，我们也就能更深入地认识题目中作

者思维的模式或是步骤，从而也可以更深入地认识问题。不过说起来容易，做起来就要慢慢体会了，我也是在写作中存在字数不够的问题，也是在慢慢体会怎样才能

充分地展开，说清楚问题的根源。

第二，关于分析性写作，我的理解是，在找错的过程中，要把目光放在逻辑思维上，即错误的根源，也就说这样的纠错更有说服力，而且能够指出错误之间的联系，

全文也就有系统性了。

第三，我觉得在分析的过程中，我们不仅仅要关注作者思维的不完整的方面，比如，继续从哪些方面思考，可以全面地解决问题，同时，我们还要关注题目中给出的

论证部分用的证据是否有效，或者说，这些证据是否是最好的，也就是说，是否还有其他更好的途径或是例证可以说明问题。我们可以跳出题目，从更高的地方来看

题目，有时，你批了半天的论据不是最好的论据，这样从另一个高度，就可以跳出思维的圈定范围，同时，拓展了思路。正如第三篇，题目中如果要证明S对抗头疼的

作用，应该列出怎样的证据，如果这样展开就充分了。

第四，关于开头部分，通过阅读ETS的范文和点评，我的体会是，首段在概括原文内容时要用自己的话，要清晰、简练，不一定要概括出全部的内容，或原文作者的

的逻辑关系，但一定要用简练的几个词指出你主要是针对什么进行批判，这里的什么可以指大方向或是根源，或是这种不合逻辑的理由所导致的错误。

读了这几篇作文，我觉得我们大多人的思维都差不多，找到的错误基本都是从这几方面，而语言也没有多么突出的，我现在的写作状态也是这样，但是怎样才能从众

多的作文中脱颖而出，ETS告诉我们关键还是看思维。所以，从哪个角度找错，怎样安排论证的过程，这些我也是在慢慢体会。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-13 19:58:42

读了十篇别人的作文，我的读后感如下：

首先，作者的字数不够的一个直接原因是，论证部分没有展开的很充分，例如：第一篇的第二段中，关于第一个原因，指出儿童参与的可能还有其他的运动后，应进

一步指出，这些运动也可以致伤，这样就更透彻地点名了致伤是所有运动不可避免的，通过怎样的措施可以减少致伤，等等。正如第一次作业中学习的那样，论证部

分要合理地展开，通过这样进一步的深入，可以点到作者错误的具体的某一点上。第二篇的作者把存在的问题都点到了，可是字数还是不够，就是因为没有充分地展

开，错误之处会产生什么影响，错误的根源在哪里，这些错误与错误之间有没有什么必然的联系，等等，如果思考了这些问题，我们也就能更深入地认识题目中作者

思维的模式或是步骤，从而也可以更深入地认识问题。不过说起来容易，做起来就要慢慢体会了，我也是在写作中存在字数不够的问题，也是在慢慢体会怎样才能充

分地展开，说清楚问题的根源。

第二，关于分析性写作，我的理解是，在找错的过程中，要把目光放在逻辑思维上，即错误的根源，也就说这样的纠错更有说服力，而且能够指出错误之间的联系，

全文也就有系统性了。

第三，我觉得在分析的过程中，我们不仅仅要关注作者思维的不完整的方面，比如，继续从哪些方面思考，可以全面地解决问题，同时，我们还要关注题目中给出的

论证部分用的证据是否有效，或者说，这些证据是否是最好的，也就是说，是否还有其他更好的途径或是例证可以说明问题。我们可以跳出题目，从更高的地方来看

题目，有时，你批了半天的论据不是最好的论据，这样从另一个高度，就可以跳出思维的圈定范围，同时，拓展了思路。正如第三篇，题目中如果要证明S对抗头疼的

作用，应该列出怎样的证据，如果这样展开就充分了。

第四，关于开头部分，通过阅读ETS的范文和点评，我的体会是，首段在概括原文内容时要用自己的话，要清晰、简练，不一定要概括出全部的内容，或原文作者的

的逻辑关系，但一定要用简练的几个词指出你主要是针对什么进行批判，这里的什么可以指大方向或是根源，或是这种不合逻辑的理由所导致的错误。

读了这几篇作文，我觉得我们大多人的思维都差不多，找到的错误基本都是从这几方面，而语言也没有多么突出的，我现在的写作状态也是这样，但是怎样才能从众

多的作文中脱颖而出，ETS告诉我们关键还是看思维。所以，从哪个角度找错，怎样安排论证的过程，这些我也是在慢慢体会。

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-19 00:13:59

12.18
Comment:
The article begins with an example of a pest called mountain bark beetle destroyed pinewood, then the author analyze the causes for this disastrous outbreak. This example elicit the topic about warming climate change. The author explain the conception of Framework Convention on Climate Change, and indicate that anthropogenic activities influence the climate system, with the description of the phenomenon of the rising temperature in Arctic and melting sea-ice causing the rising of sea level. Following, the author turns to the example of mountain bark beetle in order to emphasize the human beings should start to behave in a different way. The author directly points out that the increasing carbon-dioxide emissions would means a 50% risk of a global temperature increase of 5℃. Furthermore, the author claimed that we should adjust behavior to avert that threat. In the second part of this article the author analyze the reason of climate change, which is neither a technological nor a economics problems but a policy problems. At last he give some suggestion on solving this problems such as strengthen international co-operation, come to international agreement, change economical mode.

Climate warming is a global problem, we all should pay close intention on the Copenhagen climate talks. We should raising our awareness on this topic and behave in a different way from now on like doing little things around us. It is a complex problem involving economy, political and technological aspects, and it is not enough only relying the policy of governments. In my opinion the non-government organization and the authority should work together fighting for protecting our unique earth, especially everyone play an important role in solving this crisis phase.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-19 17:37:28

Compared with other luxury items the art spending would hold their value in the longer term,because of this,the authorities figure that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell, and with the access of globalization the current downturn in the art market would bound to rise. It is the main idea of the first part. The second part is about prices of older works and the demand in contemporary art keep going up,part of the extra demand has come from a large increase in the number of museums.The masters of the art universe is the wealthy people.At last the author depict the sale model convert to in the auction houses on consignment,and contrast the ownership structure of two auction house.

I am not familiar with the art field and I learn a lot after reading this article.I agree with the author that the demands in arts would not be reduce, contrarily, it should be increase with the trend more people becoming understanding and loving arts.As long as the economic crisis subside, the market in arts would bounce back soon. The pivotal problem is to create more outstanding works to attract buyers,as a result of searching way to increase the income of arts market. I am not quite comprehend with regard to the difference in ownership structure between the two auction houses and these contents need to dig deeper and understand slowly.

写作中能够用到的好的表达方式：
losing momentum 失去动力

At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion.

generates … far beyond …because it brings together…

became deeply …, especially…

The current downturn低迷时期 in the art market

been far more volatile不稳定的

What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell.

bounce back很快恢复

In the longer run demand is bound to rise as wealth is spreading ever more widely across the globe.

By 2007 they were spread over 58 countries and their total number had tripled.
…keep going up as …, but few such … become … because …

Over the same period the number of wealthy private collectors has also increased many times over, and so has their diversity.

Many dealers now prefer to take art works on consignment以脱销方式, matching sellers to buyers for a commission rather than investing in stocks 有现货of art.

By comparison with…，…looks like….

One thing that differentiates … is …

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-21 22:28:10

12.20日comment:

The relationship between China and Amenrica is a hot topic lasting for a long time.The United States gradually feel the threat comes from China for its international status,as the increasingly growing comprehensive national power in China.China,as the largest creditor of United States,meant it could break the dollar,s reserve-currency status any time and would wreck their economy.Espacially,after the military parade in National Day,we shown a stronger country to the world.A lot of Chinese are surspicious of relationship between the two countries,but with the more common interests exist in dealing with the global issues such as the financial crisis,which would draw them closer together. The common interests in economic and security is increasing and our country is in a steadly growth,particularly, we hold a firm position all along on the issue of Taiwan,I think the future of relationship between them will be positive.Meanwhile,we should note the problems in the way of development,we still lags far behind in technology and innovation aspects,for instance,the infrastructure projects should be improved and the corruption should be put an end.Only make a clear understanding of our frailties,can we have a stable development.The most important is that the equals in co-operation is vital to solving the problems in the world,which is the view the author would like to emphasize.

好词好句：
determine ……, and that of the rest of …….
China that is growing richer and stronger while remaining tenaciously authoritarian
看修饰成分
With America’s economy in tatters and China’s still growing fast (albeit not as fast as before last year’s financial crisis), many politicians and intellectuals in both China and America feel that the balance of power is shifting more rapidly in China’s favour.
He and his Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao (pictured above) stress the need for co-operation and avoid playing up their simmering trade disputes, fearful of what failure to co-operate could mean.
in theory would allow it to wreck the American economy
These fears ignore the value-destroying (and, for China’s leaders, politically hugely embarrassing) effect that a sell-off of American debt would have on China’s dollar reserves.
Japan’s holdings were more than four times the size of China’s.描述倍数

see....as a cue to...
briefly slowed the rapid growth
Between the communist victory in 1949 and President Richard Nixon’s historic visit to China in 1972 there had been as little contact between the two countries as there is between America and North Korea today.
China’s military build-up in the past decade has been as spectacular as its economic growth, catalysed by the ever problematic issue of Taiwan, the biggest thorn in the Sino-American relationship.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-22 21:59:50

12月22日Comment:
This article remarked on the debate of passage on health-care between the two parties,the Republicans and the Democrats.The Republicans,which is devote on making more general people enjoy the health-insurance right and encourage competition among private insurers, but with a tax on the rich and a expensive cost.On the other side,the Republicans with an insurance-policy surcharge.
The two bills are fund in very different ways,and it seems that the Democrats have the advantage over the Republicans.I noticed one point the two obviously opposite from commen situation that deep cuts to Medicare the health-insurance scheme for the elderly.Considering from the realism that the costly money saved should be used to solve more practical problems such as huge deficits urgently needs to tackle,but it is not humanism.Anyone wouldl get to old and the money been saved should not be substancialy on solving necessitous problems.So the two sides should get a reconciled bill in the final.
好词好句：
Amendment 改善
Whatsoever 无论什么
Strip of 剥夺
Be still a way off 有距离
Get into effect 生效
On the ground of 以。。。为理由
Insureance premium 保险费
By no means 决不
Stumbling block 障碍物，绊脚石
a “public option” of a government-backed insurance scheme that would compete with private insurers in order, supposedly, to keep costs down and guarantee access.
The Senate bill is "paid for", but only in the sense that it provides for large charges on the most expensive private insurance policies, and because it factors in deep cuts to Medicare the health-insurance scheme for the elderly.
As of today though, health-care reform, expensive and imperfect though it is, is looking a lot more likely.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-22 23:00:03

12月21日Comment

The article talks around the topic that the recessions caused by economy crisis and the character of reversed world economy, which would not resemble the five years preceding the crisis. The article describes a theory that linked the economy to a piece of string stretched taut on a board,the more forcefully the string is pluched,the more sharply it snaps back.The lasting shortfall in demand will strain on the spending to curtail the use per unit of output, explain properly why the unemployment will remain high after the economy crisis be subdued.Besides the main idea of the article,the author also demonstrates that the right to be correct is not a flow but a stock,although I am not totoally understand the reason.
This theory is not the same as I considered that the market economy could adjust itself to get a balance ultimitly,with the trending of demands and spending corrolate with each other.However,the author regard that the ceiling on production would get lower and do not attain the point before the crisis.I still believe that the demand is corresponding with level of gaining and spending ability,with the recover of economy in the world,hoping we can have a glorious economy as crisis before.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-23 23:31:33

12.23
最近过的真是混乱，白天当小编，晚上才能学习，真想早点结束这样的日子，专心学习！
今天看完了debate,没写comment，终于能有时间接上了单词的任务，难句还要抓紧继续跟进呀！
看了大家的日志，在期末考试中还能完成既定的计划，惭愧的我不好意思在这里多说些什么，嗨~我要加油了，向大家学习，充分地安排好时间！
明天继续fighting for!

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-25 12:56:30

12.23-24
comment

This debate is very wonderful.The proposed side remark on specialficially that senior executives pays are worth what they are paid.There are two resons,one is that CEOs pays has decreased while the salary of other well-paid groups is increasing,considering the three components:salary,bonous and stock-based pay,and the other reason is that they earn high pay through their control and contribution rather than performance.Contrary to public perception,Mr Kaplan critic the argue public doubted one by one.After reading this part,I am firmly convinced that the CEOs are paid what they are worth,relavating to the performance,capability and responsibility.Ms Minow directly figure out unkown measures on forcing market with two representative example,and she argues that because of the phenominon exists,CEOs are overpaid.The two suitable cases Ms Minow refute the defending side is not strong,for they are considered typical in several efficient field not all of them.Compared with Mr Kaplan, Ms Minow did not prove his position further more.

In my appinion,I think the position of senior executives deserve more responsibility and working pressure,the ability they need to afford the position decides they earn high pay what they worth.

好的表达方式
Bosses who were once paid ten times as much as shopfloor workers are now sometimes paid as much as 300 times as much.倍数的表达
。。。 multiples of 几倍
But thereafter, starting in Americaand slowly spreading to the rest of the world, the multiples increasedexponentially.
The debate about executive pay, though never cool,is particularly hot at the moment.
。。。indeed,particularly in relation to...,such as....
focuse heavily on.......；concentrate so heavily on....
集中于。。。
bail out 帮助。。。摆脱困境
raise question galore 提出了丰富的问题
thrash out 力求解决
I argue below that thecritics are wrong and that there are many misperceptions of CEO pay.
contrary to public perception
Similarly, the view that CEOs are not paid forperformance is wrong. In fact, the opposite is true and boardsincreasingly fire them for poor performance.
appear to haveincreased the market value 提高市场份额
have not done betterand, by some measures, have done worse.
Those who argue CEOs areoverpaid have to explain how CEOs can be overpaid and not subject tomarket forces, when the other groups are paid at least as well and aresubject to market forces.这句话是很有针对性的批判
are all but guaranteed to continue to create....
It inevitably led to failures like......
severely demaged the credibility of ..... as a whole
do not come close to.....,which will increase
Instead of telling。。。，。。。signed off on.。。。，making it clear to everyone that。。。
Ifthis is pay for performance, what exactly is the performance we arepaying for?很有力的反击

demotivate 使士气低落
sanguine 乐观的
exponentially 指数地
mediocre 平庸的
tenure 职位的保有权
lack lustre tenure 低迷的任期
credit crunch 信贷紧缩
been exacerbated by 被恶化，被激怒
avalanche 纷至沓来
compensation committee 薪酬委员会

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-26 19:25:33

COMMENT:

To begin with,I will clear up the idears of the two sides on the debate.The proposer,s rubuttal remarks on defending primarily,and then figure out the unreasonable points in the opposition,s arguments.First of all,he concludes the claims Ms Minow holds and reiterates the point that the income of CEOs are decreased and actually related with companies, performance.The fact is that the lion,s share CEOs received of their pay in stock which has been kept as shares in companies proportional matches the wealth they lose in the finacial crisis.Secondly,he demonstrates that his argument is authoritative and credible which is oposite of Ms Minow,s position.Then he points out several limitation in her arguments and indicates the real causes of finacial crisis.

Consistent with Mr Kaplan,s debate,Ms Minow rebut specificially.Her arguments also devided into two parts.She emphasized again that the subsides of government bouncing back the companies illuminates again that the incomes of CEOs is not related with their performance.The reason is that government could not prevent the behavior of shareing bonous and the companies make excuse of it such as keeping the emplyees from leaving.Meanwhile,the funds of Treasury Department has no detailed control on executive compensation obligations.This is an other opportunity for companies to take the agency costs as bonous which has been called risk management.In a wold,the theoretical pay is further from the realised pay.According to Mr Kaplan,s debate, Ms Minow also figures out some defect in his argument.One is the invalid talking point about the net worth,the other is that the high pay with the relavant of CEOs is obscure that they are not set by boards as CEOs.At last she point out seven deadly sins found in executive compensation plans.

Take no consideration of the real truth about the debate,only focusing on the rebuttal remarks of the two sides,it is more intense and hard to decide who win.Compared with their debate before, Mr Kaplan incread the part of disputoin,and thanks to this,we have seen a more exciting debate on the opposition,s arguments that Ms Minow holds.It seems that Ms Minow,s rebuttle remarks is more clear and targeted to some extent in this term.Whatever we really want is a fair and equitable economic market not the same as Ms Minow depicts.

好词好句：

Mr Kaplan argues that the most powerful criticism of executive pay-that bosses get upside and no downside-is simply false.

there are plenty of devices such as golden parachutes that cannot possibly be justified by performance.

He suggests that extreme pay differentials can damage companies by attracting the wrong sort of bosses and demotivating the rank and file.

We need to focus more on the overall picture, around the world as well as in the United States, rather than on a few attention-grabbing anecdotes.

Ironically, neither do her two anecdotes.

These CEOs' financial reversals were part of a robust system of pay-for-performance widely used by most U.S. companies.

lost a large fraction of their wealth and, in many cases, their jobs.

It is irresponsible to claim that CEOs do not bear any downside risk.

all without having any detailedinformation about the scope of AIG's very substantial, and verycontroversial, executive compensation obligations.

confirms Yermack's analysis and also clearly refutes Ms Minow's conclusion.

First, we disagree on the calculations thatsupport the conclusion that CEO play has been declining. Our figures,based not on theoretical pay but on realised pay, are as follows.

Been propped by 一直支撑

Reiterate the point 反复地强调观点

Plenty of devices很多策略

Attention-grabbing anecdote引人注目的轶事

Take account of考虑

The lion,s share最大份额

In direct contradiction to与。。。相反

Have been much better off已经好得多

Diamentrically opposed to直接地反对。。。

Consistent with this与之相一致的。。

Bounce back卷土重来

Inspector general监察长

Clamp down on施压于

作者: 木虫虫 时间: 2009-12-27 00:12:49

加油啊，正如你所说的，坚定地走下去哦(>^ω^<)喵

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-27 00:56:04

12.26
COMMENT
This passage is mainly about introducing several methods to improving the security of passwords.In order to protect our private information,the passwords should considering three factors, the length, complexity and randomness.I have never known how resourceful the intruders are,meanwhile,I have recognized some intereting way on how to set the encryption rigorously,such as using a mnemonic constructed from the first letters. Science and technology is a double-edged sword, they continue to bring us new problems, while creating solutions to them.

The important role this article plays is that it brings some reflection for us as we shoule considering using the high-technology appropriatly.Have you opened the busines of online bank?Are you give your moble phone number to the random agency undefendedly once they asked for?We should reconsider the way we behaved is safe or not.It is possible that the old way such as the passage mentioned like recording the passwors in notebook is a good way in some situation.Whatever, the passage surpports some useful way to creat an secure passwaod.

好词好句：
That takes a lot of patience and computing power, and tends to be the sort of thing only intelligence agencies indulge in.

Choose passwords that are strong enough to make cracking them too time consuming for thieves to bother.

keep abreast of保持与。。。并列
heaven forbid但愿不会如此
scraps of paper便签条
interspersed with 用。。。点缀着
as a matter of course自然，不用说，照例.

作者: adammaksim 时间: 2009-12-27 11:21:36

我来溜狗来了~~

作者: splendidsun 时间: 2009-12-27 16:09:08

加油加油哈~~~

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-27 16:27:50

12.27
Comment:

This article aims to tell us that in this contemporary world people searching for new novelty,the value of old-fashioned, cluttered and sentimental paintings are remain steadfastly or even more valuable.With the reflection of inflation,it is astute to collect anctic paintings that steadly quality exchanging more money in the future than before.Also a good opportunity for art dealer to earn more from the access selling the paintings twice from the first collector.The author applied the example of illustrious paintings as “Prince’s Dock, Hull” which John Atkinson Grimshaw painted, “The Old Dealer” which Spencelayh painted and “On the Cliffs” which Laura Knight painted bidding up as high as two or four times what the auction house had predicted.

This idea that the art spending would hold their value in the longer term appears in the passage we have read few days before.Like investing assets in the bussiness of real estate,paintings would be an luxurious item to keep the value in the inflation.In my oppinion,the reason is that the paintings bring us the aethetic enjoyment and raise the resonance of people on the issues.Besides,that record the history of an ancient year in the past and the feeling in the painting can not be repeat but taste after seeing it.The paintings brings more value of spritual that never be chaged in the long term,so the prices should be increased rather than degressive.

好词好句：

Its success lay in the high prices achieved for those that sold, half of which were bid up哄抬 beyond their high estimate.

His works are often dark social commentaries注释，解说词 featuring streets and portsides, full of ships’ rigging and lamplight that seems visually interchangeable with moonlight.

Behind them the sea, silvery, shimmering and full of light, has the same idyllic quality of water painted at the time by the Scottish Colourists.

if anything  如果没有什么区别的话

on behalf of  代表
a series of  一连串的

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2009-12-30 00:27:41

这两天得厌学症了，要尽快调节过来！加油！

Comment:

This article includes mass of contents about entrepreneurship,which divides into three parts,is to point that entrepreneurs see a good as well as a bad side to the recession.In the first part,with the history backgroud knowledge I am not totally understand,the author highly commends entrepreneurship as power force in social progress.Then the author states the elements supporting entrepreneurial ideas and the good chance that bring to us.Following, the author begins to discuss the definition of entrepreneur and the good points of famous people.In the second part,the author assail five myths about innovative entrepreneurs.In the last part,the author complements the previous point of view and mainly to sum up the misfortune and fortune to entrepreneurs.

I have watched several programs concerning entrepreneurship,I think the most important factor for venture capital is a clear bussiness pattern and the potencial capacity of growth.To a good entrepreneur,he should own the qualities of the firm faith,persistent passion,courage and insight,durative insist on the career.

作者: pluka 时间: 2010-1-1 12:29:58

新年了快来更新啦！
串门串门

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-1 16:34:05

Whatever Darwin’s personal sensibilities, Mr Wade is convinced that a Darwinian approach offers the key to understanding religion. In other words, he sides with those who think man’s propensity for religion has some adaptive function. According to this view, faith would not have persisted over thousands of generations if it had not helped the human race to survive. Among evolutionary biologists, this idea is contested. Critics of religion, like Richard Dawkins and Steven Pinker, suggest that faith is a useless (or worse) by-product of other human characteristics.
整段都很好！正反面观点都说清楚了！

As Mr Wade makes clear, the notion of religion as an “adaptive” phenomenon makes better sense if one accepts the idea of group selection.

Perhaps, though, he oversimplifies the link between morality, in the sense of obedience to rules, and group solidarity based on common participation in ecstatic rites.

Packed 充满。。。的
Account of
考虑
Primordial 原始的
Propensity for
倾向
Prevail over
胜过

Comment:

This article mainly talking about the function of religion between morality and group solidarity.Mr Nicholas Wade asides with Darwinian approach the propensity for religion has some adaptive function and he suggest that the religion promots moral rules and cementing cohesion.
Religion is a belief ,a spiritual pillar steady our faith.Groups with common religon is likely to prevail over those which lacked this connection from religion when confronting difficulties.According to human,s instinct,in the calamities,it is spiritual consolation turning for help to the religion,when we meet setbacks or in a difficult situation.In these situation the sriritual force is important than any thing else,the only way helping out of the predicament.But anything be of the extreme generates negative effects.They make people enter into a narrow way recognize the world aroud us,that contraversy leads to social advancements and do harm in individuals.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-1 22:39:20

12.30
Comment:

This article arouse the topic of antiterrorism.From President Obama,s speaking,he underscores the administration,s concern over being outflanked on national security,and accuses a systemic failure accured,insisting on accountability at every level for this failures in security,although he did not elaborate.
In the current world,the hegemonism and power politics as well as irrational economic and political international old order of the nations in the west is the main root threating the peace and common development in the world.The United State banner maintenance of world peace lauching wars,ignoreing ordinary people are suffering the pain of war.We all do not know what the real popose behind the wars.

Accountability 有责任，有义务
Blow up  放大
In retrospect 回顾往事
Allude to  提到，暗指
Underscore 强调
Been marked by  以。。。为特点
Escalate  增强

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-2 15:13:46

12.31

bumping into beauty

grasping for the first time Dirac's equations describing quantum mechanics量子力学

I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies, "Simplicity, symmetry对称，均匀, elegance, and power.

conform to遵循

lay bare暴露，揭发，展开

puzzle out苦苦思索

gasping the rarefied纯净的，稀薄的 air

in a pinch在紧要关头，必要时

deliver to转交，交付，传达

swiftness迅速，快

fleeting短暂的，飞逝的 glory that stirs our hearts

take delight in乐于

to an extreme极度地，非常地

by a wide margin广泛的回旋余地

The most incomprehensible thing about the universe, as Einstein said, is that it's comprehensible.

Generation after generation, we puzzle out formulas, test them, and find, to an astonishing degree, that nature agrees.

You can do science without believing in a divine Legislator, but not without believing in laws.

Still, I remember glimpsing patterns in mathematics that seemed as bold and beautiful as a skyful of stars.

I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty.

"All nature is meant to make us think of paradise," Thomas Merton observed. Because the Creation puts on a nonstop show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training in order to perceive more than the most obvious kinds.

Just so, I believe, the experience of beauty is an echo of the order and power that permeate the universe. To measure background radiation, we need subtle instruments; to measure beauty, we need alert intelligence and our five keen senses.

Have we merely carried our animal need for shrewd perceptions to an absurd extreme? Or have we stumbled onto a deep congruence between the structure of our minds and the structure of the universe?

Beauty feeds us from the same source that created us.

A universe so prodigal of beauty may actually need us to notice and respond, may need our sharp eyes and brimming hearts and teeming minds, in order to close the circuit of Creation

Comment:

What a beautiful aticle!Citing what the article says,I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty,that is the feeling I merely have.

This article discribes the beautiful things from the eyes of scientists,which different from the things our common perpson simply assents,contrarily,a simple, symmetrical, elegant theory,and the obvious phenomenons in our daily life but cantain coherent set of rules,also maybe the access of scranbling mountain of academic.This wonderful article aggrandize my comprehension on beauty and I recognized there are mass of beauty waiting us to discover and explore,and the only thing we need to do is cultivating and alerting intelligence and our five keen senses.

I have little the same feeling as the author described during the study on academic.I have never detected such a beautiful and mysterious world through the sight of optical microscope and scanning electron microscope.That was my first time seen the structure of bacterial flagella,various figures including beautiful girls,pears and cats vividly shown under the optical aparatus,and as long as you fully exert imagination,you can find more funny profile.So does the same as the configurition of antennas of insects,which is alluring and complicated integral.These beatiful founds arouse us searching for the mystery in the universe,then the study never boring but interesting.

Holding a attitude of discovering beauty,we could reap a lot,no matter what we are doing.Sharp eyes and brimming hearts and teeming minds make our life more bewutiful.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-2 16:55:07

2010.1.1

delineations描绘
maritime海上的，海事的，海运的
sort out挑选出
belated误期的，迟来的
pledge 保证
Now, the rush is on to discover the Far North, quite literally in the sense of research into atmosphere, ice and animals; and more urgently to get ready for the widening of sea lanes海中航线 caused by global warming.

Comment:

This article presented the important role the Actic of Canada plays in the located region and unresolved border delineations between several nations.Especially,the climate change has hitting the Far North harder than any other part of the Earth, and yet Canada’s record in curbing greenhouse-gas emissions is the worst in the G8,as a result,the government paying high attention on the Far North issue,bacoming a national priority.The enumeration of a series of measures indicate that the Arctic is no longer the forgotten frontier.

We could learn from this passage we do not take measures to protecting or avoiding matters untill problems generates from them.Put the troubles asides, caused by unresolved border delineations,which making this problem more complecated,let us have a look at the maesures government take on solving the issue the Actic influencing the climate change.The government invest abundant of money to assure sorts of developments carrying out,but vagueing responses on enviromental preservation.Lacking the consensus on enviromental protection,as a final aim,any step carrying out is faint.Only make clear of the premier,the measures could carry out orderly and efficiently.We hope the Arctic has a bright future.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-2 17:17:21

2010.1.1

delineations描绘
maritime海上的，海事的，海运的
sort out挑选出
belated误期的，迟来的
pledge 保证
Now, the rush is on to discover the Far North, quite literally in the sense of research into atmosphere, ice and animals; and more urgently to get ready for the widening of sea lanes海中航线 caused by global warming.

Comment:

This article presented the important role the Actic of Canada plays in the located region and unresolved border delineations between several nations.Especially,the climate change has hitting the Far North harder than any other part of the Earth, and yet Canada’s record in curbing greenhouse-gas emissions is the worst in the G8,as a result,the government paying high attention on the Far North issue,bacoming a national priority.The enumeration of a series of measures indicate that the Arctic is no longer the forgotten frontier.

We could learn from this passage we do not take measures to protecting or avoiding matters untill problems generates from them.Put the troubles asides, caused by unresolved border delineations,which making this problem more complecated,let us have a look at the maesures government take on solving the issue the Actic influencing the climate change.The government invest abundant of money to assure sorts of developments carrying out,but vagueing responses on enviromental preservation.Lacking the consensus on enviromental protection,as a final aim,any step carrying out is faint.Only make clear of the premier,the measures could carry out orderly and efficiently.We hope the Arctic has a bright future.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-2 22:51:19

2010.1.2

We now live in a world of the 24-Hour Movie, one that plays anytime and anywhere you want (and sometimes whether you want it to or not).

Although much has been made of the technologies used in “Avatar,” its beauty and nominal politics, it is the social experience of the movie — as an event that needs to be enjoyed with other people for maximum impact — which is more interesting.

“Avatar” affirms the deep pleasures of the communal, and it does so by exploiting a technology (3-D), which appears to invite you into the movie even as it also forces you to remain attentively in your seat.

Bluntly坦率地，率直地 put, something is happening before our eyes.

I love the luxurious look and warmth of film, and I fervently热心地，热忱地 hope it never disappears.

It is because the movies and our experience of them has changed so radically根本上，以激进的方式 in recent years — we can pull a movie out of our pocket now, much as earlier generations pulled out a paperback — that makes it difficult to grasp what is happening.

Comment:

I am firmly assent with the auther that no matter what huge changes in moving-image entertainment,what attract us most is the acenario in the film or the emotion it conweys,the teconology is just an instrument or bi-product to make the movie affluent.Like the author said we are too busy with the story to pay much mind on the digital artifact causing profonding changes in film.Moreover,
the new types of image consumption and digital technologies have complicated our understanding of cinema.As to myself,I like the simple story inspired or moved me most,no matter what luxurious look it wears.

Regarding the problem “The Decay of Cinema”,I think it is more shaking watching movie on movie theater than on the notebook without the happiness bring by share.I think more people would like to watching movie on notebook,the one way make our modern generation prone to undertake something lonely without shareing each other,which is one of the reason people take precautions against each other during intercourse.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-3 21:08:10

2010.1.3

seeking material gains is not the exclusive patent of the mean, but a golden rule for all.

"Time is money" is a vogue
word nowadays. But, when it is worshipped as a motto座右铭，格言 of life and commercialism takes the place of other wisdom of life, life is then turned into a corporation and, consequently, interpersonal relations into a market.

The former turns one’s life into a process of fulfilling endless obligations while the latter breeds a life-long scramble for wealth and power.

Instead, your true "self" makes you who you are. The true meaning of life lies not in giving or possessing, but in creating, which actively unfolds显露，阐明，呈现，伸展 your true disposition, or, in other words, the emotional gratification you obtain through the exertion of your essential power.

there is a life more worth living than the one haunted by righteousness and gain. And, this belief will help me sail through the unpredictable waters of my future life.

Nevertheless, beyond righteousness and gain, I believe, there are other attitudes towards life; beyond virtue and meanness, there are other individualities.

the true value of life is beyond obligations and power.

a tense interpersonal relationship

You do not live for the doctrines you believe in or the materials you possess.

but about a peaceful mind coming from a non-materialistic attitude towards life.

scramble for 争夺
looms large显得突出
poles apart截然相反，南辕北辙
crystal clear极明白，十分清楚
highlights（center attention on）
places a premium on诱发，鼓励

Comment:

This article are talking about the author’s view on life,he coin a form called "disposition",an aesthetical philosophy of life, "righteousness" and "gain".That means you do not live for the doctrines you believe in or the materials you possess,but to unfolds your true disposition, the emotional gratification you obtain through the exertion of your essential power, or, in other words,to self-fulfillment.
In my oppinion,the performance of creating is an other
process of fulfilling endless obligations,which is a high level of giving.We are living a unique life accoding to our own way,at the same time,we create significative things that is gifts for comminity.The middlebrow person giving at all times,lacking the spirit of innovation can not promot social progress.But without these people willing to dedicate,which would aggravate the tense interpersonal relationship and the society becoming more chaotic.To some extent,the extreme self-fulfillment would evolve into scramble for profits fit for self-development.
I agree with the author stated at last that a moderate dedicaton and gain,more over to enjoy a graceful life of ourselves.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-5 23:40:16

1.4 Comment

As I comprehend,philosophy is a subject telling us what the substances are and how the world makes up.It uses refined words to point out the rule in the life,or the relationship between objects.Athough so simple the rule is and the accustomed habbit,it would give us abstruse apocalypse.

It seems that I have catch the idea but when considering explicitly,it is equavical again,maybe the philosophy is something we should understand on the situatoin that it is slur.

What the world is that people considered differenciate from each other because of the difference of knowledge system they have comprehended.In the firt paragraph,the author talked about what the eternity is and this is the first meaning I learned.We should consider thing from the positive aspect because put it in the perpetual

world,anything difficulty or failiur is nigligible.So we should looking forward.

In the long river of history,the world is proceed by the specific law,no matter who dose anything in the history.The heros that must necessarily be,but not the certain person,even though the one we recognized as a hero did not exist,there should be another one take the place of him,promoting the development of scocial progress.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-6 22:39:06

一天没学习了，落了两天的comment没写，嗨。。
课题年度总结，被老师安排写材料，这两天要忙那个了。。。
大家加油哦！我会尽快搞定材料，补齐作业！
最近任务总是很多，特别觉得自己安静学习的时候很安心，很踏实，希望早日回归这种自由的生活！
有的时候总是觉得自己事情太多，但是想想上班的同志们更是辛苦，所以我只能加油了！

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-7 23:23:37

1.5

reinvent  彻底改变
in terms of  根据，按照，用。。的话；在。。方面
subtle  微妙的，细微差别
clinical  临床的
leverage 影响，杠杆作用
remedy 补救办法
elitism  精英论
pendulum  摇摆不定的（事态或局面）

Comment:

Firstly,I will sum up the main idea the two prominent business deans pointed out.They both think the the business school is necessary after the economic crisis.Paul Danos figures out that the most important thing is the right mental attitude about the medels and how they worked and how they hooked up.For instance,the basic-level financial training is nesessary.Santiago siding on assimilating experance from the economical ceisis,including the updated knowledge and new things developed in financial theory and the way we assess risk.What’s more, they both consider teamwork as the demand for the nature of leadership.

Following,I will share the idea inspired me in this atcle with evrybody.This passage enlightened
me that we should learn from historic experance and the right way in learning is to grasp one subject’s focus or main idea,in an onther word,we should master a method of thinking and solving problem through learning.So the process of learning is to prove the comprehensive ability and inherent ability of thinking and solving problem.As long as you find a learning way suit youself,any courses learning should be efficient,and during these process,your intrinsic intellect is cumulated and your ability is promoted.Accordingly,we can not judge you have hold one certain subjet by whether you can recite the specific content adroitly,in deed,is to master the most important knowledge of one subject and aquiant the general content of this subject,then you can apply it flexible under different situations.

Another aspect I conprehended from this article is that the most valuable knowledge is the experance what we learned from history. Admittedly,basic knowledge is the foundation of high-level theory which can not be neglected.But the unchanged knowledge would not arouse the creative thoughts and only updating the knowledge from experence can suit this variational real word.

That’s what I caught from this aticle,a little digression.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-7 23:24:13

1.6

With the increasing growth of population and environmental beeing polluted,we human have an nice dream,one day,a life-bearing planet will turn up.This article mainly talking about the evidence of planet hunting and the character we have discovered of this putative planet. Considering this in the long term,I think it is to continue the human tace,because the world is nolonger suitable for human survivle,with mounts of global problems coming up. Although it seems a long way attaining this goal,anything is possible with the increasing developing technology.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-7 23:37:19

今天看了 “穿了套裙去考烤鸡的半年的不完美半年阶段汇报”
佩服作者在工作状态下坚持下来的勇气
正像她说的那样，我也一直相信，这个奋斗的过程，我们收获的不只是那份沉甸甸的成绩单
更重要的是过程中队自我的厉炼，对自我的提升
不能再给自己找理由了，要向作者学习，充分利用小块时间和整块时间相结合
上班时可以开个小差看单词，下班后要保证完成comment
加油！加油！

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-9 16:44:08

1.7

fairy-tale 宛如神话故事的
ambivalence
memor
introspection
unburdened
vehemently 激烈地
impetus
curve
chirpy 活泼的
cutesy 矫揉造作的
ghastly 苍白的
ado 纷扰，忙碌

This slog through one woman's relationship angst feels, in the end, like much ado about nothing.
Just as she was sentenced to marrying, she was sentenced to sequel writing.

Comment:

This is a book review about two books,concerning about marriage.I am not quiet understand this article.Then talking something about marriage.
It seems that marriage is an popular and hot key word last year,and many friends around us got married.In my mind,marriage is a beautiful and holy word with unforgetable experience in our lifetime.Two people are united in wedlock because of love,many years later,the relatonship between each other likely being company,moreover,a kind of habit to being together,ultimately,love changes into relative.The marital ambivalence the two books mentioned referring the burdened feeling,which feeling I can not underatand deeply about,for having no personal experience.In my oppinion,as long as we both have independent own life,the time being together should be more colourful.The little home belongs to us is our soul harbor ever,and the feeling that there is a person waiting for you all along is warming.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-11 23:31:35

1.8-1.9
好词好句：

After having resorted for so long to cunning and falsehood, to intrigue and violence, politics, were it only for the novelty of the thing, should try the effect of fair dealing, tolerance, and justice. Today, more than at any period, novelty is liked.

It was not a shifty and violent policy that was pursued by ... Their example shows that...

...may score...just as...are punished for the evil or rewarded for the good they do.

resort to violence and even to crime, if to do so be necessary for... but what they call the safety of the people is often nothing more than ...

What is more, there has ceased to be any necessity for a policy of this sort in modern societies.

is out of place in a free Government that is supported by opinion and whose interest it is to unite and not to divide the community.

As long as noble sentiments, love of country and of liberty and purifying beliefs, are not revived in a country the parliamentary atmosphere will remain vitiated.

Just ideas and wise resolutions are inspired by an upright conscience, whose qualities influence the intelligence. To be a man of good sense it is sufficient to be an honest man.

It is doubtless useful to improve institutions and to reform abuses but how much more necessary it is to reform morals and to give tone to men's minds by healthy ideas and moral beliefs.

in inculcating the dignity of human nature and the obligatory character of duty, and in opposing the worship of an ideal to the worship of the golden calf?

The aspect of the world would be changed if the nations, considering themselves members of the same family, would banish violence and craft from their councils.

It may be hoped, in consequence, that war will become rarer and rarer in proportion to the progress of civilization and of the moral and economical solidarity existing between different nations.

Science without conscience, Rabelais has said, is the ruin of the soul. Politics without morality are the ruin of society.

Discredited

Culpable

Maxim

Ephemeral

Pretext

Solely

Cease to be

Have recourse to

Count upon

In accordence with

Crop up

In proportion as

Let loose

No less than

Comment:

Taking the reversed example of Machiavellism,a great policy cannot be immoral.A policy based upon immorality is antiquated and unworthy of morden society.At the present day a generation of politicians set more store upon palpable realities than upon principles,because of the numerous deceptions it has experenced,of the frequent revolutoins it has undergone,but also of the weaking of spiritual beliefs.The true remedies for the political corruption is a return to principles and moral beliefs and the substitution of ideas for appetites.As for public,the sentiment of personal responsibility must be re-established in the mind and the education of the young.Nations,too,in their mutual relations,have every interest not to separate politics from morality.The public safty lies in justice alone.

This article inculcating the morality and responsibility is vital for either public and society.As spirit is the centre of human,equity is of consequence in a great policy.In my oppinon, justice decides whether a government would gain respect and supported by public or not.Immorality and dispised justice bring about autocracy,which is eliminated by history finally.There is a aphorism those who gains popular were under the sun.Only sincere and equitable morality should gain public support.

Then how to re-establish the sentiment of duty and of responsibility at the present day,reality and benefit fill full of the society.I once asked my little niece that if she has 10 yuan,would she willing to hand out 1 yuan to the begger on the road,after a while,she put out her hand and asked me with the innocent eyes “Give me 10 yuan.”I am astonished by his action.With the deeply-solid ideology in our society that interests and personal development is important,the youth is deeply influenced.It is diffiult to alter scocial climate,public awareness and basic education is important.As mentioned in the article that the society should keep a little of the admiration they lavish upon consequerors for the upright men who have given evidence of their love of humanity and of humanity and of their respect for huaman life.

作者: 敛寒影 时间: 2010-1-11 23:44:51

1.8-9
好词好句：