【Arg的常规思路和写法】
以我的第一篇Arg为例吧。(https://bbs.gter.net/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=515933)
记得当时我是听了东方的网络课堂,又认真看了一些版上的材料,毕恭毕敬地写出了我的AW第一篇。摘录我的两个TS:First of all, the arguer commits the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. Another problem that undermines the argument is the "false analogy". 怎么样,血统够纯正的吧?
我也确实发现了一大部分网友也是这种写法(几乎是全部),暂且称之为“基于错误的写法”。无外乎找个错误形成一段,段首说作者犯了某某错误,然后解释一下这个错误,接下来举反例,最后总结一下。大家备考也几乎都是从“Arg典型错误”,“Arg七宗罪”等开始的。
看到这里,大家可能会说,你说的我们全都知道,我们平时分析问题大体也是这样的啊。嗯,如果说纯粹思路上来说,差不多是这个套路,至多全面了一点。但我想说的是,既然大家都知道这种分析的思路,为什么不表达出来呢?ETS强调“Analyze the line of reasoning”,我们如果顺着“line”去分析不是更好吗?
所以我的看法是,我们或许可以用以上三种“Arg推理思路”来统领“Arg经典错误”,也就是说形式上用“line of reason”来架构,里面照样用我们的经典错误去填充,这样是不是更加自然,而不会像the arguer commits the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy这样突兀呢?而且上下文的联系也紧密得多。
这样说可能有点抽象,我举个例子吧。
经典的“错误类比”我们可以划分两块来写:
一、A的方法值得效仿?(这块属于上面三种的因果类)
Are the measures A takes worthy to imitate?
首先,A真的取得好效果了?(上文的1.2)
To answer this question, we should first ask that (does A indeed obtain good results after they ...?
其次,就算取得好效果,是A带来的吗(1.3)
Even if A has a good outcome, is it ... that leads to ...?
可能是其他因素导致的
Anyway, I agree that it is highly possible that A works well, however, it is also might be the case that.../ many other facts could also bring about the same result ](或者我们这里干脆就用八股的"after this, therefore because of this"来批驳,这时候出来显得自然很多)
二、在本地也有效?(这块属于上面三种的无理要求)
Granted that the strategy is effective in A, is it necessarily applicable to B?
Unfortunately, the arguer does not provide any evidence whether the two situation/regions are similar enough to justify the analogical deduction. In fact, there may exist much dissimilarity. ...
强调差异性:
1)可能已经做了(或者做得更好),所以这个不是造成...的主要原因/做...是无用的(上文的3.3)
Perhaps ... is already better than ..., [and... is not primarily responsible for.../ and... is useless to ...So, in this case there is no need to do it again.
2)即使做了,但是由于其他跟B地差异,还是导致无法达到预期(3.2)
我们甚至可以在两块之间加上一句“Having examine the above question, we can better answer this one:....”来使上下文更连贯,思维更严密。
其他各种错误也可以这样自然地融入到这种“基于推理的写法”中,而我常用的是用问句来表达这种line,大家当然也可以尝试用其他各种方式来写。