[资料] 新托福阅读满分解题密码系列——summary题型（三） [复制链接]

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发表于 2007-6-29 11:40:50 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

第三节掌握主旨的第二种方法

简易法——重复出现是主旨

上一节讲到，常用法——分析段落结构找主题句——的最大好处是大部分段落都存在主题句，所以能够广泛应用该方法概括段落主旨。这就是“常用法”的由来。但是，该方法的缺点是，如果段落结构比较复杂，又存在大量生词，可能导致我们难以找到主题句。这时候“简易法——重复出现是主旨”就会帮上大忙了。
如果一段话在不断重复某一概念，就说明这段话在围绕这个概念展开，这个概念就是这段话的主旨。其实我们不妨从作者写作的角度来理解：假如我们是作者，那么在某一段话内部要把一件事物具体阐述，就必须不断重复这个事物（例如：现在这个段落里，您会读到好几次“重复”这个词，这说明本段主旨就是“重复”）。这就为我们快速把握主旨提供了极大的方便。因此，这种方法称为“简易法”。
在一段话内部重复出现可以分为三种类型。第一种是“原词”重复，但是这也是作者极力避免的，所以才会出现后面两种：“同类词”重复和“指代”重复。
当然，简易法固然快捷，但是并非所有段落都有重复出现的内容，所以这种方法有局限性，最好能与常用法互为补充。
一、原词重复
原词重复就是在一个段落里面一模一样地不断重复某个词语。这是最简单的一种段落，必须保证拿分。

LascauxCave Paintings

SECTION A
In Southwest France in the 1940’s, playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto, a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals. Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feed（almost 5 meters）. Some follow each other in solemn parades, but others swirl about，sideways and upside down. The animals are bulls，wild horses，reindeer，bison，and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds，yellow，and browns. Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder. Methods of applying color varied：some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were brown or sprayed. It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones，some stained with pigment，have been found nearby.

SECTION B
One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location. Other rock paintings -- for example, those of Bushmen in South Africa -- are either located near cave entrances or completely in the open. ■Cave paintings in France and Spain，however, are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances. ■This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light. ■It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found. ■Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances，there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.

SECTION C
Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and significance of these paintings. One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds. Because some paintings were made directly over others，obliterating them，it is probable that a painting’s value ended with the migration it pictured. Unfortunately，this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations, unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.

SECTION D
Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony. This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters. It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt. Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears. This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animal’s picture had no further use after the hunt.

SECTION E
A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery：the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan. Two types of images substantiate this theory：the strange，indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals，and the few drawings of men. Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid. Some men are in a prone position and some have bird or animal heads. Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state，a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping. Uniformly, these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise. Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits. Particularly shamans who believe that an animal’s spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance. One Lascaux narrative picture，which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal， would seem to lend credence to this third opinion，but there is still much that remains unexplained. For example, where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman? He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask. Many tribal hunters, including some Native Americans，camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.

SECTION F
Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images, but their mystique only adds to their importance. Certainly a great art exists，and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence, skill, and sensitivity.

A	The paintings may have recorded information about animal migrations，and may only have been useful for one migration at a time.	D	Unlike painters of the recently discovered paintings，other Lascaux cave painters usually painted on rocks near cave entrances or in open spaces outside the caves.
B	The human figures represented in the paintings appear to be less carefully shaped than those of animals.	E	Some scholars believe that the paintings motivated hunters by allowing them to picture a successful hunt.
C	It is possible that the animals in the paintings were of mythical significance to the tribe，and the paintings reflected an important spiritual practice.	F	Scientific analysis suggests that paintings were sprayed onto the rock walls with tubes made from animal bones.

这篇文章的正确答案为A/C/E。A选项对应C段的migrations。C选项对应E段首句的mystery和mythical significance。E选项对应D段的hunt。B选项说“人不如动物画得细致”属于无关选项。D选项说“画在洞口”与B段主旨矛盾。F选项是A段的细节。
从各段主题句的位置可以看出，仍然是总分结构占大多数。但是，B段重复出现了location，C段重复出现了migrations，D段重复出现了hunt，所以这些内容就是各个段落的主旨。尽管这篇文章非常难懂，但是如果善于使用简易法，那么不但题目很容易做，而且通篇文章也都容易理解。

二、同类词重复和指代重复
同类词包括同义词和近义词两种。例如：“job/profession/career”属于同义词，可以概括成“work”。而“dance/ballet/classical music/painting”属于近义词，可以概括为“art”。也就是说，在某一段落中，虽然没有原词重复，但是如果通过一系列属于同一类意群的词使我们的脑海中产生了一个共同的概念，那么这一概念就是该段落的主旨。例如，上一篇文章中的A段，同类词重复了“animals, beasts, bulls，wild horses，reindeer，bison，and mammoths”等等。虽然后面很多表示动物名称的单词不认识，不过通过并列关系能够知道wild horses是动物，其余肯定都是动物。这说明这段话的主旨就是“壁画的对象主要是各种动物”。
指代重复指的是一段话首句结束之后，为了避免用原词重复某一概念，不得不使用诸如“it/he/she/they/one/this/that”等代词。这样的段落很多，就不具体说明了。
这两类重复的方法在文章中常见，但是在SUMMARY题型当中应用起来不如原词重复那么顺手。所以，请大家平时阅读的时候留心。

总结：
简易法——重复出现是主题——属于一种“锦上添花”的办法。如果和常用法搭配使用，效果最佳。换句话说，就是既能看出段落结构和主题句，又能识别出重复的词。所以，常用法对于阅读能力有很高的要求，而简易法则是一种能够通过反复训练养成的习惯。当然，毕竟多数段落是没有重复出现的概念的，所以简易法存在明显的局限性。
最后，还有三种句型是明显的主题句句型，可以迅速帮助我们找到主旨所在。

（未完待续）

[资料] 新托福阅读满分解题密码系列——summary题型（三） [复制链接]

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