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发表于 2011-9-20 12:07:52 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

Anthropology:
Gypsies

Listen to part of lecture in an anthropology class.
Today I would like to discuss an interesting group of some nomadic people called the Gypsies. A roaming cultural group called the Dom, led they lies in India and nowadays has became known as the Gypsies.
Through recording dating from as far back as 16centry, we know the Dom performed various specialized jobs such as basket making, metal working, and fortune telling, by travelling a circuit through several small villages each year.
The word Gypsy can be found in several other languages such as Germen, French, Italian, and Hungarian. Currently, the earliest recording of Gypsies in Europe dated 1068, were found in a monastery in Greece. These recording document events took place in the Constantinople in the year 1050. For the next 200 years, the gypsies wandered southwest into Arabia and north Africa northwest into the byzantine empire, and finally established themselves in southern Balkan countries such as Serbia, Moldavia, and Bulgaria and Hungary before 1300. After Kublai Khan's death in 1294, the Mongolian empire began its decline and the boarders began to move east, thereby, reducing pressure on the Europe and allowing the gypsies to expand more rapidly than the previous 200 years. They entered the modern-day Yugoslavia before 1362and covered the Balkans by 1400. The 14 and 15centries proved to be good times and full of happiness for the gypsies. Before the conquest of the Ottoman Turks the gypsies lived in
Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania. These happy days would soon came to an end. Because the Turkish invasions, some gypsies were forced into Venetian territories such as Crete and Corfu. Fortunately, there annual dues rose along with the increase in population in Corfu. When an increase in population annual income came an independent area of land in 1470 ruled by a lord named Michael de Hugot, who lasted until the 19th century. Unfortunately, the gypsies and in the Balkans were not quite as lucky. Although they had important jobs, such as blacksmiths, locksmiths and tinsmiths and were the basically middle class, the government declared them slaves to prevent them from escaping. These gypsies could be sold, exchanged or given away, and any man or woman who married gypsy became slaves too. They were finally emancipated in the 19 century. Before the 15 century, the gypsies were known as quiet, shy and not very organized. They also seemed hesitant to travel into western Europe. This all changed over a 20 years period beginning in 1417. During this time, they began to move in a purposeful way toward western Europe
and even began to call attention to themselves. Various gypsy groups began to display some unity of action and connection with each other through telling different stories. Some say the Turkish invasion of the Balkans in the early 1400 led to this bizarre behavior. Once the invasion was over, the gypsies themselves likely wouldn’t have been affected in a long run under Turkish rule because the Turks believed in leaving civilian populations free as long as they paid taxes to them. However, the gypsies may have moved toward western Europe because some of the gypsy leaders could not serve under the Turks due to their great loss of power under Turkish rule. The reason behind the change is unclear but the gypsies began to move into the central Europe in great numbers, but not without causing some problems.
Some gypsies falsely claimed to be Egyptian, and some claimed they were Christians left to roam the countryside as a form of absolution for their sin of ignoring their religion. These lies allowed them to collect food, money and letters of protection from a city and then they would continue to the next town using the same lies. By 1427, the gypsies had travelled through Germany, Brussels, Holland, Rome, Spain and Pairs.
By this time, many of the leaders caught on to the gypsies thefts and lies and began banning them.
They were also recordings of gypsies in the British Isles, Norway, Finland, and Siberia.

Hungarian 匈牙利的
monastery 修道院 Constantinople 君士坦丁堡
Balkan 巴尔干半岛
Serbia 塞尔维亚

Moldavia 摩尔多瓦 Bulgaria 保加利亚
Kublai Khan 忽必烈
Yugoslavia 南斯拉夫
Thrace 色雷斯

Macedonia 马其顿
Venetian 威尼斯
Crete 克里特岛

Corfu
科浮岛

Brussels
布鲁塞尔
the British Isles
大不列颠

Siberia
西伯利亚

红色为错误，蓝色为拼写错误，绿色为丢失部分

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