[经验思考] 如何有效论证——如何使用论据论证 [复制链接]

AdelineShen
UID: 2630498

荣誉版主

Rank: 9 Rank: 9 Rank: 9

声望: 1555
寄托币: 14569
注册时间: 2009-4-17
精华: 18
帖子: 344

电梯直达

楼主

发表于 2010-3-22 19:26:54 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

如何使用论据论证？
（１） Offer evidence that agrees with your stance up to a point, then add to it with ideas of your own.$
（２） Present evidence that contradicts your stance in order to argue against (refute) it and therefore strengthen your position
（３） Use sources against each other, as if they are experts on a panel discussing your proposition
（４） Use quotations to support your assertion, not merely to state or restate your claim.

Weak and Strong Uses of Evidence
In order to use evidence effectively, you need to integrate it smoothly into your paragraph（论据如何流畅地连贯地放在段落中）
o State your claim. 表明你自己的观点
o Give your evidence, remembering to relate it to the claim. 给出你的证据，要与你的观点相关
o Comment on the evidence to show how it supports the claim 指出该论据如何证明你的观点

举例：
Weak Use of Evidence
1) Today, we are too self-centered. Most families no longer sit down to eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment . Everything is about what we want
This is a weak example of evidence because the evidence is not related to the claim. What does the claim about self-centeredness have to do with families eating together? The writer doesn’t explain the connection．
The same evidence, however, can be used to support the same claim, but only with the addition of a clear connection between claim and evidence, and some analysis of the quotation’s content
缺陷：论证和题目结合不紧密，不是论据无关，而是作者没有表现这种合理的关系在哪里，其实就是却一句话或者是一个逻辑连接词的问题．
一定要说清楚论据是怎么支持你的论点的！

Stronger Use of Evidence
2) Today, Americans are too self-centered. Even our families don't matter as much anymore as they once did. Other people and activities take precedence. In fact, the evidence shows that most American families no longer eat together, preferring instead to eat on the go while rushing to the next appointment. Sit-down meals are a time to share and connect with others; however, that connection has become less valued,as families begin to prize individual activities over shared time, promoting self-centeredness over group identity．
This is a far better example, as the evidence is more smoothly integrated into the text, the link between the claim and the evidence is strengthened, and the evidence itself is analyzed to provide support for the claim
大家其实可以看出来这段的论证好在哪里：划线的部分首先是首尾都有明显的和中心联系的句子，让你知道你在读什么，然后就是后边的几乎每个句子都有逻辑的连接词汇连接了起来．

Discussing your evidence’s significance develops and expands a paper，Remember that your job during the course of your essay is to persuade your readers that your claims are feasible and the most effective way of interpreting the evidence

Questions to Ask Yourself When Revising Your Paper
1) Do I avoid generalizing in my paper by specifically explaining how my evidence is representative?
2) Have I offered my reader evidence to substantiate each assertion I make in my paper?
3) Do I thoroughly explain why/how my evidence backs up my ideas?
4) Do I provide evidence that not only confirms but also qualifies my paper’s main claims?
5) Do I use evidence to test and evolve my ideas, rather than to just confirm them?
6) Do I cite my sources thoroughly and correctly?

Die luft der Freiheit weht
the wind of freedom blows