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[问答] 4.17吴中东阅读：神经生理学部分问题讨论 [复制链接]

天薇凉
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电梯直达

楼主

发表于 2013-4-17 11:08:40 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

今天早上看了神经生理学的8篇文章。2篇短的，6篇长文。好几篇都是36套有改编的做起来没有那么吃力。

现在有一个结构题的表述问题需要请教大家一下
真题C32（C9202中国考区）
第五题问结构：问题是A,D的区别
A说.a specific case is presented, its details are analyzed, and a conclusion is drawn from it.
D说. an observation is made, specifics are provided to support it, and a generalization is derived.

我当时觉得A,D表达的意思是差不多的，
解析说generalization指普遍原理？

请教大家一下这道题怎么弄出来的？
谢谢~~~

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天薇凉
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沙发

发表于 2013-4-17 15:54:57 |只看该作者

呼呼顶一下~~~
下次有问题的时候把截图弄下来~~

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天薇凉
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板凳

发表于 2013-4-17 19:25:35 |只看该作者

呼呼再顶一下。

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天薇凉
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地板

发表于 2013-4-18 10:31:52 |只看该作者

TT再顶上去

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holydora
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5楼

发表于 2013-7-23 22:13:07 |只看该作者

本帖最后由 holydora 于 2013-7-24 20:35 编辑

这题你后来弄懂了没有？
我做的GRE真题，上面给的答案是D，吴的上面答案是A，我觉得D好些。

贴下第一段，期待更多的回复……

The more that is discovered about the intricate organization of the nervous system, the more it seems remarkable that genes can successfully specify the development of that system. Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 1011 neurons should occupy, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. For such reasons, we can assume that there must be an important random factor in neural development, and in particular, that errors must and do occur in the development of all normal brains.

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petiteZoe
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6楼

发表于 2014-8-16 11:50:14 |只看该作者

我也提问一个：吴中东的C85-2
这道题第一遍做选了a，第二遍做选了b，看书上的解释也没有很懂。。。

This passage was most likely excerpted from
(A) a diary kept by a practicing neurobehavioral researcher
(B) a newspaper article on recent advances in the biochemistry of learning
(C) a technical article on experimental techniques in the field of molecular biology
(D) an article summarizing a series of scientific investigations in neurobehavioral research
(E) a book review in a leading journal devoted to genetic research

如果有同学做过求帮忙解答！！！谢谢哈！

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sherry_luo
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7楼

发表于 2014-8-17 09:29:05 |只看该作者

本帖最后由 sherry_luo 于 2014-8-17 09:45 编辑

同楼上某个筒子，我也觉得是D
第一段由一个现象：gene contains too little information for neural development引出一个猜想：error must occur。这个感觉不能理解成specific case吧？？？
最后一段我理解是一个generalization。如果是conclusion的话，我认为前面几段应该全部是对末段conclusion （trade-off）的论证，但前面几段我觉得只是介绍了imprecision和developmental mistakes的区别而已，在最后一段才开始论证那个trade-off。

附：原文

The more that is discovered about the intricate organization of the nervous system, the more it seems remarkable that genes can successfully specify the development of that system. Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human’s 1011 neurons should occupy, let alone the hundreds of connections that each neuron makes. For such reasons, we can assume that there must be an important random factor in neural development, and in particular, that errors must and do occur in the development of all normal brains.
The most vivid expression of such errors occurs in genetically identical (isogenic) organisms. Even when reared under the same conditions, isogenic organisms are rarely exact copies of one another, and their differences have revealed much about the random variations that result from an organism’s limited supply of genetic information. In isogenic Daphniae, for example, even though the position, size, and branching pattern of each optic neuron are remarkably constant, there is some variability in connectivity, and the number of synapses varies greatly. This variability is probably the result of random scatter beyond the resolution of genetic control and is best termed “imprecision,” since its converse, the degree of clustering about a mean, is conventionally, called “precision.”
Imprecision should be distinguished from developmental mistakes: wrongly migrated neurons, incorrect connections, and the like. To use a computer analogy, minor rounding-off errors occur universally and are analogous to imprecision, but occasionally a binary digit is incorrectly transmitted, perhaps ruining a calculation, and this incorrect transmission is analogous to a developmental mistake. Thus, imprecision is a form of inaccuracy inherent within the limits of design, but mistakes are forms of gross fallibility.
Both imprecision and gross fallibility can plausibly be blamed on the insufficiency of genetic information, since either could be reduced by adding more information. It is universally accepted among information theorists that codes and languages can be made mistake-resistant by incorporating redundancy. However, since the amount of space available in any information system is limited, increased redundancy results in decreased precision. For example, π when written incorrectly in English, “three point oen four two, “can be understood correctly even though a typographical error has occurred. More precision could be gained, however, if those 24 spaces were filled with Arabic numerals; then π could be expressed to 23 significant digits, although any error would significantly change the meaning. There exists a trade-off, the more precisely a system is specified, using a given limited amount of information, the greater the danger of gross mistakes. The overall scheme by which genetic information is rationed out in organisms, therefore, must involve a compromise between two conflicting priorities: precision and the avoidance of gross mistakes.
17.Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) Although studies of isogenic organisms have shown that all organisms are subject to developmental variations, there is still scientific debate over the exact causes of these variations.
(B) Because of limitations on the amount of information contained in the genes of organisms, developing nervous systems are subject to two basic kinds of error, the likelihood of one of which is reduced only when the likelihood of the other is increased.
(C) The complexity of an organism’s genetic information means that much of the unusual variation that occurs among organisms can best be explained as the result of developmental mistakes.
(D) New findings about the nature of the genetic control of neural development support the work of some scientists who argue that the computer is an extremely useful model for understanding the nervous system.
(E) The major discovery made by scientists studying the genetic control of neural development is that both imprecision and gross developmental error can be traced to specific types of mutations in specific genes.

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sherry_luo
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8楼

发表于 2014-8-17 09:43:52 |只看该作者

petiteZoe 发表于 2014-8-16 11:50
我也提问一个：吴中东的C85-2
这道题第一遍做选了a，第二遍做选了b，看书上的解释也没有很懂。。。

A肯定不可能，diary写成这样？
B不正确的原因是biochemistry原文都说了这是一个神经科学范畴的文章，只不过用的是biochem的方法罢了
Cmolecular biology错误，是neuroscience范畴
D正确本文总结了一系列实验（从puromycin失败，到后面一系列药物失败）
E错误 genetic research错误

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