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电梯直达

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发表于 2009-2-24 21:47:50 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

555555555~~~~一点把握都没有就要考试了~~~大家帮忙啊~~~谢谢阿！

TOPIC: ISSUE87 -"In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert tomake important discoveries."
WORDS: 557
TIME: 00:42:59
DATE: 2009-2-24 20:32:56 !

Due to explosivedevelopment of science and technology, so much is new and complex in our modernsociety. When it comes to the problem that whether the beginner or the expertis more likely to make important discoveries, there are always a host of differentopinions held by people in different fields. Does the beginner take more chanceto make discoveries than the expert, as the author asserts? Admittedly, manypeople agree that the new would make more effort and is consistent with morenew ideas which serve as an essential factor for discoveries. However, in myviewpoint, in most cases we cannot ignore the importance and dispensability ofexperts.

The beginnersalways are much more interesting in the subjects and more intelligent thanothers because of their aspirations for successful career. For that matter,they might be careful and cautious in the experiment and researches, renderingthem discover something new more easily. On the contrary, the experts alwaysare highly honored in some certain subject, it is the fame and pride that mightlead carelessness in the program and hamper with their discoveries. Acompelling example involves a large-scale research carried in one physical labin my college. A key process of the experiment failed for several times, whichis designed by a famous professor in this area. At last, it is impossible forus to believe that this vital problem was solved by a doctor student of theprofessor, after he examined the process for several times and found theignorance of the process. By putting more heart into their career, thebeginners owe more possibilities to make discoveries.

Additionally,creativity may be the most obvious character differentiating the beginners fromexperts.
The beginners always hold a newsystem of developing knowledge and skills, while some experts seem to be tooconservative to obtain new information and perceptions. The new angels anddeveloped skills are incentives for beginners to explore something dissimilarwith the old findings, which make beginners present more creativity than theexperts. On the other hand, just as one old proverb in China says, the beginnersare afraid of nothing. Because they have no fame, no formed successful results,no high society position, they might not be so frightened by failures and unsuccessfulresearches as experts, which gives a path to make explorations with no afraid.

However, in mostcases experts still play a significant role in important discoveries. Theexperience they get for many years is the most valuable benefit they have,which cannot be competed with the beginners. Moreover, most discoveries arebased on a long period research and examination rather than a discovery bychance, which is impossible for the new. History is replete with such kind offacts: Edison invented the a lighting bulb after having more than 1000 failureswhich cost him 5 years; Einstein used 20 years to prove his most famous theory.In order to make preeminent discoveries, the experience could not be neglectedand even should be put in the first place in one experiment in many cases.

In summary, nomatter the beginners or the experts all have their own benefits and demerits inexploration and making breakthrough. The beginners' intelligence andcreativity, as well as the experts' experience are all the essential factorsfor a important discovery, without any one, one experiment might come to be afailing attempting.

TOPIC: ARGUMENT51- The following appeared in a medical newsletter.

"Doctors havelong suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healingquickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved bypreliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group ofpatients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor whospecializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout theirtreatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker thantypically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr.Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patientsbelieved they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was notsignificantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with musclestrain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of theirtreatment."
WORDS: 475
TIME: 00:30:00
DATE: 2009-2-24 20:32:56 !

In the analysis,the author recommends that all patients with muscle strain to take antibioticsas part of their treatment. To justify this conclusion, the author cites astudy which includes two groups’ patients and two different doctors, and indicatesthat the average recuperation time of the group with antibiotics is lower thanthe other. At first blush, the reasoning seems to be compelling; however, closescrutiny reveals that it suffers from several unfair assumptions and criticalflaws, rendering it unconvincing.

A thresholdproblem with their argument involves the statistical credibility of thesurvey's result. In order to assure an accurate conclusion of a study, thesample must be sufficient in size and representative of the overall populationof the patients with muscle strain. However, the author only provides theevidence that two groups are involved in the survey, while provides nothingmore about the survey. Lacking such evidence of a sufficiently representativesample, the author cannot justifiably rely on the study to draw any conclusionwhatsoever.

Additionally, eventhe number of the patients is sufficient and these patients are representative,the arguer unfairly claims that the quicker recuperation time of the former groupis the result of having antibiotics rather than some other phenomenon, thusignores other relevant factors that may influence the conclusion. The authormust account for alternative explanations. It is entirely possible that it isbecause the developed skills and better treatment of the Dr. Newland, makingthe first group heal quicker than the latter one. Or perhaps, the original levelsof severity of their muscle strain are not similar which may lead a contraryresult. The author must rule out other probable explanations for the quickerrecuperation time to make sound inference based on the survey. Otherwise, Icannot agree with the author's explicit claim.

Finally, even ifthe foregoing assumptions are justified, the author still unfairly assumes thatthe antibiotics are attributive to all the patients with muscle strain withoutdifferentiating the reasons and dimension of their hurts. As we know, the medicinemust be used and eaten by patients based on their certain conditionsrespectively, such as the illness' severity-level, the healthy situations, theages, and so forth. One kind of medicine might not be applied to some peopleeven it is available to most people. For that matter, the author cannot make aso hasty recommendation for all the patients.

In sum, theconclusion of the argument relies on a series of poor assumptions and unwarrantedclaims. To make it logically acceptable, the author should assure the design ofthe survey should be appropriate and the sample should be sufficient andrepresentative to make such a conclusion. Moreover, I will not suspend mysuspicion the credibility of the recommendation until the arguer can providemore information about the applicability of antibiotics for all patients withmuscle strain.

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firhaday
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沙发

发表于 2009-2-25 05:04:24 |只看该作者

The beginners always are much more interesting( have more interests) in the subjects(which subjects?) and more intelligent than others because of their aspirations for successful career(is there any connections between aspirations and intellgence? I cannot find out what you are talking about) . For that matter,they might be careful and cautious (even they are more talented, why they might be careful and cautious? Besides, cautious and careful are different words usually applied in different situations, for detailed information, pls look up in the google or wiki.)in the experiment and researches rendering discover something new more easily( Do you assume that as long as sb is careful about the experiment, he/she would make discovery? I do not think so. Even It is the truth, you did not provide me enough evidence to support that, Not to mention that it might not be the case.). On the contrary, the experts always are highly honored in some certain subject, it is the fame and pride that might lead carelessness in the program and hamper with their discoveries.( Really? Can you tell me some examples, without any detailed examples, I think it is just some words you just wrote for supporting you evidence, which without a solid background.) A compelling example involves(is) a large-scale research carried in one physical lab in my college. A key process of the experiment failed for several times, whichis designed by a famous professor in this area. At last, it is impossible forus to believe that this vital problem was solved by a doctor student of the professor, after he examined the process for several times and found the ignorance of the process.(用中文说下这个例子问题，首先我不抗拒列举身边的例子，但是，你这个例子你觉得有多少的可信度，如果这个时候，你在看这个例子是来自一个知名媒体出来的报道，你会怎么想？想想下真的由可信度么？） By putting more heart into their career, the beginners owe more possibilities to make discoveries. （其实还是漏观点了，你只是说明了老人的不能成功，那么老人不成功，新人就成功了么？可能你后文有写，但是偶还来不及看？如果有，那就太好了~呵呵~~~）

文章就看了一段，评点的有点“狠”，有些地方如果你觉得不合适，那么还希望你和我讨论，或者就索性多拉几个人一起讨论！加油~