*Saavedro* —【杨鹏GRE-GMAT难句】评讲 (GRE阅读难句辅助训练教程)
PREAMBLE
词汇,难句一直以来都是我们中国考生参加出国考试以来的最大障碍,据笔者统计,对于难句的恐惧尤胜词汇。因为词汇终究是死板的,而难句却令人感到悲痛莫名般的迷惑,更令人感到在云山雾罩的山林中一窥究竟却是如此之难!!!但是我们却又深深的感到如想战胜GRE,GMAT, LSAT等等这些高端英语考试的阅读理解部分的确需要我们每个受试者不仅具有雄厚的词汇量和词汇功底支撑,更重要的是那些句子所表达的那些深奥抽象且逻辑关系纷繁复杂的信息关系等等。因此当我们战胜了词汇后,如何在强大词汇量的基础上进一步提升阅读能力就成为了当前无法避免也难以回避的主要矛盾了。很多人都选择了力保填空和类比反义部分同时放弃阅读的战略目标。此方法不能说不对,因为像对于基础偏弱,单词掌握不佳加之考试准备时间相对较短的考生来说,力保前面的基础部分而有选择的放弃后面得分较难的阅读部分不失为良策,最后也可以取得较理想的成绩。 但是笔者认为很多人却将这种观点误解了,认为既然阅读放弃也可以得高分,那么索性我就放弃它。可是你错了。。。 你有充分的时间准备考试为什么要放弃你原本应该能够拿到的分数???这岂不是太可惜了??? 因此征服阅读并没有大家想象的那么困难,但是前提就是要有较为雄厚的基础实力。那么这样的雄厚实力究竟是什么呢? 笔者认为基础实力主要有两部分组成: 词汇+难句
词汇:首先纠正一直以来很多人对阅读词汇的误解: 误解一:我已经比较熟练背完《GRE词汇精选》(GRE红宝书了),我的词汇过关了,所以阅读应该没问题了,不复习都可以啦。 这是个典型的错误,而且很多人都有这种认识,认为红宝书代表一切,虽然红宝书在整个GRE备考中凸显出其绝对性的重要,但是对于阅读理解来说,红宝书的重要性远没有在填空和类比反义部分大。用我的话说,GRE阅读对于词汇的掌握的考察基本上没有超出过国内 CET-6 要求的基础6000词汇上,如果你希望词汇障碍上在小一些,基本上掌握8000的托福基础词汇也足够了。换句话说,只要你达到CET-6对于词汇的要求,并且熟练掌握6000基础词汇,那么你的词汇就不是你在GRE阅读上的主要障碍了。但是你忽视了一点:词汇在阅读里不代表一切。以上这种错误观念就是基于我们国内传统英语教育的结果,学生对于文章的掌握永远停留在孤立的词汇上,而不是句子和文章结构这个认识层次。 误解二:词汇量很大,阅读却不理想,相反有很多人词汇量只有四六级的水平,阅读能力却其高无比,怪异啊!!! 诡异啊!!! 不妨说,笔者就是这类人,当初笔者背完红宝书并到一个专业的国外测试词汇量的网站上测试自己的词汇水平,当看到自己的词汇量达到了13000+的时候,曾经自以为自己英语水平一日飞升千里。但当笔者找来一篇六级阅读和国内考研阅读理解看去的时候,情况却让笔者百思不得其解。稍微长一点的句子就看不懂了,稍微复杂的句子也看不懂了,里面的单词都是四级单词,很多四级单词凑在一起居然把一个红宝书背的烂熟的人难倒,这简直是荒天下之大谬!!! 但是当时的笔者却不知道这是为什么?后来随着慢慢的总结和学习,笔者发现真正阅读障碍不是词汇,而是句子。因为我被过多的强调了词汇在英语学习的重要性,所以竟天真的认为和汉语一样,词汇是一切的障碍,可以没有发现英语作为外语毕竟和母语不同,那能完全和母语学习等同来看???于是当笔者认识到这点后就完全正视这个问题---对于阅读文章的征服应该以句子为单位,而不是单词。
误解三:词汇和难句都基本搞定,阅读就应该差不多啦。。。 这虽然比较罕见,但是也是主流误区之一,在前面笔者说过了,词汇和难句只是你提升阅读能力的两个基础要素,当这两个条件你不具备或者只具备其一的话,你的提升会有一定的限制,而且会很厉害。但是当你突破这两个瓶颈后,你会发现你的阅读提升很快,可以达到常人的3-5倍左右。虽然你的基础实力很强了,但是这并不代表你的阅读就此可以停手了。请想想看:当你坐在高考考场中作答语文这个科目现代文阅读的时候的感受吧。汉语对你来说没有什么生词,抽象词和难句。但是结果呢?你一样会做错,甚至错很多。为什么??? 这不是很奇怪吗? 其实一点也不奇怪,GRE和高考语文一样,都已不再是语言能力的考试。你做不对题是因为你对文章没有理解透彻,没有达到出题者对你对文章理解的那个要求层次。所以你接下来要做的就是反复练习和总结GRE阅读北美NO题和国内考题。因为这时候语言已经基本不是制约你读文章做题的主要障碍了。 而我们这个教程就是要你基本突破这个目标---不再让语言成为制约你提升能力的主要障碍。 难句: 练习难句的目的是什么? 练习难句的目的就是让我们能够迅速一遍读懂那些长句子和那些在文章中起重要作用的句子---出题点和信息涉及的句子。这样会有两个好处。第一:你的阅读速度能够大幅度提升。 第二:征服长难句为你的阅读提升打下良好基础。让你信心百倍的迎接GRE的挑战。 如果感觉练习GRE难句吃力,我应该怎么办? 这恐怕是刚刚考完四六级考生最大的问题,由于他们刚刚完成国内的英语考试,突然见到了GRE这种”变态“的英语阅读,难免感到惊慌失措。所以笔者的建议是首先用国内英语考研阅读长难句作为过渡练习资料,使用考研难句练习一段时间后,水平会提升,然后再转到GRE难句就会感觉舒服很多。 本教程如何使用? 笔者在杨鹏老师的《GRE&&GMAT阅读难句教程》的基础上又编写了这个简易版的难句教程,旨在帮助更多的考生一起和笔者度过这次10G难关。由于笔者背单词比较早,而且难句训练也是今年年初就开始了,所以对于背单词和难句训练颇有体悟,所以拿来和大家共享。对于没有时间看杨鹏老师难句的朋友们,可以看笔者这个简易版教程。同时请一定认真阅读杨鹏老师难句书中前言和前三章的理论经验部分,那个对于指导你训练难句是非常有帮助的。也就是说教你不要在以传统的四六级英语模式来审视GRE,因为这根本是两种不同的考试。本教程以连载的形式定期更新,请大家及时关注最新动态。同时本教程为【GRE笔试高分全能突破研究组】的制定难句训练教材之一。 本教材特色是什么? 本教材一改之前的难句教程,加入了特色的难句DIY训练自测部分,由笔者本人和寄托天下--GRE作文区版主草木也知愁共同撰写和搜集相关难度的难句作为大家DIY难句和训练自测的理想材料。 其中句子结构和GRE难句相仿,但是词汇难度降低很多,主要为词汇尚未完全过关的朋友考虑。帮助他们在背单词的同时也把阅读难句搞定,使得词汇和难句这两个基础工作同时完成,助他们顺利完成通过GRE备考的前期,同时为中期和后期备考打下良好实力基础和素质。
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一 1. The sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of decedents an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. 本人看法:本句之所以难以理解是因为ETS对这句话做了如下的加工,第一将修饰成分(定语从句后置到宾语之后,事实上这个定语which的从句是说sex ratio的,杨鹏说这是倒装,我以为这算是友好的倒装,没有起到牛倒装的境界,因此不说倒装也罢。)其次是这句话有并列省略成分,个人认为这是对我们中国考生最大的威胁,首先是两个the number of 的并列,中间还有hence一个单词做插入语成分(基本没有打岔的影响)但是本人初读难句的时候竟然将gene copies transmitted反应成主谓语的感觉,呵呵,那还是老早前的事了,事实上transmitted在这里不是动词过去式,而是分词做形容词用。是说可传递的基因复制份数。 这句话ETS没有特别难为我们,如果要我故意来写的话,我还会省略,我会这么说:The sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of decedents an individual will have and hence of(这个of不能省略,省略语法上就出错了。) gene copies transmitted. 这样写就更加变态了,我连后面的number of也给省略了。 2. Hardy's weakness derives from his apparent inability to control the comings and goings of those divergent impulses and from his unwillingness to cultivate and sustain the energetic and risky ones. 这句话没说的,没什么难度,主要是注意并列关系 derive from (derive from )后面的第二个from前省略了(derive)其他的基本上没有难度,如果看不懂就是这里的抽象词对你来说多了点,不过基本都是四六级词汇。所以不多说了。 3. Virginia Woolf's provocative statement about her intention in writing Mrs., Dalloway has regularly ignored by critics, since it highlights an aspect of his literary interests very different from the traditional pictures of poets of novelists concerned with examining state of reverie and vision and with following the intricate pathway of individual conscientiousness. 这句话还是有一定难度的,难度主要体现在由since引导的原因状语从句,后面的结构十分复杂,主语是it 谓语是highlight 宾语是aspect of后面都是修饰成分,阅读的时候可以速读,掠过去,不要求重点理解,这个可以看后面的翻译,如果你在读中文的时候,快速理解这句话,这些成分也一定是略去或者是做不重要的处理,这到不是说你在读中文的时候要刻意的来想什么成分要重视看,什么成分可以省去不看或者略看,主要是汉语对我们来说太敏感了,母语吗,但是读英语的时候我们却不能这样,这是因为我们没有那么敏感,哪么怎么才能敏感呢?一定要加强语感,就是杨鹏说的,这种句子要反复读,读熟,读烂,直到朗朗上口的背出来!!! 4. As she put it in The Common Reader, it is safely to say that not a single law has been framed or one stone set upon another because of anything Chaucer said and wrote, as we read him, we are absorbing the morality at every pore. 在写之前先回答组长草木也知愁的对这句话的一个疑问,as we read him,是怎么回事?其实这个很正常,As不仅可以引导名词性成分作状语,还可以引导句子做状语,就像开始As she put it in...一样。 这句话同样的结构在第十句话也有 such....... as have been demonstrated in nerve cells. 这里是一样的,这种结构组长只要多读慢慢就会接受的。 5. With the conclusion of a burst of activity, the lactic acid level is high in body fluid, leaving a large animal vulnerable to attack until the acid is reconverted, via oxidative metabolism, by liver into glucose, which is sent (in part) back to the muscles for glycogens re-synthesis. 我在默写这句话的时候看了两次书,一次是oxidative忘了怎么拼写了,再一个是glycogen(肝糖原)不会写。但是这句话依然让我有疑问,不是句子是她说的内容,我怎么记得返回肌肉的是肌糖原呢?不过前面说从肝脏出来,然后在返回肝脏,我怎么不知道呢?高中生物我可学的是很不错的啊。晕。。难道我都忘了~~~~ 郁闷ING中~~~~~~~~ 说一说这句话,其实这句话主要是词汇比较生疏,专有名词太多了,结构上没有什么复杂的,主句其实就是the lactic acid level is high in body fluid 这句话主要是状语比较多,起到了修饰限制的作用,前面With 引导的伴随状语,然后leaving动名词引导状语之后又有until的时间状语 via介词引导状语 by介词引导状语(都是方式状语)最后对这两个介词进行which的非限定性定语修饰,which 说前面这些都是要被返送回肌肉中去做肝糖原的重合成。 6 Although Gutman admits that the forced separation by sales were frequent, he shows that the slaves' preference, revealed most clearly on the plantations where the sales were infrequent, was very much for stable monogamy. 这句话如果没有了中间的那段插入语,就等于废品一句了。 revealed most clearly on the plantations where the sales were infrequent。主要是这个插入语太讨厌了,初读难句的人可能会把reveal理解成谓语,但是读到后面was very much for stable monogamy的时候大脑发生混乱不工作了。 这句话还有一个难点就是前面说的sales frequent 和 infrequent容易把人搞乱,但是根据Although的让步状语我们应该能够判断前面说force separation frequent,后面就一定说infrequent,具体表现就是for stable monogamy,有了稳定的一夫一妻制,这里的sales也很infrequent。在这里问一下组长的polygamy问题,黑人奴隶不知道对这个问题怎么看待? 7 Gutman argues convincingly that the stability of Black family encouraged the transmission of --so was crucial in sustaining-- Black heritage of music, folklore, and the religious expression from one generation to another, a heritage that slaves were continually fashioning out of their American-African experiences. 本句难度主要体现在--so was crucial in sustaining--这个插入语,不过还好,ETS还算友好,用hyphen帮我们标注出来了,对于两个逗号的插入语我还不大熟悉,有时候不会意识到。本句的修饰成分主要是几个介词频繁出现引导修饰成分,所以颇为可恶,of, from 等等。不过还不是致命的,多读读就好了,这个没什么的啦。 8 The preference of exogamy, Gutman suggests, may derive from West-African rules governing marriage, which, though they differed from one group to another, all involves some kind of prohibition against unions with close kin. 这句话在我看来没什么难度,不知道为什么被选做难句来,这话要是出现在四六级考研阅读中可能还要拿出来说说,GRE里这句话基本上没有难度。要是说的话,就是 rules 后面的动名词修饰--管理婚姻的法令。 9 His thesis works relatively well, when applied to discrimination against the Blacks in the Unite State, but his definition of racial prejudice as" racially-based negative prejudgment against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition" interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as Chinese in California and Jews in the medieval Europe. 这句话很有名气了,我曾经在一本四级阅读长难句的书中看到过这句话,那本书叫:四级长难句分析(文都教育-蓝色的)当时看的时候没有感觉到,后来看完杨鹏难句再去看这本书的时候,惊奇的发现里面有60%的句子都是杨鹏难句中GRE和GMAT的,先说说杨鹏书中说的一句话:“自从我出了这本书后,引来一片难句风潮,先是四六级,后来是雅思阅读。”估计其中就是针对这本书说的(可能是---其中之一)因为我推断了一下两本书的出版时间,才这么断定的,再加上这其中重复很多,基本上都是从杨鹏这里抄袭来的。呵呵 另外四级考生去读GRE-GMAT难句,合适吗?这么做会吓到他们的,这书出的实在有点残念。 这句话难度基本上集中在but后面," racially-based negative prejudgment against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition“不易理解,当然阅读的时候即使不理解这句话也没事。 10 Such variations in size, shape, chemistry, conduction of speed, excitation threshold and like as had been demonstrated in nerve cells remain negligible in significance for any possible correlation with manifold dimensions of mental experiences. 这句话难度主要是such as结构,Such中间成分太多,名词并列 and like=and so on 后面as 引导从句可能会有不少认为句子谓语是had been demonstrated 那就错了,这只是 such as 中的成分,怎么能做谓语?谓语是 remain 然后就是for后面的东西不要理解,但是不要紧,我们只要理解到前面就够了,不信的话你去读读中文翻译,你会发现for后面成分在读中文的时候你也会是去略读甚至不读的。因此我们训练难句就要为了达到这种语感,什么时候读英文的时候会像汉语一样自己靠强烈的语感和直觉来判断什么地方应该详细读,什么地方略读甚至不读,而这一切要在下意识的情况下反映出来,你的语感就很强了,那时候摆脱语法的束缚,和作者思想神交~~~ 这也是杨鹏说提倡的英文阅读最高境界。让我们一同去努力达到!!! 11. It is possible to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among the neuron types; however, proof was lacking that the quality of the impulses or its conditions was influenced by these differences, which seems instead to influence the developmental patterning of the neural circuits.
这句话中有两个难点,第一是一个倒装,to demonstrate by other methods refined structural differences among the neuron types
ETS将by other methods by后的方式状语提前到不定式宾语的前面,正常的语序应该是 to demonstrate refined structural differences among the neuron types by other methods. 因此读者读的时候会感觉有些别扭。因为我们总是习惯to do 后面等待do的宾语出现。但是出现的确实by引导的一个状语。但是语感好的同学应该能够感觉到这句话没有说完。因此当读到refined structural differences的时候就知道这里就是to demonstrate的宾语,另外我记得杨鹏难句后面有一句话也是涉及了这个问题。那句话被杨鹏誉为:集英语各种语法现象之大成的一句话。 本句的第二个难点在于 which seems。。。。引导的定语从句,很多同学读到这里的时候已经快晕菜了,但是一定要坚持下去。后面还有一个对differences的修饰成分,不习惯的原因主要还是习惯问题。汉语修饰在前,英语在后,我们大脑不熟悉这种思维形式导致混乱,因此最好的办法还是多读,读熟,甚至背下来。在背诵的时候我们不仅提高了我们对英语的敏感,更重要的是帮助我们练就了这种语言思维,而这才是最精髓的东西,只知一味背单词和背短语的人所永远不能体会到的。
12. Although qualitative variance among the nerve energies was never rigidly disproved, the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely, that the nerve impulses are essentially homogenous in quality and are transmitted as a "common currency" throughout the nervous system.
本句难点不用说都会知道是 never rigidly disproved 双重否定。这个问题我们在处理阅读的时候和理解的时候,如果对英语没有很强的敏感能力,是很容易出现大脑溜号的情况发生的。但是根据逻辑我们可以轻松理解,(在没有语感的情况下)首先负负得正,never disproved合并同类项抵消后出现的是prove就是证明的意思,之前又出现 rigidly(注意在抵消的时候这个词也要发生变化,这是因为你去掉了dis后,这个副词修饰的那个动词,他自己也应该去掉dis--也就是变成dis-rigidly 也就是非严格意义上的。。。)一个副词,可见是修饰prove的,因此我们可以理解成,尽管。。。。。。。。。。被(非严格意义上的)证明(认可)了 ----这前句话我用逻辑演绎帮助加深理解,但是杨鹏提倡还是要练出语感,这种逻辑推理只是在万般无奈的情况下才能用,也就是不用死活搞不懂意思。当然了,如果我们同学没患有dyslexia的话,我们还是要尽力培养语感和对英语的敏感度。这种东西完全可以当作抽象词一类的东西解决,前提是你必须有很强的英语敏感度。
13. Other experiments revealed slight variations in the size, number, arrangment, and interconnection of the nerve cells, but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, the obvious similarities of these sensory fields to each other seemed much more remarkable than any of minute differences.
这句话似乎没有什么太值得说的地方,如果读不懂的话,可能是专有名词比较多,但是大意还是应该不难理解的,唯一要说的是but as far as psychoneural correlations were concerned, 这里做插入语。但是却丝毫起不到打岔的作用,因此不说也罢。个人认为这句话没有必要背诵。只需要熟读就可以了。另外,这里的修饰稍微复杂一点,但是其实还是介词of 和to(注意这里不是不定式)的复合修饰。这种结构多读就可以了,其实主词还是the obvious similarities 谓语是 seemed 宾语是much more remarkable&*^*%^&$%^
14. Although some experiments show that, as an object becomes more familiar, its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel, the weight of evidence seems to support the serial hypothesis, at least for the object that are not notably familiar and simple.
本句话的难点主要集中在插入语as an object becomes more familiar上,割断了宾语从句show that。。。。后的部分,这里是说,随着一个物体对于我们人类认识变得更加熟悉时,我们从试验中发现的是内部表征变得更加的holistic ....说道这里,holistic这个单词不是GRE红宝书出现的单词,更不会是四六级词汇书里出现的词汇,考GRE的考生应该知道GRE要求我们的词汇量其实就是三本书:四级词汇(包含了高中词汇和初中词汇)六级词汇 GRE词汇精选(红宝书)(包含了TOEFL词汇),除此之外的其他词汇我们基本上不认识。但是这个单词不属于上述任何一个书籍收录词汇的范围。因此使我们不认识的词汇,但是如果对结构非常敏感的同学会发现这句话其实是一个省略句,请看:its internal representation becomes more holistic and the recognition process correspondingly more parallel。中间由and连接的两个分句,后面的分句因为谓语和前面becomes相同,故而被省略,因此根据我们做GRE填空我们可以知道,这是黄颀的细节大法中--三位一体战术所倡导的,按照结构也应该知道 more holistic= more parallel,因此holistic=parallel 虽然这两个词不完全意义上等价,但是我们能够理解到这里就完全够了,毕竟这不是在考英语文学,不影响大致意思理解即可。理解到这里后面的题目已经完全能够有能力做对了。
15 In a large part as a consequence of feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention in recent year on determining more accurately the status of women in various periods.
这句话虽然从长度上来说根本就不应该算作长难句的横列,但是想要理解他的意思却也不是特别容易。这里主要是出现了我们比较烦人的一种英语语法--倒装,本句话出现了两处倒装。第一处是:have focused a great deal of attention in recent year on determining 先说说这里的结果,我们熟悉focus on这个短语,是将A集中于B上。可以说集中精力,力量,能源等等。。。但是这句话的focus on中间加入了a great deal of attention分裂了这个结构,这个还不算致命,后面in recent year on determining是一个倒装,正确语序应该是 historians have focused a great deal of attention on determing in recent year ,这里之所以要倒装无非就是为了强调in recent year这个时间状语罢了。另外后面还有一个倒装,这个倒装比较致命,而且理解起来也有一定难度。就是 more accurately the status of &*&(*&^(* 正确的语序应该是将这个移到全句的最后。因此这句话全部正确的语序,(也是最好理解的语序是):In a large part as a consequence of feminist movement, historians have focused a great deal of attention on determining the status of women in various periods more accurately in recent year.
16. If one begins by examining why ancients refer to the Amazons, it becomes clear that ancient Greek descriptions of such societies were meant not so much to represent the observed historic fact--real Amazons--, but rather to offer "moral lesson" on the supposed outcome of women's rule in their own societies.
本句有如下难点,第一:If 引导的条件状语从句中by后面引导的成分做begin的宾语,这一点和我们一般所看到的句子不大一样,因为我们看到的by习惯当作状语处理,后面why引导的从句做examine的宾语,实际就是一个介宾结构,只不过后面是一个句子罢了。不习惯这种结构的多读然后背下来即可。第二:were meant实际就是mean的被动语态,意为:意味着,或者是:说明体现了。。。 第三:on the supposed outcome 其中supposed其实就是:可能的,假设的的意思。本句话与其说结构上难,倒不如说词汇上难度更大,倒不是说生词多,主要是熟词僻意和词汇使用灵活,当然这也体现出了这句话的作者对于英文凌驾能力之强。
17. Thus, for instance, it may come as a shock to mathematician to learn that the SCHRODINGER equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literary correct description of its atom, but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects; and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations.
这句话难度主要集中在词汇上,专有名词非常之多,我背的时候花了半天的功夫,专有词汇多的非常恶心,还有这句话结构也比较特殊。
先说说难点:1.难点主要集中在这里 but only an approximation to a somewhat more correct equation taking account of spin, magenetic dipole, and relativistic effects,这句话中to后面并不是不定式,to只是普通的介词,表示目的或结果。因此这句话就是说只是一个近似结果用来作为一个稍微正确的等式来考虑(衡量) spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic effects(全都是物理专有名词,阅读的时候扫过去就行了,不必过多费心。)
2. 这句话还有一个隐藏的难点请看这里: ;and that this corrected equation is itself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of quantum field-theoretical equations. 大家注意到了 and前面有一个分号,后面是that。现在问题出来了这个and是何谁并列的?放在这里有什么用?这个问题请大家要仔细思考。通过看后面的that我们知道一定是和前面 it may come as a shock to mathematician to learn that 这里并列的,因此作为在这里出现的;and that 我们就应该知道这是一个省略句,省略的就是前面的这个:it may come as a shock to mathematician to learn 因此在理解的时候我们要知道对于; and that后面的部分也是令数学家感到震惊的,就可以了。
18. The physicists rightly dreads the precise argument, since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumption on which it is based slightly changed, whereas the argument that is convincing through imprecise may well be stable under small perturbations of underlying assumptions.
这句话是一句经典的难句,虽然不是很长,但是难度却可以说达到了一个相当的高度,但是这句话不是所有的部分都难,难点主要集中在这里:since an argument that is convincing only if it is precise loses all its force if the assumption on which it is based slightly changed, since引导的愿意状语从句结构十分复杂,首先我们分部来说,that从句是argument的定语 only if it is precise是条件状语从句,由only if来引导的,是对convincing的一个条件限定,是说只有在是精确的情况下那个argument才可信。后面出现的lose才是这个从句的真正谓语动词,是说在前面那一坨的情况下:一个争论只有它精确才可信。将会失去所有力量(论证力量)后面又出现了一个if条件从句,on which是介词+which结构做assumption的定语(注意这里将base on的 on提前到which,这是书面正式英语的习惯写法。)修饰assumption后面的changed才是if从句的谓语。 因此我们可以看到这句话主要是条件从句的反复重合,这一点有点像C语言的if条件句嵌套,虽然计算机能很快无误识别,但是没有那么强英语语感的我们确实有很大难度去这么做,因此这类句子把结构模仿下来后,自己造5-10个句子,然后反复读,直到背下来即可。其实这不是语言本身现象,它反映了美国人的思维模式形态,我们的目的就是要去尽力熟悉模仿它。
19. However, as they gained cohesion, the Bluestockings come to regard themselves as a "women group" and to possess a strong sense of female solidarity lacking in SALONNIERS, who remained isolated from one another by primacy each hold in her own salon.
这句话的难度主要集中在两处,其它部分没有什么问题。第一点是:一个并列 come to........ and to.... 这个小并列对于训练过前10多句难句的我们来说不是什么难事,另外一处是 female solidarity lacking in #$%*^%%, 这里lacking动名词来继续修饰solidarity,正好引出作者的一个观点就是这种妇女团间在SALONNITERS里正好是缺乏的。然后用who引导的同位语从句来做说明。
20. As my own studies have advanced, I have been increasingly impressed with the functional similarity between insect and vertebrate societies and less so with the structural differences that seem, at the first glance, to constitute such an immense gulf between them.
这句话难点基本上不是很大,但是有两出我要说一下,第一处是一个省略在这里 increasingly impressed with .........less so with ....... 就是当大家读到less so with的时候,语感不是很好的同学可能会迷茫,不知道这里less...是怎么回事,其实还是ETS在捣鬼,因为他给这句话做了省略,我把这里补充完全应该是 I have been increasingly impressed with...........and I have been less so impressed with.........
大家看到了,前面说increasingly 后面说less 实际上是取反。就是说作者开始越来越受到A的影响而不再是B。
另外这句话后面还有一个插入语,that seem, at the first glance, to constitute&%^&$%^#%%$%#%$#%@& 插入语起到了干扰作用,这里插入语是两个逗号隔开,不是分号加大了难度,我们也许不是很轻松的看出来,但是在于这个插入语还算短,我们还是可以接受的。
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难句DIY:
1. Nowadays, immense amount of parents and vast majority of experts come to believe that strengthening and boosting children learning or participating diverse kinds of education are indeed from various aspects that are making invaluable for all their lifetime, taking basic education as an unique course for their adolescent period for granted.
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8. While it is true and legitimate for the speaker's point of his contention to support that mere heroes or heroines of
populace's agreement can manifest genuine character of our community, yet, in a not dissimilar way, we cannot
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[ 本帖最后由 saavedro 于 2008-8-28 02:52 编辑 ] |