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lsk
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电梯直达

楼主

发表于 2007-7-28 21:34:47 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

★★★64T "Many people know how to attain success, but few know how to make the best use of it." 64．很多人知道怎样获得成功，但很少有人知道怎样很好地利用成功。许多人知道如何获得成功，但很少人懂得充分利用成功；it指“success" 强调成功后如何利用
①    In our society, there are many people knowing how to make successs for sure . People can see there are lots of books named How to make you successs, and How to be a leader, etc.
②    总体而言成功的人是少数。若大多数人都成功，那哪里还有成功可言。Success is based on the material gains.
③    虽然是少数，从历史上来看，总量还是很多的。在各个领域都有卓越的贡献。Einstein has his success in physics .
④    有的人固步自封。Davy发现了法拉第Faraday,并收为学生。却不断压抑oppress, 不给与其相应的研究条件。
⑤    也有成功后成为慈善家philanthropist的，关心人民疾苦。或者是促进科学事业，如Nobel,建立基金
I am incline to support the idea that…

☆☆65T "People have been so encouraged by society to focus on apparent differences that they fail to see meaningful similarities among ideas, individuals, and groups." 65．人们经常被鼓励去寻找事物之间的不同，以至于往往忽略了事物之间有意义的相似之处。
①    不同点使得我们有效认清问题的各个方面，从而促进社会的发展。反面说：若没有认清所面临的问题，社会可能难以进步。美国，多人种，不光是经济的进步，还有社会、对于妇女、黑人态度的进步
②    不同点使得我们的生活更加丰富。让我们体察不同的文化、信仰。人们之间的兴趣、特长也不一样，相互欣赏。
③    共同点使得社会更为和谐。A传统的人类共同信仰的价值 B 构筑伟大的事业如：great wall\ pyramids C 人们之间相互体谅tolerant
☆☆66T  "As people rely more and more on technology to solve problems, the ability of humans to think for themselves will surely deteriorate."
66．人们越来越依赖于技术去解决问题，而人类自身思考的能力却每况愈下。
①    科技确实帮助人们解决了很多问题。如：艰苦的作业环境复杂的运算工作
②    确实有可能思维能力下降。如：整天面对电脑，被动的接受信息，不会分析。
③    随着科技的发达，A我们也开始思考许多原来没有考虑过的问题.古希腊哲学家ancient Greek philosopher说的圆圈的故事。If we compare the known part of the world to the space within a circle, the unknown part of the world around the circle grows as the circle of our knowledge expands.B 对于原来一些问题的考虑更加全面。如：可持续发展
④    technology provides people with effective instruments for intellectual work.如：宇宙探秘，基因遗传变异

67T "Colleges should require students to engage in public-service activities in order to assure that each student receives a balanced, well-rounded education."
67．学院应该要求学生们参加公益活动，这样就能保证学生们得到全面平衡的教育。
①对个人：A可能对专业学习有帮助；B 可能能学会交往以及合作的艺术，这些都是要在实践中锻炼出来的。C培养责任感，以及志愿精神
②还可能为国家带来经济以及文化的财富。
③但过多的强调并不好，毕竟不是教育的重心，以上那些优势都可以从别的活动中获取，教育本身的不可替代性没有显现出来。

☆☆69T "Government should place few, if any, restrictions on scientific research and development" 政府应该少限制科学研究和发展。
①政府要支持：从经济上，否则大型项目无法完成。、或者大规模的调查。
②政府不应过多介入。A 可能政府的目标会促进某些而阻碍某些发展 B 政府的价值观、意识形态ideology等可能对于人文学科研究或不同背景的科学家的合作产生影响。
③对于某些有争议的学科，政府应指引出方向。如：clone, euthanasia 政府可以组织科学家进行现在社会最紧迫的问题，如aids
④有时，政府可以在不同学科、不同国家的研究者之间牵线搭桥促进合作。

☆☆☆☆70T "In any profession -- business, politics, education, government -- those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."
70．在任何领域，商业、政治、教育、政府，掌权者都应该在5年任期后下台。对任何事业而言，取得成功最保险的途径就是聘用新生力量担当领导。
注意不仅仅说政治领域，各个方面都要照顾到。
①及时更新是有益的。对在位者来说，A有激励作用 B防止腐败Absolute power leads to absolute corruption.
②对于新生力量也是有益的。A让他们看到机会，从而促使他们更努力的工作。B通常来说，年轻力量更能创新
③也存在问题。A过度频繁的换届会产生政绩工程。不顾后来在位者的利益，不考虑长远目标。B有的职位要求的是稳定性。如：美国大法官终身职位。美联储主席。
④有的职位是靠经累积起来的，如：商业或学术权威。对新人来说，不断换届也有问题，他们可能还不熟悉，摸索都需要一段时间。还没干多久又要下台了。
★★★71T个体和整体问题解答 "spending time alone makes one a better companion to others" 71．独处会使更好地与别人相处。
①    不同意。交往技能更多的是在实践中摸索。生来没有人会，都是靠人际互动来学习的。spending time together will cultivate the companion spirit.卡耐基。
②    However, people who think and work independently will be able to bring new ideas and new perspectives to others。
③    在一起呆久了会生嫌隙。每个人都需要个人空间。独处一段时间以后再回来会crave for and cherish the opportunity to stay with others。
☆☆72
One can best understand the most important characteristics of a society by studying its major cities."
It is no longer ture that major cities are characteristics of a society.
1.    Major cities used to be the culture of a society.
2.    Nowadays, however, due to the influence of globalization, major cities throughout the world look more or less the same.
3.    By contrast, the rural areas of a society maintain more of a society’s cultural tradition.

☆☆73T. "In most professions and academic fields, imagination is more important than knowledge." 73．在大多数学术专业领域，想象力比知识本身更重要
①    knowledge 很重要。Foundation.
②    Without knowledge, imagination is nothing more than a beautiful dream. Perpetual motion, 欧文 ( Robert Owen)
③    imagination 为科学提供新的发展和新理论的演绎creating。如：
④    没有imagination, 科学will become dull and there would be no art..

☆☆74T "The most effective way to communicate an idea or value to large groups of people is through the use of images, not language."
74．如果想要和一大群人交流思想，最有效的方法是利用图形，而并非语言.

①On the one hand, images are more vivid and easier for the largest audience to comprehend. deep impression, straight presentation. Charley Chaplin.

③ On the other hand, images tend to cause ambiguities.拥有不同的背景。女孩和老妇

④ 语言也有很强的力量 Words are capable of arousing the strongest emotions and prompting all man's actions Sigmund Freud, German Psychiatrist Martin Luther King I have a dream

⑤ abstract ideological ideas or values, or to the necessity to attain further understanding, language is indispensable

⑥ To sum up, the most efficient way of communications is combining the use of images and that of language.

[ 本帖最后由 pippo1983 于 2007-7-29 10:14 编辑 ]

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沙发

发表于 2007-7-28 21:36:14 |只看该作者

★★★6T个体和整体问题解答

"The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth." 6了解当代文化最有效途径是分析其年青人的趋势和潮流。"

It is more or less true to say that the culture is dominated by the youth.culture.

年轻人更容易接受新事物，同时更张扬，会将他们的喜好宣扬出来，更易形成社会潮流。如：Fashion 基本为年轻人引导。We lived in a society that the elder people are marginalize.

①    年轻人也在传统文化中长大，身上也有传统文化的影子。如: 对于传统价值观的倚赖。
②    不一定为the most。还可以观察大众媒体，由于大众媒体追求的是利润，必然cater to the public’s interests.
③    历史等因素也可影响文化。要深刻理解，还是要追溯cast back历史。如：
④    There is urgent need for youth and older man to understand each other to build a more balanced contemporary culture.

★★★7T "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." 7．数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录
①数码的优点：生动、具体。Vivid. People can see what happened by themselves.如：看Canon
②数码的缺点：A也可能歪曲事实，即不满足accurate and convincing。如：蒙太奇的使用montage B  价格高昂，不是所有人都能承受。
③文字的优点：在统计数据statistics方面，以及深刻性profundity方面。
总结，各有千秋。有时需要结合起来。

★★★8T个体和整体政治类
"It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public." 8．政治领导们在公众面前有所保留是必要的，甚至是必须的。
①    In a democratic society, theoretically speaking, the pubic has the right to know any information concerning their interests.
②    in reality , the right to know is denied by the authority .
③    在某些情况下，封闭信息是需要。如national defense，national secrets, the bad news for leader which would influence the authority’s impression 等B 有时群众了解的信息可能是片面的，引起骚动，还不如不了解
④    公开信息更有利于群众与政府的互动，更利于帮助政府把事情办好.如：现在很多地方的政府网站，以及摄像头等。
⑤    公开信息还有一个优势：防止权力的腐败corrupt反面说：引起腐败，and therefore bring detriment to society.

☆☆9T "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use." 9．今年来学术领域更加专业化，以至于学者门的研究只作用于很小范围内的人群。除非学者们的研究能适合大范围的人群，他们的想法才有用。
the author oversimplifies the issue of academic influence on society.
①    现在确实increasingly narrow. It is true that there is a gap which is becoming wider and wider between the scholar and the public audience. 如：原来Aristotle 什么都研究，现在的物理学家只关注于问题such as 一个核子如何作用。原来Confucius 对于国家的各个领域都研究，现在的教育家只研究哪一种教学方法对一群特定学生起作用。
②    但科学家们之间有相互合作。如：Watson and Crick DNA
③    有些领域即使在很小范围内研究，也能服务于社会。It is also ture that more and more people in our society benefited from the scholar whose  research is far from major audience. For example, the principle of pharmacology is strange to many audience, but until now almost the whole world is effected by it. To same extent, it changed the human’s life. When our ancestor was ill, no medicine could cure them quite well and their natural life is usually short, even no long than 30. However, with the development of the science, espacilly in pharmacology , we can prolong our life much long than our ancestor .

★★★10T "Governments must ensure that their major cities receive the financial support they need in order to thrive兴旺，繁荣，茁壮成长，旺盛, because it is primarily in cities that a nation's cultural traditions are preserved and generated."
10．政府必须保证主要城市用于发展的财政支持，因为国家的文化传统发源于并保留在这些主要城市
I am inclined to (倾向于) argue that the rural areas should be deserved more attention from government.
①    大城市有很多是由于气候温和，环境舒适，交通便利，才有人类生根发芽的。如：希腊Athens，NewYork, Bei Jing。他们见证了民族的发展历史，历史瑰宝。也有的大城市是后来政府斥资兴建的。
②    小城市和乡村应该引起重视。due to the globalization, the big city of the world are being homogenized, as a consequence, a nation’s cultural traditions might be preserved and generated in the rural area.他们与外界沟通不畅，风俗更有可能保留。如：需要投资带动经济发展
③    In addition, the increase trend of the urbanization has resulted in the poverty of the countryside , threatening the survival of a nation’s traditional culture.

★★★11T "All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems." 11．所有的国家都应该帮助建立起一个全球性的大学，用来培养学生们解决世界上最顽固头疼的社会问题。
①    支持。面临的很多问题是共同的。如：核战争nuclear warfare，环境污染environment pollution、恐怖主义terrorism
②    优点：A在交流中可以解开许多矛盾。如：许多原来看法不一致的问题现在学着从别人的角度考虑。同时文化方面也懂得尊重别人的习俗。B科学家相互交流and creates a environment for cultivating an international spirits.
③    不同意。这个学校可能会被国家政权干涉而成为工具，如：经费赞助的多的国家可能要求先解决其国家自身的问题而不解决或不准解决其他问题。
④    培养后一代共同解决问题有很多途径，如：利用网络。仅仅一所学校不太能达到目的，因为能去上的学生实在太少了。或者是promote mutual understanding and cooperation among the youth worldwide.

[ 本帖最后由 pippo1983 于 2007-7-29 10:10 编辑 ]

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板凳

发表于 2007-7-28 21:41:50 |只看该作者

☆☆1T"We can usually learn much more from people whose views we share than from people whose views contradict our own; disagreement can cause stress and inhibit learning." 1．我们通常从和我们意见统一的人那里学到的东西比从和我们意见相悖的人那里学到的东西多的多；意见分歧阻碍了学习。
① 与意见相同的人效率高。大家基本观点一致，气氛比较和谐，还可能是受的教育相同。如：有时遇到一个问题，会倾向于和自己有相同观点的人讨论，和其他人根本谈不来。
② 承认有时与意见相背的人讨论时降低效率的。A有时根本立场就不一样，根本无法达成一致。B 有时纯粹就是争论而忘了初始的目的。
③ 和意见相背的人在一起还有可能难以提高A 一方面可能压力较大而不说出意见 B 可能难以接受自己的意见被驳斥is little harder or even bitter to accept opposite views
④ 但是也能从意见相背的人那里学到很多。和同样的人在一起，有相同的思考方法和论点，无法获得进步。而意见相背的人，可以A提供新的思路如：不同学科的学生可能倾向于使用不同的分析方法B 给出我们所不了解的实证经验，如：文化传统或立场不同而对一件事情有着不同的看法。

2T "Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to society."
归根结底，竞争对于社会是利多弊少。
①使得更有效率。A 同事之间竞争 B优胜劣汰
②增加社会福利。如：竞选时，使得民众对于该选谁更清晰。
③当竞争失控时，会有问题。如：超出法律和道德的界限
④导致社会上人们普遍压力增大

3T "It is more important to allocate money for immediate, existing social problems than to spend it on long-term research that might help future generations."
与其花钱进行可能有助于后代的长期性研究，还不如把钱花在迫在眉睫，已经存在的社会问题上。
①花钱解决现在的问题很合理，特别是很紧急的问题。如：earthquake , floodwater.
②有些问题不是现在就能解决的。需要长远的规划。贫困问题、犯罪问题，有关human nature的问题从历史上看从来没有真正得到解决过。
③我们对未来负有责任。 A一方面，我们的行为造成了他们的损失。能源上，环境上。B从道德上说，人与动物的区别在于我们会感情上认为应对后代负责。

★★★4T "No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study." 4．几乎没有任何领域能够取得具有重要意义的进步,除非结合其他行业的知识和经验到该领域中来
There is no doubt that different disciplines are interrelated and that the knowledge and experence to the other fields .On the one hand, almost every fields should bring knowledge from other domains and they could afford the technology support from each other. For exemple, in some fields like economy ,sociology and so on , they are necessarily to be sustained by mathematics . If there is lack of mathematics when people are do research on economy and sociology , no credibility would be supplied to us.

On the other hand, however, mathematics researching without computer’s using will be a difficult thing . As we know that mathematics is very complex and abstruse, more and more people are doing reaserch on mathematics with the help from computers. Facing the complicated problems, without computer, researchers can not solve the problem easily . With the development of computer now, scientist could make it possible to solve the abstruse matters on mathematics.

Another support from other fields to some region is the method of thinking. Taking literary for example, it could expand its thoughts from life . If there is no life as the ground, there will not arise the progresss on literary.

With the development of many fileds, there appears more and more new subjects ,which due to the interaction of the subjects. For example, biochemistry is a rising subject come from biology and chemistry , and now it become one of the most developing subject that have changed our human life.

However, there are a few extreme example in small region for instance, pure academic math. It is a independent subject that do not associate with other subjects.

But the circumstances like this is very few, so I agree with author’s standpoint that there is no field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to them.

★★★5T"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."
5．一个国家应该要求所有的学生在上大学前都学习相同的课程，而不应该允许不同地区的学校擅自决定自己的教学领域。
① 高质量：A向学生们灌输相同的价值观能够确保所有的学生都学到传统价值观念中的优点can ensure all of our students be favored with the opportunity to learn all merits of the traditional values that have been created and tested for a long time by our ancestors B著名专家编撰，local 可能不具备能力或实力。
② 公平：A使得他们能够站在相同的起跑线上。B provide a predictable foundation upon which college administrators and faculty could more easily build curricular and select course materials for freshmen that are neither below nor above their level of educational experience
③ 但是对于某些特殊民族和地区，统一的国家教材可能难以满足他们的需要，甚至可能破坏他们的传统习俗和生活方式pose certain amount of detrimental effects. On the first place, in some special regions where local persons may possess some kind of traditions and customs totally different from the rest of the nation, unduly不适当的，过度的，不正当的 emphasize the application of the national curriculum may ruin their culture and value system.)。如：中国宣传无神论antitheism, 但in some place ,Buddhist believe in Buddhism.
④ 传输教条facilitate the dissemination of propaganda and other dogma—which because of its biased and one-sided nature undermines the very purpose of true education: to enlighten. Might wish to suppress – as some sort of threat to its authority and power.
⑤ 对学生个人而言，可能不能因材施教teach students in accordance of their aptitude

★★★6T个体和整体问题解答

"The most effective way to understand contemporary culture is to analyze the trends of its youth." 6了解当代文化最有效途径是分析其年青人的趋势和潮流。"

It is more or less true to say that the culture is dominated by the youth.culture.

年轻人更容易接受新事物，同时更张扬，会将他们的喜好宣扬出来，更易形成社会潮流。如：Fashion 基本为年轻人引导。We lived in a society that the elder people are marginalize.

① 年轻人也在传统文化中长大，身上也有传统文化的影子。如: 对于传统价值观的倚赖。
② 不一定为the most。还可以观察大众媒体，由于大众媒体追求的是利润，必然cater to the public’s interests.
③ 历史等因素也可影响文化。要深刻理解，还是要追溯cast back历史。如：
④ There is urgent need for youth and older man to understand each other to build a more balanced contemporary culture.

★★★7T "The video camera provides such an accurate and convincing record of contemporary life that it has become a more important form of documentation than written records." 7．数码相机可以精确地拍摄当代人们的生活，它的重要性已经超过了纸笔记录
①数码的优点：生动、具体。Vivid. People can see what happened by themselves.如：看Canon
②数码的缺点：A也可能歪曲事实，即不满足accurate and convincing。如：蒙太奇的使用montage B 价格高昂，不是所有人都能承受。
③文字的优点：在统计数据statistics方面，以及深刻性profundity方面。
总结，各有千秋。有时需要结合起来。

★★★8T个体和整体政治类
"It is often necessary, even desirable, for political leaders to withhold information from the public." 8．政治领导们在公众面前有所保留是必要的，甚至是必须的。
① In a democratic society, theoretically speaking, the pubic has the right to know any information concerning their interests.
② in reality , the right to know is denied by the authority .
③ 在某些情况下，封闭信息是需要。如national defense，national secrets, the bad news for leader which would influence the authority’s impression 等B 有时群众了解的信息可能是片面的，引起骚动，还不如不了解
④ 公开信息更有利于群众与政府的互动，更利于帮助政府把事情办好.如：现在很多地方的政府网站，以及摄像头等。
⑤ 公开信息还有一个优势：防止权力的腐败corrupt反面说：引起腐败，and therefore bring detriment to society.

☆☆9T "Academic disciplines have become so specialized in recent years that scholars' ideas reach only a narrow audience. Until scholars can reach a wider audience, their ideas will have little use." 9．今年来学术领域更加专业化，以至于学者门的研究只作用于很小范围内的人群。除非学者们的研究能适合大范围的人群，他们的想法才有用。
the author oversimplifies the issue of academic influence on society.
① 现在确实increasingly narrow. It is true that there is a gap which is becoming wider and wider between the scholar and the public audience. 如：原来Aristotle 什么都研究，现在的物理学家只关注于问题such as 一个核子如何作用。原来Confucius 对于国家的各个领域都研究，现在的教育家只研究哪一种教学方法对一群特定学生起作用。
② 但科学家们之间有相互合作。如：Watson and Crick DNA
③ 有些领域即使在很小范围内研究，也能服务于社会。It is also ture that more and more people in our society benefited from the scholar whose research is far from major audience. For example, the principle of pharmacology is strange to many audience, but until now almost the whole world is effected by it. To same extent, it changed the human’s life. When our ancestor was ill, no medicine could cure them quite well and their natural life is usually short, even no long than 30. However, with the development of the science, espacilly in pharmacology , we can prolong our life much long than our ancestor .

[ 本帖最后由 Demo 于 2007-7-28 22:15 编辑 ]

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地板

发表于 2007-7-28 21:46:22 |只看该作者

以前的一些资料，希望对大家有用2

11T "All nations should help support the development of a global university designed to engage students in the process of solving the world's most persistent social problems." 11．所有的国家都应该帮助建立起一个全球性的大学，用来培养学生们解决世界上最顽固头疼的社会问题。
①    支持。面临的很多问题是共同的。如：核战争nuclear warfare，环境污染environment pollution、恐怖主义terrorism
②    优点：A在交流中可以解开许多矛盾。如：许多原来看法不一致的问题现在学着从别人的角度考虑。同时文化方面也懂得尊重别人的习俗。B科学家相互交流and creates a environment for cultivating an international spirits.
③    不同意。这个学校可能会被国家政权干涉而成为工具，如：经费赞助的多的国家可能要求先解决其国家自身的问题而不解决或不准解决其他问题。
④    培养后一代共同解决问题有很多途径，如：利用网络。仅仅一所学校不太能达到目的，因为能去上的学生实在太少了。或者是promote mutual understanding and cooperation among the youth worldwide.

12T  "People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."
12．人们的看法更多情况下取决于当时的处境和环境，而非人们的任何内在性格。
①环境确实有影响。A每天与各种各样的人、事打交道。B从心理学上说，外界环境可以极大的影响人们的态度。
②个人因素也有影响。如：同样环境中长大的两个小孩，可能对同一件事情的反应还是不一样。A有的人生来如此B从阅读等方面也可以极大的塑造一个人。
③但是，个人特质也是先天和后天共同作用的结果。

☆☆13T "Many of the world's lesser-known languages are being lost as fewer and fewer people speak them. The governments of countries in which these languages are spoken should act to prevent such languages from becoming extinct." 13．许多世界上鲜为人知的语言由于越来越少的人使用而逐渐消失。使用这些语言的国家应该采取措施防止这些语言绝迹。
①    需要保护。正面说：代表了一个民族的文化和历史，能够从中吸取到一些精华。反面说：当一种语言消灭时，倚赖其的文化也会消亡。irreversible 不可逆的，civilization 文明，文化。如：都德的最后一课
②    但语言的消亡是正常现象。就如在适者生存一样，当不适应社会发展时，就会自然被淘汰。如：许多原住民的aboriginal语言随着全球化被英语取代.
③    政府所关注的不应该是由多少人使用这个语言。有价值的语言应该由政府拨款给学者或博物馆进行研究保存。
④    Not only should the local government protect the exitincting language but also should other countries take new and efficient effective measures to withhold the disappearing language.

★★★14 T "It is necessary for everyone to read poetry, novels, mythology and other types of imaginative literature." 14．每个人都有必要去阅读诗、小说、神话和其他的幻想类的文学作品。
① 许多想象的作品成为文化的基础，并一直流传至今，对人类文明有着深远的影响：神化和传说。古希腊罗马神话，充满想象，对以此为基础并且同样灿烂悠久的西方文明有着深远far-reaching影响。Ancient Greek and Roman myths, are full of imagination, and become the foundation of the western culture which is also gorgeous and old-line. Furthermore, we can find the influences of these myths from today’s literature、sculpture、painting、music、and architecture.甚至在04年的奥运会上
②想象的作品展示给人更美好、更纯洁unsophisticated的社会。安徒生童话Andersen is famous for his fairy tales, Ugly Duckling,蕴含在其中的同情心sympathy that it implied the ugly duckling、对于世界的爱the love for the world the little mermaid、对诚实、勇敢的美德的歌颂Emperor’s New Suit.
③Only imaginative works can provide meaning to historical events—through the use of devices设备、策略 such as symbolism象征主义 and metaphor隐喻、暗喻。但丁 Dante神曲Divine comedy/Divina Commedia, one of the landmarks of world literature. 宣扬了个性解放的思想。基督教精神的最崇高体现，将善与恶视为两极，互不相容。人要靠信仰而活着。神曲本身是一个隐喻，从黑暗的森林，到地狱hell、净界limbo/炼狱purgatory、天堂的过程，代表由懵懂ignorant、挣扎struggle、渴望thirst for到救赎salvation的历程course。但丁希望引导读者反省人性的罪恶meditate the evils of human，思索当时混乱的局势ponder the chaotic situation at that time，并试着提出解决之道bring forward a solution，使人达到幸福之地blessed place。更深的揭露社会现象
④not everyone. A time is limited, 可以做更有用的事B 有的人没有条件。如：战区war zone的人民/非洲的挨饿的儿童hungry African children

★★★15T"The stability of a society depends on how it responds to the extremes of human behavior." 15．社会的安定取决于它对人们极端行为的响应和措施
①    extreme as violence: incredible tragedy of September 11th 政府的对恐怖分子严查与对遇难者安抚工作
②    extreme in science/academia: Einstein principle of relativity, 开明的环境。否则知识分子会难得进步，甚至感到恐慌，the cultural revolution.
③    重点应该在预防，而不是反映
④    其他方面：如自然灾害，国际形势

☆☆16T "Although many people think that the luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life are entirely harmless, in fact, they actually prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals." 16．尽管很多人认为现在奢侈安逸的生活是无害的，但实际上这样的生活阻止了人们培养坚强独立的性格
①    It is true that everywhere people are ceaselessly pursue the luxuryes and convenices life.
②    However, if young people indulge in the luxuries and conveniences life, I concede 有些时候有些人在得到安逸生活以后就不思进取了and lose the opportuneity to develop such good qualities such as diligence, endurance, courage, curiosity.
③    我们只有接受生活的挑战，才能让自己成为一个坚强的独立的个体。

★★★17T "There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws." 17．有两种法律：公平的和不公平的。社会中的每个人都应该遵守公平的法律，更重要的是，应该不遵守或者违抗不公平的法律
对第二个assertion: 确实要遵守公平的。对不公平的要看情况，可以反抗，同时也促进法律进步。

18T "Only by being forced to defend an idea against the doubts and contrasting views of others does one really discover the value of that idea."
只有通过排除异议和对照其他的观点来捍卫一个理念，人们才能真正的发现该理念的价值所在。
①在维护中更深入的理解此观点。心理学上说，越维护就越深信不疑。
②On the other hand, we may also be persuaded to mdify or give up our flawed idea. We should have courage to defend our position.
③不是the only way 还可以通过实践经验来检验等。

19T "If a society is to thrive,  it must put its own overall success before the well-being of its individual citizens."
如果一个社会要繁荣就必须将社会整体的成败置于单个社会成员的幸福之上。
①首先，两者并不一定矛盾，可能同时发展
②当矛盾时，可能需要先牺牲一部分人的利益。
③长远来看，必须把个体利益放在社会利益之上。A 社会的发展是由一个个的个体所做出的。有责任使他们生活幸福。否则，会引起暴乱 B 存在risk ，政府以社会的整体利益为借口来满足个人利益。

20T  "National governments should devote more of their social programs and services to children than to adults." 20．政府为儿童所想所做应该比成人多。
①成人是社会财富的创造者，是社会的中坚力量。如：从古代的埃及金字塔、长城到现代的农民、工人或是白领阶层。从公平原理上来说，应该回报给他们一定的programs and services.
②另一方面，许多社会问题的存在都是由于成人所引起的。如：老龄化，失业。要解决这些问题，就要给予成年人足够的关注。反面说：如果没满足，会引起人们对于政府、社会的不满。③小孩应该给予足够的关注，A因为是社会的未来。B许多现在社会问题的解决要依靠今天对他们的教育。总结：两者要平衡。

学习计划： 7月19号                      第21-40篇
☆☆21T "Reform is seldom brought about by people who are concerned with their own reputation and social standing. Those who are really in earnest about reforming a government, an educational system, or any other institution must be willing to be viewed with disdain by the rest of the world." 21．在乎自己声望和社会地位的人很少能带来改革。而那些真正想要改善一个政府、一个教育系统或者其他机构的人却必须要接受世界上其他人的蔑视。
①    因为改革总是对于利益的重新分配，因而不可避免的会引起一部分人的不满，所以想要改革的人不可避免的要接受一部分人的蔑视。如：对贵族noble权利的剥夺
②    在乎自己声望和社会地位的人是不能带来改革的。一方面，他们可能只是想被选举上，没想过要改革；另一方面，当改革遇到困难时，他们会倾向于退缩
③    当改革的长远效果显示出来时，真正英明的人的声望会加倍。如：Gandhi， Roosevelt

22T "Many people believe that a few individuals or small groups (family, friends, teachers, celebrities, for example) have caused them to think and behave in the way they do. Yet it is always society as a whole that defines us and our attitudes, not a few individuals."
很多人认为只是一些个人或者小团体（比如家庭、朋友、老师、名人）促成了他们的思维和行动。其实一直以来不是一些个人而是社会作为一个整体在定义我们和我们的态度。
①被小群体影响。因为与我们自身更密切相关。如：选学校
②被社会媒体以及因特网影响：
③被社会传统影响

23T "Contemporary technology makes available many small pieces of factual information. As a result, people have become so preoccupied with bits of fragmented information that they pay too little attention to the larger issues and overall perspectives."
现代技术使获得大量细节信息成为可能。其结果是人们全神贯注于七零八碎的信息而很少去注意更大的问题和全局。
People are drown in information and thirst for knowledge.
①access to great deal of information help people to get a wider view of an issue, thus help them prevent being limited in thoughts.
②in order to discriminate between important information and trifle ones, people improve themselves the ability to understand, analyse, compare and rationalize, which is very useful for them to get a better command of large issues ( need profound understanding and capability to deal with complicated cases)
③to prevent preoccupation当务之急 by fragmented information, people should hold right view on information, but to seek  relevant ones from those needing only a glance.
4.However, there is no denying that easy acess to information made it possible to broaden our horizons.

24T "People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power."
24．当权者谨慎并有限度的使用他们权力的时候他们的工作才最有效力。
①绝对的权力会导致绝对的腐败。如：Stalin.
②当当权者谨慎的考虑如何使用权力时，他们会更有效率。因为就如经济学所说的，他们会在各种方案之中trade off, 在有限的资源下选择最优方案。如：现在各种政府方案，甚至会引发商业等各界的参与，进行广泛的竞争，对整个社会都是有益的。
③但领袖们不可因为考虑审慎而被束缚了手脚。真正的政治家会according to目标而选取自己的手段。如：Czar Peter, the blood-and- iron minister in Prussia.反面例子：Sun yat-sen

☆☆25T "Anyone can make things bigger and more complex. What requires real effort and courage is to move in the opposite direction—in other words, to make things as simple as possible." 25．每个人都能把事情搞大搞复杂。而真正需要努力的却是相反的—-------即要把事情越简单化越好
①    事情确实是越变越复杂了。原因：全球化、通信工具都使得人们之间的距离拉近，要解决一个问题要牵扯到很多人。现状：政府机构越来越庞杂、学科分类越来越多。
②    人们的解决方法是：简化复杂的事情。A 一部分工作由电脑取代，如复杂的计算、存储和数据分析。B 对工作进行分类，每个人只做一部分，专攻。
③    把事情简单化从表面来说容易，实际很难，需要对整个事情有通盘的考虑，并能分清主次。have profound understanding of the whole matter, to discriminate between essence and peripherals。

☆☆26T "Most people would agree that buildings represent a valuable record of any society's past, but controversy arises when old buildings stand on ground that modern planners feel could be better used for modern purposes. In such situations, modern development should be given precedence over the preservation of historic buildings so that contemporary needs can be served." 26．很多人认为建筑代表了一个社会过去的历史价值，但是当现代城市的规划者想要利用老建筑占用的地盘做新的规划时，就会引起很多争辩。在这样的情况下，现代的发展应该优先被考虑，以使当代的需要得到满足.
①    历史建筑代表了一个民族的过去，不光是现代人、也是后代人的财富。
②    很多历史建筑具有审美价值、或者代表了一个时代的奇迹，能吸引旅游从而促进经济。如：Great wall. Pyramid 。precedence 优先，居先  。
③    对于那些of less value and in bad state can be removed for contemporary needs。因为经济的发展城市越来越拥挤，现代的建筑更实用，更能满足人类的需求。The way out of this dilemma is to integrate 使成整体，结合the preserveation of historic buildings with modern development.

                                                                                             (把字体改小了一下—— by Esther.Li)

[ 本帖最后由 Esther.Li 于 2007-7-28 22:19 编辑 ]

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命该如此
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5楼

发表于 2007-7-28 22:12:48 |只看该作者

谢谢，不过我们不花眼，戴上眼镜也不近视;d:

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6楼

发表于 2007-7-28 22:20:45 |只看该作者

编辑一下字体吧

另外我转到作文版了

A bird's pride comes not from the height he soars on,
but from the will and courage to fight storm alone.
A bird's glory comes not from the claim of he can fly,
but from the proof of he eventually teared the sky.

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发表于 2007-7-28 22:56:54 |只看该作者

以前的一些资料，希望对大家有用3

28T"Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little." 28．学生们只有在学习了事实的来龙去脉后才有必要记住这些事实。只学习事实本身的学生是学不到多少东西的
① In the process of studying, no matter in whatever discipline, we are required to memorize facts that are indispensable for us to master the knowledge. only through reciting most of the concepts and information of the facts can individuals possess the capability to turn the knowledge they have acquired to practical account. ：记住最基本的语法，否则无法写文章。Under this circumstance, the memorizing is necessary and should be served as the main methods of education.

② Compared with memorizing only facts, learning the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts can do much more. A事实背后的故事和轶事则更能激发学生的学习积极性,先记住一些基本principle便于理解和掌握facts with a conceptual; framework already in place, a student as better able to understand the meaning of a fact to begin with, and to appreciate its significance. More likely to memorize the fact to begin with, less likely to forget it as time passes.

B以不变应万变。provide them with the ability to solving the problems before in the class in the future.

③ Conceding that students must learn ideas and concepts, as well as facts relating to them, in order to learning anything meaningful, I nevertheless disagree that the former should always precede the latter. Strict adherence to the speaker’s advice would surely lead to ill-conceived ideas, concepts and theories.如：讲授地理时，先记住国家和民族名称，再讲述历史发展。另一方面，刻意遵循先后原则，不能及时了解学科前沿动态the advancement of knowledge。

29T"Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."
像演员、政治家和运动员这样的公众人物应该预料到大众会对他们的私生活感兴趣。当他们希望受人瞩目的时候就应该至少预期到会失去一些隐私（被大众得知一些隐私）。
①人们在这方面有兴趣。 A天生的好奇心B公众人物一般都是成功人士 C 对演员等来说，难以把他们在戏中的角色和真实生活分开。
②媒体为了获取利润，通常会努力挖掘名人的隐私。如：Clinton, 演员之间的分分合合；甚至连他们的家人也不放过。
③对名人本身来说，他们A 有时希望利用这种追捧。如：发唱片时提高人气 B也不希望太多的被干扰。
④对于社会来说，A 激发人们工作和学习的积极性和让人们关注一些社会问题；B文明的社会应该保护每一个人的隐私权。
★★★30T"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time." 30．技术进步的最主要的目标就是提高人们的效率，使得每个人都有更多的闲暇时间
①    First of all, as we have witnessed, achievement in technology has immensely improved people’s efficiency, such as plane, assembly-line& mass production, robots. Computer, etc.
②    The suggestion that technology’s chief goal should be to facilitate leisure is simply wrongheaded. There are far more vital concerns that technology can and should address.如：overcome treats, health, emotion As a matter of fact, increasing efficiency is merely a byproduct of the advance of technology.
③    最主要目标绝不是增加空闲时间。

☆☆31T "Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when the results of that research are controversial." 31．花费在研究上的金钱总是很好的投资，即使研究结果是有争论的

☆☆33T "Creating an appealing image has become more important in contemporary society than is the reality or truth behind that image." 33．在当今社会，吸引人的表面现象比现象背后的本质重要得多
①    实际生活中确实是这样并且是有道理的。A实际现象。歌星，影星广告，包装 B有道理一方面在不了解以前，外表给了第一印象；另一方面，人们没有时间面面俱到地了解。
②    从外表看，to some extent 是有道理的。因为外表的好坏在一定程度上取决于实力。经济实力以及人力资本实力。好的气质temperament是内在internal素质diathesis的一个反映
③    in the short run, in the long run…
④    一味追求外表而不注重实际in the long run，会自己害自己。A business  B political

★★★36T "The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries."
36． 只有后来人评价以前的人，而不应该同时代的人相互评价
①    The greatness of individuals cannot be appreciated by their contemporaries in large part is due to their outstanding talent and their transcendental intelligence which surpass the common cognition of general public and their peers.如：Van Gogh, the sunflower, starry night. 死后才被追认为印象派（impressionism）大师master
②    与①相反，有一部分工程project在当时看起来很好，随时间推移显出坏处。如：政治家的政绩achievement in one's post工程。不考虑后代的利益，留下棘手的问题跟下一任。Under such circumstance, greatness must be tested over time before it can be confirmed.
③    当代人还可能受当时的社会意识形态ideology、舆论传播consensus diffuse的影响。Only time will tell
④    后代人来评说也有问题。可能不能考虑到当时的历史环境以及其他历史条件的限制。不能be personally on the scene .
efficient 生效的，有效率的，能干的
effective 有效的，被实施的，给人深刻印象的，有生力量。

★★★38T "In the age of television, reading books is not as important as it once was. People can learn as much by watching television as they can by reading books." 38．在电视机时代，阅读书籍已经没有原来那样重要了。人们从电视上学到的东西丝毫不比从书本中学来的少
①    With regard to the appealing traits and easygoing nature, television can help a lot in study.
②    但有些是电视做不到的如：A大思想家、大科学家的著作难以从电视中学习。B review \cross-reference 电视作为一个娱乐的方式似乎更加合适。
③    除了②，书籍的优点也不少。A 有选择性、主动性Reading books is an active process, where we can make choice of what, when and to which extent we want to learn B更深刻C易于携带。 D更有效率
④    各有千秋。人们正把两者的优点结合起来。如：报纸、杂志就是这种结合。

☆☆40T "Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem." 40．对待学者和研究人员的评价不应该取决于他们的工作是否对整个社会有所贡献。而应该是看他们怎样为了自己的兴趣而奋斗，不管他们的兴趣看起来是多么不寻常或者多么特殊。
①    从现实来看，能够立马apply to reality 的学科确实能得到更多的资助。如：法学、商学
②    在他们研究的结果不对社会造成伤害的前提下，学者可以享受他们为自己感兴趣的东西奋斗的过程。
③    但从长期来看，谁能说清楚什么是有贡献的？现在看起来没什么用将来可能有大用处。如：Einstein 发展了 the principle relativity, the quantum theory, 当时没用，现在奠定了当代物理学的基础。以及发端自数学的game theory
④    在自己感兴趣的领域做事，科学家们更容易出成果。A enthusiasm B excel
⑤    不过，学者在研究的同时还是要考虑到对社会所带来的有利的一面，不能光为了自己感兴趣而没有多大意义的事情而忙碌。那样对于大众是不公平的。

★★★★★★41T "Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in society by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science."41．一些非主流的领域，如占星、算命以及偏执在社会中扮演着非常重要的角色，它们满足了人们的那些主流科学满足不了的需要
①    占星、算命以及通灵和超自然探索这样的非主流学科都曾经满足过人类某种程度的需要。在古代，人类虽积累的知识以及对这个世界的认识非常有限，许多的自然现象nature phenomenons都无法解释，因此超自然学科被用来解释一切的问题，从为什么人会死到为什么会下雨。满足人们的好奇心
②    这些超自然学科在发展的漫长历程中积累了大量的理论，几乎能够为大多数的自然现象和社会问题提供一整套系统的解释和阐述，无论这些自然现象和社会问题现代科学能否回答。此外，许多看似简单的自然现象如果使用主流的科学进行解释就变得相当复杂，这使得部分人更愿意向非主流学科寻求解释，这也减少了普通人们花费在解释和分析复杂问题上的时间和精力。
③    the main reason that why nonmainstream area of inquiry is favored by a few people is that it comforts people who worry about their destiny.

④ 随着科学技术的不断发展，人们能够使用科学解释越来越多的问题。because these pursuits are A not rooted in reason，B without any sure way to evaluate the legitimacy of these avenues of inquiry, participants become vulnerable to self-deception, false hopes, fantastic ideas and even delusions.

41
1、回顾历史，非主流科学都扮演了重要的角色。古代，有很多自然现象人们无法解释，用超自然科学来解释并形成理论化，模式化，维护社会的稳定和发展。最终成为少数人的统治工具。随着人类文明的发展，人们能用科学解释很多问题。于是这些学科逐渐成为非主流。现今社会，非主流科学仍然满足人们一定的需要，提供心理安慰。（精神寄托，悔恨，懊恼，）
2、但这些学科对个人和社会是否有价值是值得怀疑的。是理性和逻辑以及真实知识探求的阻碍。（中世纪欧洲，宗教统治，阻碍科学的发展。Galileo—doctrines of the Catholic Church）
3、无法判定这些非主流学科的正确性validity，参与者容易被欺骗，产生虚幻的visional想法。（盲目的信，狂热，在面对现实的时候，表现出self-righteous arrogance, intolerance, anti-social behavior, and even hatred。 Holy wars, suicide-bomb, genocide …）

42T "Because learning is not a solitary activity but one that requires collaboration among people, students of all ages will benefit academically if they work frequently in groups."
42．学习不是个人行为，而是需要人们的合作，所以各个年级的学生如果经常在一个群体里工作，他们将会在学业上获益非浅
①使学习更有效率。A交换意见 B交流方法 C 相互激发热情 D 有时也有竞争。
②不仅是学习方面，其他方面也会有提高。如：cooperation, teamwork 都是以后成功的基础。卡耐基Carnegie
③也有坏处。A有些问题不适合讨论，而适合独立思考 B可能使小孩养成依赖他人的习惯而不会独立思考 C有时争论纯粹是低效率的。

★★★43T "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards." 43．一个官员要想成为一个好的领导，他必须有极高的民族和道德标准
①    具有正直的品格是很重要的。Gandhi, Martin Luther King.
②    Nowadays, people are more and more concern about the leader’s talent and achievement. However, trivializing the moral standards of  the public would do harm for the whole society.
③    the iraq attack Kuwait for oil ,不仅对政治家个人有损害，而且对整个社会都有损伤。Stalin对官员的杀害slay. Hitler Nazism persecute million jew.
A leader without moral and ethical standards will not lead the the public efficiently .
43 1、领导需要要高的道德和民族标准。政治领域：人们对于政府的领导人则要苛刻得多，普遍的观点认为领导人必须同时具备道德和伦理修养才能够胜任国家的领导者的职位。尽管领导人不一定都具备最高的伦理和道德修养，社会和精神领域的领袖也需要具备高的修养，Martin Luther King and Gandi

2、商业领域人们普遍认为具备高能力和素质的领导就是具备高的伦理和道德修养的人了，企业的领导也要承担一定的责任，吃了在法律范围以内进行贸易 (pursuit their trade within the bound of the laws.)
3、过度强调民族和道德，有时很危险，可能变成极端的民族主义。比如Hitler，但他们都能够很好的应和公众对于道德和伦理的要求，并让当时的大多数人认为他们具备到层次的道德和伦理要求。

43.To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards.【43】

一个公仆如果想成为一位杰出的领导者就必须保持最高的伦理和道德标准。

1、好的leader运用ethical and moral standards来explain political goals and solve political problems；提高自己的名声。在某些情况下moralization of politcs 助于govern。如果缺乏最基本道德,与大众背道而驰，doomed to fail

2、不一定本身就要有这些标准。政治的目标是什么，leader更关心的是什么。

人无完人，举例水门事件，总统丑闻

3、leader应该更注重实效utilitarian approaches. 而大众也更关心实际的利益。

[ 本帖最后由 pippo1983 于 2007-7-29 10:02 编辑 ]

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