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[感想日志] 106G备考日志——by wu-intrepid——为了双飞，现在努力吧 [复制链接]

wu-intrepid
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电梯直达

楼主

发表于 2010-1-29 19:50:13 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览

本帖最后由 wu-intrepid 于 2010-2-1 23:33 编辑

1、寄托ID：wu-intrepid

2、具体的机考时间和地点：3月10号，南京

3、.评估下目前自己所处的水平，列出是否满足申请要求里面的几条内容：
第一条，勉强满足，中旬的第一天。
第二条，先惭愧下..我是二战。intro看过；argument看过120多道（很遗憾），都列了提纲；issue题目都看完了，提纲也列了50道左右。这一条我还欠缺，不过我会尽快补上，正以每天20个argument提纲的速度前进。
第三条，或许能满足吧，希望通过努力能饱含自信地说“是”。
第四条，这是基本，所以必须。悲剧不能再来第二次，破釜沉舟，团结互助，这一条无论如何我都会满足。
第五条，绝对能保证的。
第六条，红宝的要求满足，最近考完IBT后正在重新过红宝，忘了很多大概40-60%的记忆率...不过我会努力的！难句之前看过点，后来看GMAT的了（基础不好是主要原因...），重新来过！

4、自己以后可以为AW和笔试付出多少
付出尽可能的多。具体地说，寒假大概能保证每天10小时以上的学习时间（2月10、11、初五、初六可能要打一半折扣）。开学了有三门专业课（都学过，刷GPA，所以不用付出太多），毕业论文这两项任务。算下来至少可以保证7个小时每天，没课的时候至少可以8-9小时。总之，尽我所能！

5.写一段100-200的英语。任意写什么
I enjoy learning AW, for its logic criterion and complex issues are related to my major-philosophy. Evaluating the logic soundness of an argument or searching an insightful example is a precious chance to use my knowledge and then deepen them. Moreover, I failed to pass this examination several mouths ago. Therefore, GRE is not only an entrance to US, but a test to inspire my willing to overcome defects.
So I apply to participate in the CLOVER team, working with people who have the same dream, sharing experience and understanding of this exam, and attaining the goal together. Little time left, let's start.

———————————备考日志开始的分割线—————————
上面内容既是申请，亦是对自己的鞭策，留着每天看看鼓励下自己。
二战了，。issue写了27、28篇吧，argu10来篇，加上更多的提纲，这次的备考的起点显然比懵懂、盲目的上次要高多了。因而对自身存在的问题应该有比较清晰的了解。总结起来，首先，上次没有对ETS的INTRO和范文仔细分析，凭着XDF和一些经验帖就上阵了，现在想来实在是太不负责任了...明天开始分析透彻后再开始写。其次，idea的创新没有语言的支持。AW这么好的锻炼思维能力的机会当然不能放过，不过语言的匮乏让我深感到无法表述自己想法的痛苦。其实这与前一点还是有重合的，游戏规则都没搞清楚怎么能让文章表述地清晰有力呢....最后，对破题缺乏系统的训练，列提纲基本都是从本专业出发、直觉式的思考，这样有时或许能切中要害，但或许更多时候在浪费时间，还是要找前辈们的精华来训练下自己的破题方法。
综上，我暂时能想到的复习计划包括：好好分析官方的资料；每天总结ECO，好词好句好结构；fundamental writing的讲解；精华里对破题思路的训练和分析，比如追星剑前辈的系列；有一定积淀了再开始修改和新写提纲，作文。好在双飞的伴侣和我同时考试，我们可以分工合作，fundamental writing就交给我了~毕竟写过些作文，看这个理解可能更深一些..
好了，闲言少叙，一会就来更新今天的总结。

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wu-intrepid
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沙发

发表于 2010-2-1 23:44:46 |只看该作者

本帖最后由 wu-intrepid 于 2010-2-1 23:46 编辑

The size andpower of the state is growing, and discontent is on the rise

IN THE aftermath of the Senate election in Massachusetts, the focusof attention is inevitably on what it means for Barack Obama. The impact on theDemocratic president of the loss of the late Ted Kennedy’s seat to theRepublicans will, no doubt, be significant (see article). Yet the result couldbe remembered as a message more profound than the disparate（不同的） mutterings（抱怨） of a
grumpy（生气的）
electorate（全体选民） that has lost faith in its leader—asa
growl （咆哮）of hostility to the rising power of thestate.段末亮出主题。本段提出现象，补记：刚看了fundamental writing，果然在开头段末尾发现thesis，学习！

America’s most vibrant political force atthe moment is the anti-tax tea-party （茶党？）movement. Even in leftish（左派的） Massachusetts people are worried that Mr Obama’s spending
splurge,（乱花钱） notably his still-unpassed health-carebill, will send the deficit soaring（导致高赤字）. In Britain,where elections are usually spending competitions, the contest this year will
be fought about（重点在于）
where to cut. Even in regions as historically statist as Scandinavia（斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)）and southern Europe
debates are beginning to emergeabout （争议在于）the size and effectiveness of government.

There are good reasons, as well as badones, why the state is growing; but the trend must be reversed. Doing so willprove
exceedingly（非常地）
hard—notleast because the bigger and more powerful the state gets, the more it tends togrow. But electorates, as in Massachusetts,eventually revolt; and such expressions of voters’fury are likely to shape politics in the years to come.（TS？）开头以现象，再过渡到理念，看来可行

How it grewand grew

The immediatereason（直接的理由） for the rise of the state is the financial crisis.TS简洁 Governments have spent trillions proppingup（资助） banks and staving off （减少）depression. Insome countries they now play a large role in the financial sector（领域）; and thanks to
bail-outs（保释）, stimulus and recession（经济衰退）, the proportion of GDP made up bystate spending and public deficits has rocketed（急速上升）.（讽刺？）

But the rise of Leviathan is a much longer and broader story （表递进、深入一层分析问题）(seearticle). Long before AIG and Northern Rock ended up in state custody,government had been growing rapidly. That was especially true in Britain and America, the two countries in which“the end of big government” had been declared in the 1990s. George Bush pushed up（提高） spending more than any presidentsince Lyndon Johnson. Britain’s initially frugal Labour government went on asplurge: the state’s share of （占…的比重）GDP has risenfrom 37% in 2000 to 48% in 2008 to 52% now. In swathes of northern Britain thestate now accounts for（占）a bigger share of the economy than it did in communistcountries in the old eastern bloc. The change has been less dramatic incontinental Europe, but in most of those countries the state already made up around half of （组成）the economy.

Demography is set to push state spending up
further.开头套路一致，TS Ageing（老龄化） populations will consume ever morepublic health care and ever bigger pensions.（退休金） Unless somebodytakes an axe（斧子） to them有趣, entitlements will consume a fifth ofAmerica’s GDP in 15 years, compared with 9% now.

Rising government spending is not the only
manifestation of(…的标志)
growing state power. Thespread of regulation is another. Conservatives tend to blame the growing thicket（灌木丛）of rules 指不断增加的法规on unwanted supranational bodies, such as the European Union, and onthe ever growing industry of public-sector busybodies who supervise matterslike diversity and health and safety. They have a point. But voters, includingright-wing ones, often demand more state intrusion（干扰、介入）: witness the“wars” on terror恐怖 and drugs, or the spread of CCTV cameras. 有意思~Mr Bush added an average of 1,000 pages of federal regulations eachyear he was in office. America now has a quarter of a million people devisingand implementing执行
federalrules.

Globalisation, far from whittling away削弱 the state,has often ended up boosting以…结尾 it. Greater jobinsecurity among the voting middle classes has increased demand for safetynets. Confronted by global market failures, such as climate change, voters havedemanded a public response. And the emergence of new economic powers,especially China, has given fresh respectability to使重新拥有好的信誉the old notion of state capitalism: more and more of the world’sbiggest companies are state-owned, and more and more of its biggest investorsare now sovereign-wealth funds.每段一个原因，并列结构，通过比较级、further、not the only逻辑连接词来组织文章

What should bedone?

Many difficultiespresent themselves to those who would reform the state (TS). One is the danger posed by the fragility脆弱 of the world economy.Government stimulus may still be needed to ward off （避开）a new slump萧条期. But even in the mostvulnerable countries, governments need to be planning for withdrawal.

A further（代替another） danger consists in （存在于）equating “smaller” with “better”.As the
horrors恐怖 in Haiti demonstrate, countries need astate of a certain size to work at all; and more government can be good. TheEconomist, for instance, is relieved that politicians steppedin干涉
to bailout保释 the banks, since the risks of tumblinginto倾覆于 a depression were large. This newspaper also supported Mr Obama in2008 in part because he wanted to extend health-care coverage.

How much a state spends often
matters less than比…更不重要
how it spends. Systems in which the statepays and the private sector provides often work well. Scandinavia’sschools are expensive, but they are by and large more efficient？ than theirAnglo-Saxon peers同龄. Much of France’s health care
is paidfor固定用法
by the state but supplied byprivate hospitals.
（为什么没有reasoning的论证只有例子呢）

Even where big change is clearly needed,the history of “reinventing重新确立的 government” shows itis not easy. The quick fixes, such as privatising national telecoms firms, havebeen done. Fortunes（资金、财富） have been spent onmanagement consultants in the public sector,
without much to show for it效果不明显 (see article). In 1978 anotherAmerican state shocked the world by rejecting big government: California’stax-cutting Proposition 13 paved the way for为…铺平道路
Reaganism,里根主义 but direct democracy has ended up making the Golden State’sgovernment worse.

In these circumstances, hard rules make little sense例子后的的总结. But prejudicesare still useful—and this newspaper’s prejudice is to look for ways to make thestate smaller. That is partly for philosophical reasons: we prefer to givepower to individuals, rather than to governments. But pragmatism also
comes into it…牵涉其中: there is so much pressure on thestate to grow (bureaucrats building empires, politicians buying votes,public-sector workers voting for governments that promise bigger budgets forthe public sector) that merely limiting the state to its current size meansfinding cuts.

And cuts can be found. In the corporate world, slimming削减a workforce by
a tenth 十分之一is standardfare正常的. There’sno reason why governments should not do that too, when it’s needed. Sweden and Canada managed it, and remainedpleasant countries with effective public services. Public-sector pay can becut, given考虑到
howsecure jobs are: in both America and Britain public-sector workers are onaverage now paid more than private-sector ones. Public-sector pensions are fartoo generous, in comparison with shrunken private-sector ones. Entitlements canbe cut back, most obviously by raising pensionable ages. And the world mightwell be a greener, more prosperous place if the West’s various agriculturaldepartments disappeared.

The Economist will return to these areas incoming months. All raise different issues; and different countries may need todeal with them in different ways. But one large general point links them: agreat battle about the state is brewing酝酿. And, as in anotherinfluential revolution, the first shot may have been heard in Massachusetts.

生词：disparate（不同的）mutterings（抱怨）

grumpy（生气的） electorate（全体选民）
growl （咆哮）

leftish（左派的）
splurge,（乱花钱）
Scandinavia（斯堪的纳维亚(半岛)(瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛的泛称)）

exceedingly（非常地）
bail-outs（保释）

recession（经济衰退）
Ageing（老龄化）

pensions.（退休金）

axe（斧子）
thicket（灌木丛）
intrusion（干扰、介入）

terror恐怖

implementing执行

whittling away削弱
t

fragility脆弱
ward off （避开

slump萧条期.
horrors恐怖
peers同龄.
reinventing重新确立的
Fortunes（资金、财富）

Reaganism,里根主义

brewing酝酿.
slimming削减

好的用法：send the deficit soaring（导致高赤字）
be fought about（重点在于）

debates are beginning to emerge about （争议在于

immediate reason（直接的理由）

propping up（资助）

staving off （减少）
rocketed（急速上升）
is a much longer andbroader story （表递进、深入一层分析问题）

pushed up（提高）

the state’s share of （占…的比重）

accounts for（占） a bigger shareof

made up around half of （组成）

manifestationof(…的标志)

ended up boosting以…结尾
given freshrespectability to 使重新有良好的信誉
A further（代替another）
r consists in （存在于）
stepped in干涉

bail out保释

tumbling into倾覆于

matters less than比…更不重要

is paid for支付

without much to showfor it效果不明显
paved the way for为…铺平道路

comes into it…牵涉其中:
given考虑到

standard fare正常的
a tenth 十分之一

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板凳

发表于 2010-2-2 00:17:24 |只看该作者

本帖最后由 wu-intrepid 于 2010-2-2 00:25 编辑

下面是今天看到的fundamental writing，鉴于LP已经看了前三讲，总结也做得很好https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-1056072-1-1.html（非广告）...以及4、5讲是“前期的闷骚介绍”（草木语），我还是从第六讲开始吧。当然4、5讲我自己看了，就不花力气总结了。第六讲，Thesis 我认为的要点如下：
一、What is athesis?

1、 good thesis
offersyour readers a quick and easy to follow summary of what the paper willbe discussing and what you as a writer are setting out to tell them.
高度总结性，和给予读者预测的空间

2、The kind of thesisthat your paper will have will depend on the purpose of your writing.目的不同，主题句也不同

3、The thesis statement is typically located at the end of your opening paragraph开头段的末尾就是T之所在

4、Remember, your readerwill be looking for your thesis. Make it clear, strong, and easy to find.使主题句清晰！

5、对于AW，主题句属于：

Argumentative Thesis Statements，即，this claim must be astatement that people could possibly disagree with,可辩论性！controversial!

所以这个主题句包括： A、 your claim or assertion B\the reasons/evidence that support this claim C\

the order in which you will be presenting your reasons andevidence

写主题句时要问问自己几个问题：
·
What is my claim or assertion?
·
What are the reasons I have to support my claim orassertion?
·
In what order should I present my reasons?

二、什么是好的主题句的属性？
contestable
adequately coveredin the format

specific and focused
based on evidence

provides

a map to guide

anticipates andrefutes the counter-arguments
avoids vaguelanguage (like "it seems")

avoids the first person.

pass the Sowhat? or Who cares? test不要写些尽人皆知的论述，还是要有可辩论性
（Who would want to read something they already knew?平时issue破题中的过分的平衡观点正符合这点，如政客有时可以撒谎有时不可以撒谎是尽人皆知的道理，放在主题句里分很难高）

草木的总结：

总结一下：
主题句的dos and don’ts
Dos:
表明立场，具体，并且中心明确，表明自己的观点和结论，出现在开头段的末尾，同时提示读者作者的行文思路．（我的补充：要有辩论性，读者可以有根据地反驳）
Don’ts:
不要说废话，说空话，说大话，不要出现第一人称，不要含糊不清．

公式：

Specific topic + Attitude/Angle/Argument= Thesis

What you plan to argue+ How you plan to argue it = Thesis

三、如何检验自己写好的主题句是否合格？

inspire a reasonable reader to ask,"How?" or Why?"
吸引读者思考

避免出现so what问题

be adequately developed

lead the reader toward the topic sentences
Can

避免绝对的论调如“all”

四、如何写出好的主题句？（思维的步骤）
．Rank with justification　考虑重要性
·
Most important toleast important
·
Least important tomost important
考虑流行和反对观点

感觉与现实即一般的感觉和真正发生的现实可能存在的不同
.Goodversus bad reasons
Cause and Effect:
．Challenge:质疑

后面的对我而言零散了一些，就不贴出来了，不过关于怎样的主题句是好句子而怎样不是的例子真的不错，仔细体会...

今天浪费了些时间明天抓紧！

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地板

发表于 2010-2-3 00:14:26 |只看该作者

每天一篇ECO的分析
Rebuildingthe American dream machine

FOR America's colleges, January is a monthof reckoning(计算、估计、清算). Most applications for the next academic year beginning in theautumn have to be made by the end of December,so a university's popularity is put to an objective standard（有一个客观标准）: how manypeople want to attend. One of the more unlikely（不大可能的）offices to have been flooded（淹没、充满） with mail is thatof the City University of New York (CUNY), a public college that lacks, amongother things, a famous sports team, bucolic campuses and raucous（沙哑的、粗糙的） parties （理解为喧嚣的排队）(it doesn't even have dorms), and, until recently, academiccredibility.

A primary draw at CUNY is a programme forparticularly clever students, launched（开始于） in 2001. Some 1,100of the 60,000 students at CUNY's five top schools receive a rare（少） thing in the costly（昂贵的） world of Americancolleges: free education. Those accepted by CUNY's honours programme pay notuition fees; instead they receive a stipend （薪俸）of $7,500 (to helpwith general expenses) and a laptop computer. Applications for early admissionsinto next year's programme are up 70%.上升70%

Admission has nothing to do with being anathlete, or a child of an alumnus（校友）, or having aninfluential sponsor（赞助）, or being a member ofa particularly aggrieved（受虐待的、受侵害的） ethnicgroup—criteria that are increasingly important（日益重要） at America'selite colleges. Most of the students who apply to the honours programme comefrom relatively（相对的） poor families,many of them immigrant ones. All that CUNY demands is that these students bediligent and clever.

Last year, the average standardised test（标准化考试） score of this group was in the top 7% （前…%）in the country. Amongthe rest of CUNY's students averages are lower, but they are now just breaking into（挤进、冲进） the top third (compared with thebottom third（倒数前三） in 1997). CUNY does not appear alongside （与…比肩）Harvard and Stanford on lists ofAmerica's top colleges, but its recent transformation offers a neat（整洁的）parable（寓言故事） of meritocracy（知识界精英）revisited（再访问、再现）.

Until the 1960s, agood case could be made （一个好例子）that the best deal in American tertiary （第三级的）education was to befound not in Cambridge or Palo Alto, but in Harlem, at a small public schoolcalled City College, the core of CUNY. America's first free municipal（市的）
university,founded in 1847, offered its services to everyone bright enough to meet its gruelling standards（严格的标准）.

City's golden era came in the last century,when America's best known colleges restricted the number of Jewish studentsthey would admit at exactly the time when New York was teemingwith （丰富的）the bright children of poor Jewish immigrants. In 1933-54 Cityproduced nine future Nobel laureates, including the 2005 winner for economics,Robert Aumann (who graduated in 1950); Hunter, its affiliated（联合的） former women'scollege, produced two, and a sister branch in Brooklyn produced one. Cityeducated Felix Frankfurter, a pivotal（关键的） figure （人物）on the Supreme Court （最高法院）(class of 1902), Ira Gershwin (1918),Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine (1934) and Robert Kahn, anarchitect of the internet (1960). A left-wing （左翼的）place in the 1930sand 1940s, City spawned many of the neo-conservative intellectuals who wouldlater swing to （转向）the right, such as Irving Kristol (classof 1940, extra-curricular（课外的） activity: anti-warclub), Daniel Bell and Nathan Glazer.

What went wrong? Putsimply（简单的说）, City dropped its standards. It waspartly to do with （部分因为）demography（人口统计）, partly to do with earnest muddleheadedness（认真的精神混乱？）. In the 1960s, universities across the country （整个国家的）faced intense pressure to admitmore minority（少数民族） students. Although City was open toall races, only a small number of black and Hispanic students passed the stricttests (including a future secretary of state, Colin Powell). That, criticsdecided, could not be squared with （相一致）City's mission to“serve all the citizens of New York”. At first the standards were tweaked,（调整） but this was not enough, and in 1969 massive student protests shutdown City's campus for two weeks. Faced with upheaval（大动荡）, City scrapped （丢弃）its admissions standards altogether. By1970, almost any student who graduated from New York's high schools could attend.

The quality of education collapsed. At first, withno barrier to （无障碍）entry, enrolment(登记) climbed, but in 1976 the city of New York, which was then in effect bankrupt（陷入实际上的破产）, forced CUNY to imposetuition fees. An era of free education was over, and a university which hadonce served such a distinct purpose joined the muddle of America's lower-end （低档）education.

By 1997, seven out of ten first-yearstudents in the CUNY system were failing at least one remedial（补习的） test in reading,writing or maths (meaning that they had not learntit to high-school standard（学到高中标准）). A report commissioned by the city in 1999 concluded that “Central to （…的核心）CUNY's historic mission is acommitment to provide broad access, but its students' high drop-out rates andlow graduation rates raise the question: ‘Access to what?’ ”

Using the report as ammunition（弹药）, profound reforms were pushed through（努力完成） by New York'sthen mayor, Rudolph Giuliani, and another alumnus, Herman Badillo (1951),America's first Puerto Rican congressman. A new head of CUNY was appointed.Matthew Goldstein, a mathematician (1963), has shiftedthe focus back towards （把焦点转向）higher standards amid considerablecontroversy（在争议中）.

For instance, by 2001, all of CUNY's 11“senior” colleges (ie, ones that offer full four-year courses) had stopped offeringremedial education. This prompted（引起）howls（咆哮、不满）from the teaching faculty, who said it would “create a ghetto-like separation（贫民区般的）between levelsof colleges”, keeping black and Hispanic students out of the best schools. Infact, the racial composition of the senior schools, monitoredobsessively （执着的监视）by critics, has remained largely unchanged: one in four students atthe senior colleges is black, one in five is Latino. A third have ties to（连接、是） Puerto Rico, Jamaica, China and the Dominican Republic.

Admissions standards have been raised.Students applying to CUNY's senior colleges now need respectable（体面的） scores on either anational, state or CUNY test, and the admissions criteria for the honoursprogramme are the toughest （严格）in the university'shistory. Contrary to （与…相反）what MrGoldstein's critics predicted, higher standards have attracted more students,not fewer: this year, enrolment at CUNY is at arecord high（创新高）. There are also anecdotal signs that CUNY is once again picking upbright locals（当地居民）, especially in science. One advancedbiology class at City now has twice as many students as it did in the late1990s. Last year, two students, both born in the Soviet Union, won Rhodesscholarships, and a Bronx native who won the much sought-after（很吃香的）Intel Science Prize is now in the honours programme.

All this should not imply that CUNY is out of the woods.（走出泥潭） Much of it looks run down（走下坡路）. CUNY's annual budget of $1.7billion has stayed largely unchanged（大致保持不变）, even asstudent numbers have risen. With New York City's finances still precarious,city and state support for the university has fallenby more than one-third （下降了…）since 1991 in real terms. It has, however, begun to bring in privatemoney.

A new journalism school will open in theautumn, helped by a $4m grant from the Sulzberger family, who control the NewYork Times, and led by Business Week's former editor, Steve Shepard (class of1961). Efforts to raise a $1.2 billion endowment have passedthe half-way mark（成功了一半）, helped by (formerly estranged) alumni. Intel's former chairman,Andrew Grove, who graduated from City in 1960 as a penniless（一文不名的）Hungarian immigrant, donated $26m (about 30% of City's operatingbudget) to the engineering school, calling his almamater（母校）“a veritable （真正的）American dream machine”.

There are broaderlessons to draw from（…有更多可学习的地方） CUNY, especially to do with creating opportunities in highereducation for the poor. Currently, only 3% of the students in America's topcolleges come from families in the lowest incomequartile（四分位数） and only 10% from the bottom half（中等）, according to a studyby Anthony Carnevale and Stephen Rose for the Century Foundation. Most studentsare relatively well-off, and their numbers include plenty of racial minoritieswho receive preferential（优惠的） status independentof their economic circumstances.

For all its imperfections（不完美）, CUNY's model of lowtuition fees and high standards offers a different approach. And its recenthistory may help to dispel the myth （杜撰出来的谬论）that highacademic standards deter students and donors. “Elitism”, Mr Goldstein contends,“is not a dirty word.”

生词： reckoning(计算、估计、清算
flooded（淹没、充满）
raucous（沙哑的、粗糙的）
launched（开始于）
rare（少）
costly（昂贵的）
stipend （薪俸）

alumnus（校友）
sponsor（赞助）

aggrieved（受虐待的、受侵害的）
bottom third（倒数前三
alongside （与…比肩）
neat（整洁的） parable（寓言故事
meritocracy （知识界精英）revisited（再访问、再现
tertiary （第三级的）
municipal（市的）

teeming with （丰富的）

pivotal（关键的） figure （人物）
Supreme Court （最高法院
left-wing （左翼

swing to （转向
extra-curricular（课外的）
demography（人口统计）,
minority（少数民族
tweaked,（调整

upheaval（大动荡）,
scrapped （丢弃
enrolment(登记)

lower-end （低档）

remedial（补习的）
ammunition（弹药）
howls （咆哮、不满
ties to（连接、是）
respectable（体面的）
toughest （严格）
locals（当地居民
out of the woods.（走出泥潭）

penniless （一文不名的
veritable （真正的
quartile（四分位数）
bottom half（中等
preferential（优惠的）
imperfections（不完美
myth （杜撰出来的谬论）
好用法：is putto an objective standard（有一个客观标准）
One of the moreunlikely
（有可能的
up 70%.上升70%
increasinglyimportant（日益重要
relatively（相对的） poor
was in the top7% （前…%）
breaking into（挤进、冲进

a good case could be made （一个好例子）that
gruelling standards（严格的标准）.

affiliated（联合的）

Put simply（简单的说）
partly to do with （部分因为
across the country （整个国家的）
be squared with （相一致
The quality of education collapsed
with no barrier to （无障碍）
in effect bankrupt（陷入实际上的破产）
Central to （…的核心）CUNY's historicmission is
pushed through（努力完成
shifted the focusback towards （把焦点转向）
amid considerablecontroversy（在争议中）.
prompted（引起）
ghetto-likeseparation（贫民区般的）
monitored obsessively（执着的监视

Contrary to （与…相反）
at a record high（创新高

sought-after （很吃香的）
run down（走下坡路）
stayed largelyunchanged（大致保持不变）
fallen by more thanone-third （下降了…）

passed the half-way mark（成功了一半）
There are broaderlessons to draw from（…有更多可学习的地方）

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5楼

发表于 2010-2-3 00:26:56 |只看该作者

fundamental writing course第七讲 TS和信号词

首先，好的TS必须满足以下几个条件：Topic sentences revealthe main point of a paragraphz主题 They show the relationshipof each paragraph to the essay's thesis, telegraph the point of a paragraph关系, and tell your reader what to expect in the paragraphthat follows.暗示下文 Topic sentences alsoestablish their relevance right away, making clear why the points they'remaking are important to the essay's main ideas. They argue rather than report.带有论证性质而非单纯的描述，自己为自己的切题做辩护

TS和信号词的重要性如下：Topic sentences andsignposts occupy a middle ground in the writing process. They are neither thefirst thing a writer needs to address (thesis and the broad strokes of an essay's structure are暗示主题、结构是首要考虑对象); nor are they the last (that's when you attend to sentence-level editing and polishing暗示语言最次，以上都和ETS评分标准吻合).

TS的形式：
１．Complex sentences
combinewith a transition from the previous paragraph，就是说always move from old to new information

２．Questions.
Questionsare by definition a form of inquiry, and thus demand an answer. Good essaysstrive for this forward momentum.

注意的是

Topic sentences don't always appear at the beginning of a paragraph，也就是说，TS可以在文中出现，但要一定要有：
asignal, a word like "but," "yet," or "however,"or a longer phrase or sentence that indicates an about-face

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6楼

发表于 2010-2-3 00:59:58 |只看该作者

第八讲，段落间的关系，恩~这个很重要
可供选择的顺序有：
1、Climactic Order，means，items are arranged from least important to mostimportant.
一种Climactic Order的变体是psychological order，means，In this pattern, then, you decide what is mostimportant and put it at the beginning or the end; next you choose what issecond most important and put it at the end or the beginning (whicheverremains); the less important or powerful items are then arranged in the middle.最重要—最不重要—次重要。人之常情呵

还有一些顺序：
general-to-specific order,
specific-to general order,
most-familiar-to-least-familiar,
simplest-to-most-complex,这个我可以用下
order of frequency,
order of familiarity

或者还有从次要到重要，
好处在于leading the reader into increasing tension, muchlike an action movie builds to a climax

对于比较的写法，有两种，一种是先写A，再写B，或者是cross-sectional approach，即交叉比较，用于比较复杂的议题。

草木的总结：
1、并不是所有的文章都是要按照ascending orders的，其实别的顺序都可以接受，包括descending的。主要是按照合理的顺序，说清楚意思就好。
２ 2、实际的文章写作，没有这么单纯的顺序，Issue题目中，许多复杂的问题远不能拿这些逻辑顺序概括。实际上，我们把这种复杂的顺序叫做the flow of mind，根据论证的思路排序
３．补充一种顺序：IMRaD: Introduction- Materials and Methods - Results – Discussion

二、处理复杂顺序
"What?"

Whatevidence shows that the phenomenon described by your thesis is true?
应该还包括定义关键词等方法，来回答what这个问题
This"what" or "demonstration" section comes early in the essay,often directly after the introduction.
注意不能多于全文三分之一，个人觉得一篇issue大概100-150

"How?"
可以考察in allcases意味着接下来就可以分类讨论
或者问Howdoes the thesis stand up to the challenge of a counter-argument? How does theintroduction of new material—a new way of looking at the evidence, another setof sources—affect the claims you're making?

"Why?"
thefullest answer to it properly belongs at your essay's end
Whydoes your interpretation of a phenomenon matter to anyone beside you?阐述下意义

还有个文章地图法，和上面三个问题很相似，注意不能只用first second来堆积，一定要有递进！

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7楼

发表于 2010-2-3 01:02:28 |只看该作者

单词不能放，每天4-5个list，一遍一遍的过...argu的提纲依旧痛苦，尽管一半都已经写过，难啊！明天看下解读官方指南的精华帖，掌握游戏规则后可以开始动笔了~~！加油啊！

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8楼

发表于 2010-2-4 00:19:16 |只看该作者

2月3号
今天对照着https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=440398和https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-439808-1-1.html两个精华帖又看了遍AW的intro，明天分析下范文，然后可以开始写了。

太晚了，草木的writing课明天更新。

PS，argu的提纲很痛苦，数量庞大....红宝单词很纠结，加油

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9楼

发表于 2010-2-6 00:03:15 |只看该作者

前阵子google沸沸扬扬，看了篇06年的旧闻，有感触。Here be dragons
Jan 26th 2006
From The Economistprint edition

Google, theinternet search engine（搜索引擎） that has grown into a corporate giant,began operations（经营）in China on January 25th. Though critics suggest it has betrayed its own motto（箴言） - “don't beevil” - by agreeing to censor certain sites, Googlemaintains it will do more good than harm全文讨论点
IN 2001human-rights activists in China crowed（欢叫、幸灾乐祸地）
that a little-known search engine called Google was the most important tool ever created（most….ever，记住这个表达） to skirt（避开） state censors. Users could retrieve（检索（储存的信息）） content（内容）that Beijing banned by clicking to call up（引申为打开（网页））
a “cached” copy of the web page, stored by Google. Soon, however,Google itself was being sporadically（偶然的、零星的） blocked. The firm was instructed（命令、指示） to deactivate that particularfeature, and for a short time its web address was even re-routed（改道发送） by Chinese network operators to thewebsite of a local rival.
The continualcat-and-mouse game ended this week when Google, now a corporate giant, enteredthe dragon’s den. On January 25th the search engine “Google.cn” beganoperations. It is a first step towards beefing up（加强补充） the company’s local presence, which willalso mean placing computer-servers in the country. This will speed up（加速） service for mainland users, who otherwise（记住otherwise的用法） must penetrate the great firewall ofChina, which dramatically slows down accessto Google.com.
Having local infrastructure（基础设施） gives an advantage to Google’s search-engine rivals, such as China’sBaidu.com (which enjoys around 40% of the Chinese search market, compared with（分词短语的用法） Google’s 30%), and Yahoo! and Microsoft’s MSN, whichhave local Chinese operations. China’sinternet market, with more than 100m users, is one of the fastest-growing andmost lucrative in the world. Can Google—with its motto “don’t be evil”—dobusiness in Chinawithout betraying its soul?
The company is making a concerted effort to（齐心协力做） do just that. It has reached an agreement with the Chinese authoritiesthat allows it to disclose to users, at the bottom of a list of search results,whether information has been withheld（withhold,保留，抑制）. This is similar to what the company does in other countries where itfaces content restrictions, such as Franceand Germany (where Nazisites are banned), and America(where it removes material that is suspected of copyright infringement).Although the disclosure is more prominent（突出的） on these western sites, putting such amessage on its Chinese site is an important steptowards（对…有利的） transparency（透明性） and, furthermore, is something its rivalsdo not do.
Furthermore,Google is tiptoeing into（踮着脚进入） the country with only a handful of（少数） services. It is not offering e-mail, blogging or social-networkingservices, because it worries that it will not be able to ensure users’ privacy.It wishes to avoid the situation in which MSN and Yahoo! find themselves, whereby（凭借，adv） they are forced to obey the Chinesegovernment’s orders in censoring content and revealing users’ identities.Rather than be placed in a position where it may have to compromise（危及） its values, Google instead（放在句中用这个词比较好） is narrowing（可做动词） what it offers (although its news servicewill contain only government-approved media sources).
Google believesthat entering China,even with restraints on content, lets it offer more information than if itremained outside. Yet the decision comes as American internet firms such asYahoo! and MSN duck（闪开，避开） criticism that they are complicit with（与…串通） the Chinese authorities.
Meanwhile in America
For Google, takingthe higher road happens to also be a way to differentiate its service. Thismonth America’s Department of Justice went to court to force Google to complywith a subpoena seeking more than 1m web addresses and a weeks’ worth of allusers’ searches (down from an original demand of every web address it holds andtwo months of searches), albeit without any information that would identifyindividual users. The government wants the data in order to examine theeffectiveness of software filters to block pornography, fora case involving a law prohibiting the content, which the Supreme Courtruled unconstitutional（违宪的）.

Thegovernment requested, and received, information from Yahoo!, MSN and AOL—all ofwhich initially stonewalled about（阻碍） whether they disclosed the data. YetGoogle resisted, arguing that “acceding（同意） to the request would suggest it is willingto reveal information about those who use its services. This is not aperception that Google can accept.” The day the subpoena was made public,Google’s shares dropped almost 9%, its largest single-day decline since itbegan trading in 2004.

Google’s stance（立场） could put commercial pressure on its rivals to adoptmore customer-friendly policies, and may serve as a warning to other internetfirms to treat customers’ data with more care. Yet suchhigh-mindedness（高洁） will be testedas Google enters China. Keeping its options open, the company is not shuttingdown the Chinese-language version of Google.com. It will remain available, forthose willing to wait a bit longer for their uncensored search results.

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10楼

发表于 2010-2-6 00:07:57 |只看该作者

下面是今天看的，关于海地的文章，第一次看经济学人有了分享作者思路的的感觉....很棒
Haiti’s government cannot rebuild the country. Atemporary authority needs to be set up to do it

MOREthan a week after the earth convulsed beneath it,Haitihas still to plumb the depths of suffering and want. The numbers are still only more-or-less informed guesses, buttheir magnitude is grim:perhaps 200,000 killed, 250,000 more injured and some
3m
in desperate need ofhelp.The generosity of the world’s response has alsobeen profound. Barack Obama led the way, dispatching16,000 American troops and marines, but others, from Europe to Brazil, Cuba,China and Israel,responded too. Immediate promises of aidadded up to around nearly $1billion. 第一段大体描述了海地伤亡的惨重，世界各地都慷慨帮助。同时暗示了下文。

The urgent taskis to connect this supply of help with the demand.
这句话紧接着第一段末句，既然已经有了援助的物资，那么下一步就是用援助的物资去解决灾难。Thatis proving extraordinarily hard (see article).同时，这句暗示下面要阐述的内容，为什么会有困难Seven days after theearthquake, the United Nations had got food to only 200,000 people. Lessons fromother disasters are not always relevant to Haiti. TheAsian tsunami, forexample, struck a ribbon ofremote, mainly rural, areas. The governmentsof the affected nations could lead the relief effort. But Haiti’sinstitutions were weak even before the disaster. Becausethe quake devastatedthe capital, both the government and the UN, which has been trying to build astate in Haitisince 2004, were decapitated,losing buildings and essential staff. So didmany NGOs. The president, René Préval, and his cabinet have been reducedto meeting in a police station.作者通过亚洲海啸的例子，解释海地在地震后救灾工作实施困难的特殊原因-----没有有力的领导。可以预想，作者下面会讲没有有力的领导怎么办？

Intothat vacuum（概括第二段，没有强有了的领导，真空状态，将两端衔接）stepped the United States. Inevitablythe dispatch of marines, Black Hawks and an aircraft-carrier looked to some like an invasion(after all, they have been there before). A brief caricatureof great-power prickliness ensued as the Americans took charge of theairport and seemed to some others to give priority to their own flights. But by mid-week the airport was receiving three times as manyflights as it did before the earthquake. 这句话对应上段中Sevendays after the earthquake, the United Nations had got food to only 200,000people开始时物资很少. TheAmerican forces arewell-equipped for the vital task of setting up asupply chain
for aid. That iswhat they are doing under a sensible division of labour eventually hammered out(the Brazilian-led UN peacekeeping force remains in charge of security, and theUN will co-ordinate the aid effort). Certainly most ordinary Haitians seemed pleased tosee the Americans.第二段紧接着阐述，在海地没有有力政府时，各国开始介入，分管各项，大量物资得以帮助海地人民。

Theyare just desperate
for water, food, fuel, medicines and shelter. Contrary to some
reports, 用reports，指代前面的内容，既简练又使句子连贯有逻辑therewere only isolated cases of lootingand fighting. But delay and disarray押韵 has cost many lives. The longer it lasts, the more likely that desperation turns toviolence（第一句话是just desperation,而作者认为not just，是会turn to violence，驳斥观点的时候，不要单纯的否定原观点，而是应该对比性的提出自己的观点）. The UN called for more peacekeepers.Braziloffered 800; it may take weeks to muster the rest. If ever a situation cried out forthe UN to have astanding army at its disposal, asThe Economist has urged, this is it.这段是写由于对物资的desperate，作者认为会引发暴力，为了能在暴力发生时及时应对，美国需要再投入兵

From relief to building a better country

Getty Images Amid such chaos, 先让步下it might seem prematureto think about a long-term strategy forrebuilding Haiti. Actually, 引出作者真正的观点it is vital.
后面暗示分析为什么vital. Already Haitians’ resilient response to disaster is creating new facts onunstable ground: the spontaneous refugee camps around the capital will be hard to shift.Evenbefore the earthquake Haitiwas poor, environmentally degraded andaid-dependent and had few basic services. This means that “building back better” must bemore than just a slogan. It also means that time is short before the world’s generosity turnsto cynicism.Vital从内外两方面，自身的迫切需要，和外部资助的可能流失

既然有必要现在考虑strategy，作者就提出具体的strategy
Fortunately there is a blueprint,drawn up by Haiti’sgovernment and presented to donors last year. It calls for investment to be targeted on infrastructure, basic services and combating soil erosionto make farmers more productive and the country less vulnerable to hurricanes. 罗列要做的事情，既然事情已经明确，后面紧跟着问谁来做？怎么做？逻辑很连贯。The pressing questionis who should do it and how. Haiti’sgovernment is in no position to take charge, yet the country needs a stronggovernment to put it to rights. 提出现状的矛盾是，国家需要有力的政府，但是现在的海地政府没用。 Paul Collier, a developmenteconomist who worked on the plan, reckons that theanswer is to set up a temporary development authority with wide powers to act. Giventhe local vacuum of power, this is the best idea around. 提出可能的解决方法The authority should be set up under the auspicesof the UN or of an ad hoc group (the United States, Canada, the European Union andBrazil, for example). It should beled by a suitable outsider (Bill Clinton, who is the UN’s special envoy for Haiti, would be ideal, perhaps to be followed byBrazil’sLula after he steps down as president in a year’s time) and a prominent Haitian, such as the prime minister. To provideservices, it should work with aid groups.

Some will object that this would undermine a democratically elected government. But there isnot much left to undermine. Done well, it could create a statein Haitiable to do more than preside over chaosand corruption. Otherwise the sufferingof the past ten days risks being repeated.
1、
需要立刻重建，虽然有可能失败，但不会有太大代价，
2、
如果建好了，美好的前景：
3、
如果不建，会有很大的灾难。

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11楼

发表于 2010-2-6 00:11:04 |只看该作者

单词和提纲仍然继续，今天还仔细分析了几篇范文A的散打型真的学不来，I的太高深了，思路还能学一学...手痒了，明天练一篇..

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12楼

发表于 2010-2-13 00:13:03 |只看该作者

崩溃了，惭愧了，回家以后有大堆的聚会，半数没好意思推脱，自制力啊...
开始在phenix小组里写作文，很痛苦，尤其是issue，又要有逻辑又要有例子，挑战无处不在...
fundamental writting已经看完，很有启发，至少知道怎么写了，最后几篇就不传上来了，编辑的麻烦
A的提纲最近几天也能结束了，不错，继续努力，还有26天了，加把劲啊...!!

明天开始背分类单词，看版主的每日五词，争取用上，写的太朴实了...其余照旧，累就累点，必要的话春晚就不看了:victory:

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wu-intrepid
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发表于 2010-2-16 03:09:56 |只看该作者

追星剑特辑
1、
2、比较级，举个例子。当初在分析跑题文章的时候拿过一篇issue73做例子：题目说imagination is more important than knowledge，文章给了个回应叫做both are important云云，对题目进行了彻底的藐视。再往下看，人家的b1写imagination的重要性，b2写knowledge的重要性，b3写only the interaction will do us good云云——整个一篇下来，连一点儿补救的机会都没有。完全跑题。——人家要的就是做这个比较，对more的response在哪里？？？从thesis到body，等效于只字未提——————关键是回应more，单纯的平衡观点无用，把contrast做足了。

3、得寸进尺，所谓1+1与得寸进尺者，指的就是具有类似结构的题目：可以分为前后两半部分，并且可以看出作者认为两部分间有一定程度的递进关系（例如因果）。作者认定了递进不等于我们就同样首肯这一关系，加上前后半各自的claim，这样结构的题目，实际上是具有丰富的入手点的。然后imong大牛主要分析了issue52,具体操作方法是，把定义关键词和作者的论点结合起来，通过关键词的分析来考察作者两个分论点，同时考察二者递进关系是否成立....如他所言，统计学的原理在这里颇为好用，变着法的发展论点。

Pooh前辈的忠告：这类题目容易犯的错误就是偏了重心。比如刚才的例子中只写前半句的关系，忘记了因果关系才是本题的重点。当然这类错误只要仔细还是可以避免的。另一类是把这个题目理解成为教育促进social harmony, 这样就抛弃了文章的另一个题眼：question and criticize。估计有不少人会写着写着写跑了question and criticize. 因此，拿到题目分析关键词是十分必要。总结下：分清两句话中的关键词，充分回应；明确两句话的逻辑才是重点，避免偏题。

4、Is vs should 事实与倾向核心观点是：1．倾向不能拿来证明事实 2．不涉及价值判断的事实不能拿来证明倾向。即分清价值判断和事实判断，二者不能互相证明。比如 "Education encourages students to question and criticize, and therefore does little to promote social harmony." 和Education should not encourage students to question and criticize so as to better promote social harmony. 就是完全不同的，写法也不同。前者是事实，可以从果然如此吗？为什么会这样？来考察教育是什么状态，而后者，则在考虑教育应该是什么样的。
再如：issue163. "Most people live, whether physically or morally, in a very restricted circle. They make use of a very limited portion of the resources available to them until they face a great problem or crisis."文章立论无非是要论证题目提出的这个“状态”是对的，是错的，或者不一定的，或者etc. 无论如何，people should learn to better这一倾向性命题都没法拿来论证文章的论点

先发这么多，明天再看。
每天一I一A加提纲真不是说笑的，熬一熬吧，国足都能赢韩国，还有什么不可能~！

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