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walkboy
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电梯直达

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发表于 2011-10-9 19:24:58 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

The molecules of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength, infrared emissions radiated from the Earth’s surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice. Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the last hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature, and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes. Under present conditions a temperature of-18℃ can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude (called the radiating level), the temperature increases by about 6℃ per kilometer approaching the Earth’s surface, where the average temperature is about 15℃. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increases, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise. One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature by 2.5℃. This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be absorbed and reradiated back to the Earth’s surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth’s reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature.

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construction of the mathematical model [color= ]&d(s.YZ YBP@jt3dk
mentioned in the passage involved the [color= ](}0?^%w9@ l4M8QWnq
formulation of which of the following?[color= ]7Sm'A#Wt,| ~t\
(A) An assumption that the amount of carbon
dioxide added to the atmosphere would [color= ]"n{9Sf mn
in reality steadily increase[color= ]t uq,\:S/w ^

(B) An assumption that human activities are the [color= ]x-r8X^V
only agencies by which carbon dioxide is [color= ]d"Vc9H9d'f
added to the atmosphere [color= ]7a b4R(c8Y9y!E8q+?

(C) Assumptions about the social and political [color= ]V!K0X ^;vpOq.m8y
consequences of any curtailment of the [color= ]st!C/g{8Sd U
use of fossil fuels

(D) Assumptions about the physical conditions [color= ]a };p-v?]9z
that are likely to prevail during the period for which the model was made

(E) Assumptions about the differential behavior [color= ]Aof carbon dioxide molecules at the [email=u4@0^/l%UHvarious]various[/email] levels of temperature calculated [color= ]!olin the model

答案是D，看不懂什么意思啊？

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linacre
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沙发

发表于 2011-10-9 22:06:17 |只看该作者

This model assumes that the atmosphere’s relative humidity remains constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of 6.5℃ per kilometer. The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths.