Ability:
understand, analyze, and evaluate arguments
convey your analysis
Task:
discuss the logical soundness. (Critically examining the line of reasoning and the use of evidence)
Attention：
• what is offeredas evidence, support, or proof
• whatis explicitly stated, claimed, or concluded
• whatis assumed or supposed, perhaps without justification or proof
• whatis not stated, but necessarily follows from what is stated
/*也就是要分清楚什么是事实，什么是推理（<= 推理是用来怀疑和反驳的）*/
Preparing for the Argument Task：
• carefully read the argument—you might want to read it over more than once
• identify as many of its claims, conclusions, and underlying assumptions as possible /*区分事实和推理*/
• think of as many alternative explanations and counterexamples as you can /*找出他因和反例*/
• think of what additional evidence might weaken or lend support to the claims
• ask yourself what changes in the argument would make the reasoning more sound
Interpret Numbers, Percentages, and Statistics
They are evaluated as evidence that is intended to support the conclusion.
Argument topics are used only as evidence in support of a conclusion, and you should always consider
whether they actually support the conclusion.
/*……*/
[Sample 1]
Hospital statistics regarding people who go to the emergency room afterroller skating accidents indicate the need for more protectiveequipment. Within this group ofpeople, 75 percent of those who hadaccidents in streets or parking lots werenot wearing any protectiveclothing (helmets, knee pads, etc.) or anylight-reflecting material(clip-on lights,glow-in-the-darkwrist pads, etc.). Clearly, thesestatistics indicate that by investing in high-quality protective gearand reflective equipment, roller skaters will greatly reduce their riskof being severely injured in an accident.
[Score 6]
因为作文大讲堂上有这篇，所以笔记写在纸质书上
[Score 5]
(*指出了整体的因果关系s*)The argument presented is limitedbut useful. It indicates a possible relationship between a high percentage of accidents and a lackof protective equipment.(*e*) (*第1点*)The statistics cited compel a further investigation of the usefulness of protective gearin preventing ormitigating roller-skating related injuries. However,the conclusion thatprotective gear and reflective equipment would"greatly reduce.risk ofbeing severely injured" is premature. (*第2点*) Data is lacking with reference to the totalpopulation of skaters and the relative levelsof experience,skill and physical coordination of that population.It is entirelypossible that further research would indicate that most serious injuryis averted by the skater'sability to react quickly and skillfully inemergency situations.
(*第3点*)Another area ofinvestigation necessary before conclusions can be reached is identification of the types of injuriesthatoccur and the various causes of those injuries. The article failsto identifythe most prevalent types of roller-skating related injuries.It also fails tocorrelate the absence of protective gear and reflectiveequipment to thoseinjuries. For example, if the majority of injuriesare skin abrasions and closed-head injuries, then a case can be madefor the usefulness of protectiveclothing mentioned. Likewise, ifinjuries are caused by collision with vehicles(e.g. bicycles, cars) orpedestrians, then light-reflective equipment mightmitigate theoccurences. However, if the primary types of injuries aresoft-tissueinjuries such as torn ligaments and muscles, back injuriesand the like, then agreater case could be made for training andexperience as preventative measures.
Present Your Perspective on an Issue Task: Ability:
think critically
clearly express thoughts
Task:
present a compelling case for your own position on the issue
Strategies:
use of examples, development and support, organization, language fluency, and word choice.
• carefully read the claim made in the topic and make sure you understand the issue involved; if it seems unclear, discuss it with a friend or teacher
• think about the issue in relation to your own ideas and experiences,to events you have read about or observed, and to people you haveknown; this is the knowledge base from which you will developcompelling reasons and examples in your argument that reinforce,negate, or qualify the claim in some way
• decide what positionon the issue you want to take and defend—remember you are free to agreeor disagree completely or to agree with some parts or some applicationsbut not others
• decide what compelling evidence (reasons and examples) you can use to support your position /*积累素材是平时最应该注意的一个部分*/
Explore the complexity of a claim: /*这些问题用来审题，从而把问题展开才好写*/
• What, precisely, is the central issue?
• Do I agree with all or with any part of the claim? Why or why not?
• Does the claim make certain assumptions? If so, are they reasonable?
• Is the claim valid only under certain conditions? If so, what are they?
• Do I need to explain how I interpret certain terms or concepts used in the claim?
• If I take a certain position on the issue, what reasons support my position?
• What examples—either real or hypothetical—could I use to illustratethose reasons and advance my point of view? Which examples are mostcompelling?
[Sample 1] “Inour time, specialists of all kinds are highly overrated. We need moregeneralists—people who can provide broad perspectives."
Interpretation for the topic:/*解题*/
• What are the main differences between specialists and generalists? What are the strong points of each? /*先弄清楚概念*/
• Do these differences always hold in various professions orsituations? Could there be some specialists, for example, who alsoneed to have very broad knowledge and general abilities to performtheir work well?
• How do generalists and specialists function in your field?
• What value do you think society places on specialists andgeneralists? Are specialists overvalued in some situations, and not inothers? /*针对 overrated 辩证地来思考*/
• Does society really need more generalists than it has? If so, what needs would they serve?
[Score 6] 记在作文大讲堂P18
[Score 5] [直接指出论点支持Specialist]
[开头段：列举了Generalist的一些特点，通过让步更强调Specialist] Specialists are notoverrated today. Moregeneralists may be needed, but not to overshadow the specialists.Generalists can provide a great deal of information on many topicsofinterest with a broad range of ideas. People who look at the overallview of things can help with some of the large problems our societyfaces today. But specialists are necessary to gain a betterunderstanding of more in depth methods to solve problems or fixingthings.
[Specialist事例1：通过事例对比出Generalist 和 Specialist在medical field一个专业领域的区别] One good example of why specialists are not overrated is in the medical field.Doctors are necessary for people to live healthy lives. When a personis sick, he may go to a general practitioner to find out the cause ofhis problems. Usually, this kind of "generalized" doctor can help mostailments with simple and effective treatments. Sometimes, though, asickness may go beyond a family doctor's knowledge or the prescribedtreatments don't work the way they should. When a sickness progressesor becomes diagnosed as a disease that requires more carethan a familydoctor can provide, he may be referred to a specialist. Forinstance, aperson with constant breathing problems that require hospitalizationmay be suggested to visit an asthma specialist. Since a family doctorhas agreat deal of knowledge of medicine, he can decide when hismethods are noteffective and the patient needs to see someone who knowsmore about the specific problem; someone who knows how it begins,progresses, and specified treatments. This is an excellent example ofhow a generalied person may not be equipped enough to handle somethingas well as a specialized one can.
[Specialist事例2：通过事例对比出Generalist 和 Specialist在teaching上的区别]
Another example of a specialist who is needed instead of a generalist involves teaching. Ingrammar school, children learn all the basic principles of reading,writing, and arithematic. But as children get older and progress inschool, they gain a better understanding of the language andmathematical processes. As the years in school increase, they need tolearn more and more specifics and details about various subjects. Theystart out by learning basic math concepts such as addition,subtraction, division, and multiplication. A few years later, they areready to begin algebraic concepts, geometry, and calculus. They arealso ready to learn more advanced vocabulary, the principles of how alllife is composed and how it functions. One teacher or professor cannot provide as much in depth discussion on all of these topics as wellas one who has learned the specifics and studied mainly to knoweverything that is currently known about one of thesesubjects. Generalized teachers are required to begin molding studentsat a very early age so they can get ready for the future ahead of themin gaining more facts about the basic subjects and finding out newfacts on the old ones.
[结尾段，总结以上2个例子，同时再次对比Specialist和Generalist]
These are only two examples of why specialists are not highly overrated and more generalists are not necessary to the point of overshadowing them. Generalistsare needed to give the public a broad understanding of somethings. But , specialists are important to help maintain the status,health, and safety of our society. Specialists are very necessary.作者: gantian 时间: 2010-1-26 00:53:33
本帖最后由 gantian 于 2010-1-27 10:10 编辑
第二次作业--Argument
第一次写作文，无奈在上课笔记上找了很多句子。作文水平不行望多加指点。。
题目：
51.The following appeared in a medicalnewsletter.
"[Hypothesis]Doctors have long suspectedthat secondary infections may keep some patients from healingquickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved bypreliminary results of [Evidence]a study of two groups of patients. The firstgroup of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland,a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularlythroughout their treatment. Their recuperation time
was,on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the secondgroup, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were givensugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Theiraverage recuperation time was not significantly reduced. [Conclusion]Therefore,all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be welladvised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment."
题目分析：
分解：（参考http://bbs.taisha.org/thread-1410047-1-7.html） [Hypothesis]
Doctors have long suspected that secondaryinfections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain.
[Evidence]
a study of two groups of patients.
(*
Selective Sample
Differences in the study => the differences in recuperation time is due to the secondary infection
*)
[Conclusion]
Therefore, all patients who are diagnosedwith muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as part of theirtreatment."
(*
secondary infection can be cured byantibiotics
Sufficiency?
Bad results of antibiotics?
*)
In this argument, the arguer concludes that all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain should take antibiotics for quicker healing. To strengthen this conclusion, the arguer provides a study about different treatment on two groups of patients. At first glance, the argument might be somewhat reasonable, but close scrutiny reveals that it contains several unconvincing assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive.
First of all, the argument claims that the hypothesis which secondary infections may interfere in patients' recovery rate has been proved by the different results of two groups of patients’ recuperation time. The arguer assumes unfairly that the longer recuperation time is the result of the secondary infections. The assumption is unwarranted because it ignores a host of other possible explanations for the different results. There lies a significant number of dissimilarity between the two groups in the study. For example, Dr. Newland is a sports medicine specialist. What if the patients got injuries in a severe football game? Under such circumstance, it's unfair to contrast them with the patients in the group treated by Dr. Alton. Therefore, the result of the study is not reliable.
Second, even considering that secondary infection is the key to patients' recovery, the arguer assumes without justification that secondary infection can be cured by antibiotics which is the main element in distinguishing the two groups of patients. However, it is entirely possible that the patients who recovered faster were determined by some special medicine from Dr. Newland whereas another group of patients didn't have. In short, without accounting for important possibilities which may lead to the cure of secondary infection, the arguer cannot reasonably prove the proposed method will work in the treatment.
Finally, the arguer entirely ignores the possible consequences brought about by the antibiotics. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics have been a contributing factor to the emergence of resistant bacteria. Without thinking about these mistakes, we cannot accept the arguer's recommendation of taking antibiotics as part of the treatment.
To sum up, the arguer's conclusion about antibiotics is not well supported as it stands. Doctors must consider carefully when making the plan for the treatment.
In this argument, the arguer concludes thatall patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain should take antibiotics forquicker healing. To strengthen this conclusion, the arguer provides a studyabout different treatment on two groups of patients. Atfirst glance, the argument might be somewhat reasonable, but close scrutinyreveals that it contains several unconvincing assumptions and is therefore (这个地方。。换成WHICH MAKE THE ARGUMET怎么样？) unpersuasive.
1.First of all, theargument claims that the hypothesis which secondary infections mayinterfere in patients' recovery rate has been proved by the different results of two groups of patients’ recuperation time（直接说astudy). The arguer assumes unfairlythat the longer recuperation time is the result of thesecondary infections. The assumption is unwarrantedbecause it ignores a host of other possible explanations for thedifferent results. There lies a significant number ofdissimilarity between the two groups in the study. For example, Dr.Newland is a sports medicine specialist. What if the patients got injuries in asevere football game? Under such circumstance, it's unfair to contrast themwith the patients in the group treated by Dr. Alton. Therefore, the result ofthe study is not reliable.（实验--secondary infections is the main reason 反驳the main reason 原因
可能其他因素
医生不一样。
这里反驳的是实验的不合理性，医生等因素导致的可能是二次感染以外的因素致使结果）
2.Second, evenconsidering that secondary infection is the key to patients' recovery.the arguer assumes without justification that secondary infection can be curedby antibiotics which is the main element in distinguishing the two groups ofpatients. However, it is entirely possible thatthe patients who recovered faster were determined by some special medicine fromDr. Newland whereas another group of patients didn't have.（又是两个医生的差异） In short, without accounting for important possibilitieswhich may lead to the cure ofsecondary infection, the arguercannot reasonably prove the proposed method will work in the treatment.（这里是对结论的反驳antibiotics 不能作为治愈的普遍方法）
3.Finally, thearguer entirely ignores the possible consequences brought about by theantibiotics. Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics havebeen a contributing factor to the emergence of resistant bacteria. Withoutthinking about these mistakes, we cannot accept the arguer's recommendation oftaking antibiotics as part of the treatment.
（不恰当的服用抗生素可能会带来害处，我觉得这个攻击段有些牵强，假如抗生素真的对二次感染有效果，那么用量方法绝对是次要的。个人意见，主要的攻击点应该是all patients， 抗生素可能对ALL 中的一些人不利，过敏等.）
To sum up, the arguer's conclusion about antibiotics is not well supported as it stands（按照实际情况）（感觉怪怪的‘is not well supported by 论据’
比较对味，这里as it stands 按照现在的情况没有被支撑？）. Doctors must considercarefully when making the plan for the treatment.
我的看法：
反驳前提和结论是对的，但是攻击的点不对，攻击的论据也不佳。https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=412534这个帖子说的是抛开两组病人不管我单讨论前提和结论这一对主逻辑来发现攻击错误，也就是说即便不不做对照试验，这一对关系依然不成立（即便前提对也推不出结论),而病人对照组与结论又是另外一组从属逻辑（对照组来说明前提的正确性，同时来论证结论的可行性，即二次感染造成了治愈延迟，而抗生素可以抑制二次感染）。而本文中明显将这两层逻辑关系混淆了，将医生不同因素（对照组）扯到了前提与结论的论证中了，这样在读你文章的过程中我的脑子也被弄的很乱。
个人意见：按以下层次进行论证
主逻辑：（抛开实验组）
即便前提对也推不出结论
前提：Doctorshave long suspected that secondaryinfections may keep some patients fromhealing quickly after severemuscle strain
结论：Therefore, allpatients who arediagnosed with muscle strain would be well advised to take antibiotics as partof their treatment
1、所有病人（是不是有人过敏）
2、SEVERE是什么概念
不是SEVERE的是不是没有必要或者没有效果
3、ANTIBIOTICS 和
二次感染之间的关系(有必然性吗？）
从属逻辑：
实验中的错误
1、医生因素
2、群体差异等
从属逻辑的错误推出主结论及前提的不确切性
53. [Evidence1] Thirteen years ago, researchersstudied a group of 25 infants who showed signs of mild distress when exposed tounfamiliar stimuli such as an unusual odor or a tape recording of an unknownvoice. [Evidence1.1]Theydiscovered that these infants were more likely than other infants to have beenconceived in early autumn, a time when their mothers' production of melatonin-ahormone known to affect some brain functions-would naturally increase inresponse to decreased daylight. [Evidence2]In a follow-up study conducted earlierthis year, more than half of these children-now teenagers-who had shown signsof distress identified themselves as shy. [Conclusion]Clearly, [C.a] increased levels of melatoninbefore birth cause shyness during infancy and [C.b] this shyness continues intolater life.
题目分析：
[Evidence1]
13y ago, a study of 25 infants’ reacting tounfamiliar stimuli
[Evidence1.1]
The infants were conceived in early autumnduring which the production of melatonin increase [Deduction1]
Melatonin --> milddistress
[Evidence2]
Earlier this year, >50% these children-now teenagers-who had shown signs of distress identified themselvesas shy.
[Conclusion] [C.a] increased levels ofmelatonin before birth cause shyness during infancy and [C.b] this shyness continues intolater life.
In this argument, the arguer concludes that the higher level of melatonin before birth could cause shyness during infancy and this shyness would continue to later life. In order to support this conclusion, the arguer cites two studies--the one in which assumes a correlation between melatonin increase and mild distress and the other points out that the shyness of the infants will last to their later life. However, close scrutiny of the line of reasoning renders the argument as unpersuasive.
First of all, researchers studied only a group of 25 infants which is so small that we can hardly draw any conclusion from it. Unless they chose a sufficient number of infants and did so randomly across the entire population, the results of the study are not acceptable. For example, the 25 infants may come from the same place and people in this district suffer from a kind of psychological diseases due to the specific environment. Besides, the arguer's inference is based on the definition that mild distress before unfamiliar stimuli is a kind of shyness. However, the babies are too young to express their feelings. It's hard to determine the real emotion of the child. It may be a natural response to an unfamiliar stimulus rather than be interpreted as shyness.
Second, the arguer unfairly indicates that the melatonin’s increase contributes to mild distress. The mothers' early autumn conceiving and the higher level of melatonin in fall just happened in the same time. It cannot conclude that the melatonin has effects on the mothers and the reaction of mothers' baby was due to it. Perhaps it is the amount of melatonin increased which is not sufficient lead to this phenomenon. Without ruling out the actual function of melatonin, the arguer cannot reasonably conclude that the melatonin is responsible for the distress.
Third, even I concede that melatonin is attributable to the infants' shyness, the arguer unfairly conclude that the shyness will continue into later life. As the individuals in the study are only at teen ages during which the characteristic of shyness may be normal for the adolescent. And it is entirely possible that a shy teenager would become a open-minded grow-up.
To sum up, this argument, while seems logical at first, have several flaws as discussed above. To bolster it, the author need to provide reliable study that melatonin is the factor of distress. To better assess the problem, the argument should show evidence that the shyness would not be eliminated in later life.
修改by 小鸟
In this argument, the arguer concludes that the higher level of melatonin before birth could cause shyness during infancy and this shyness would continue to later life. In order to support this conclusion, the arguer cites two studies--the one in which assumes a correlation between melatonin increase and mild distress and the other points out that the shyness of the infants will last to their later life. However, close scrutiny of the line of reasoning renders the argument as unpersuasive.
First of all, researchers studied only a group of 25 infants which is so small that we can hardly draw any conclusion（ANY会不会太绝对了？conclusions） from it. Unless they chose a sufficient number of infants and did so randomly across the entire population, the results of the study are not acceptable. For example, the 25 infants may come from the same place and people in this district suffer from a kind of psychological diseases due to the specific environment. Besides, the arguer's inference is based on the definition that mild distress before unfamiliar stimuli is a kind of shyness. However, the babies are too young to express their feelings. It's hard to determine the real emotion of the child. It may be a natural response to an unfamiliar stimulus rather than be interpreted as （不如去掉）shyness.
Second, the arguer unfairly indicates that the melatonin’s increase contributes to mild distress. The mothers' early autumn conceiving and the higher level of melatonin in fall just happened in the same time. It cannot conclude that the melatonin has effects on the mothers and the reaction of mothers' baby was due to it. Perhaps it is the amount of melatonin increased which is not sufficient lead to this phenomenon. Without ruling out the actual function of melatonin, the arguer cannot reasonably conclude that the melatonin is responsible for the distress.（这个地方有点牵强，A中说秋天日光减少了导致MELATONIN增多，按你的推理，其他季节岂不是全SHY了？）
Third, even I concede that melatonin is attributable to the infants' shyness, the arguer unfairly concludes that the shyness will continue into later life. As the individuals in the study are only at teen ages during which the characteristic of shyness may be normal for the adolescent. And it is entirely possible that a shy teenager would become a open-minded grow-up.
To sum up, this argument, while seems logical at first, have several flaws as discussed above. To bolster it, the author need to provide reliable study that melatonin is the factor of distress. To better assess the problem, the argument should show evidence that the shyness would not be eliminated in later life.(就算以后SHY也不能明确是XX激素影响的，这一段语法是不是有点…the factor of distress何解？)
45. The following appeared as an editorial in a wildlife journal.
"[Background] Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice from island to island during the course of a year. [Evidence1]Their habitat is limited to areas warm enough to sustain the plants on which they feed, and cold enough, at least some of the year, for the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it. [Evidence2] Unfortunately, according to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining. [Evidence3]Since these reports coincide with recent global warming trends that have caused the sea ice to melt, [Conclusion]we can conclude that the decline in arctic deer populations is the result of deer being unable to follow their age-old migration patterns across the frozen sea."
题目分析：（参考） 分解： [Background](不需要攻击，可以作为被引用的话来攻击其他点的材料)
Arctic deer live on islands in Canada's arctic region. They search for food by moving over ice fromisland to island during the course of a year.
[Evidence1]
Arctic deer’s habitat is limited to [cold, warm].
Cold: the ice to cover the sea separating the islands, allowing the deer to travel over it.
Warm: sustain the plants to feed the deer
[Evidence2]
According to reports from local hunters, the deer populations are declining.
[Evidence3] [E3.a] globalwarming trends that have caused thesea ice to melt [E3.b] global warming coincide with the declination of population
[Conclusion]
deer cannot followtheir age-old migration across the frozen sea ==>decline in arcticdeer populations
3.攻击由[已知&推论] 得知deer不能按原来的迁徙习惯穿过结冰海面(强攻击）：
题目说到cold enough, at least some of the year。也就是只需要一年中的某些时间cold enough能结冰去穿过。Global warming可能使得最高温那段时间没有结冰，但是最低温的那段时间还是可以结冰，deer原来的迁徙习惯就是在最冷结冰那段时间去穿过海面。
就算全年都没有结冰，在背景中提到穿过结冰海面是为了search for food。并且warm是为了sustain the plants。有可能温度上升后plants也变多了，这样都不用去穿越结冰海面了
238) 158. The following appeared in a memorandum from the president of Mira Vista College to the college's board of trustees. [Evidence]"At nearby Green Mountain College, which has more business courses and more job counselors than does Mira Vista College, 90 percent of last year's graduating seniors had job offers from prospective employers. But at Mira Vista College last year, only 70 percent of the seniors who informed the placement office that they would be seeking employment had found full-time jobs within three months after graduation, and only half of these graduates were employed in their major field of study. [Conclusion]To help Mira Vista's graduates find employment, we must offer more courses in business and computer technology and hire additional job counselors to help students with their résumés and interviewing skills."
逻辑关系：
[Evidence] ==> [Conclusion]
攻击步骤：
1. 攻击[Evidence]：
a. GM90%, MV70%只是个相对比例，有可能90%的人数比70%的人数还少。
b. Within 3 month，文章并没有指出GM的是在多久期限找到的工作，3个月不能代表未来（时间推广），有可能MV的在3个月的时候还在实习，半年以后才能签约。
c. GM的Job offers，并没有说去，说不定工作不好，而only 50% MV Employed in their major field并不一定代表不好，有可能他们的专业并不好，工作转到另外一个更好的领域去了。
2. 攻击[Evidence] ==> [Conclusion] 2：（Conclusion中的错误的充分性）
文章无根据地认为more courses in business and computer technology and hire additional job counselors to help students with their resumès and interviewing skills 是 more employment的充分条件。
并没有说GM有更多Computer Tech的课程，没有证据证明business 和Computer Tech会更利于就业，有可能是一个师范类学校，学生更多的应该学教学技巧，而不是business & computer Tech。 同时也没有事实说明additional job counselors就对学生有帮助，可能是就业市场现在不好，或者是实力不行，而不是因为学生的resumès and interviewing skills差。
In this memo, the president of Mira Vista (MV) College recommends providing more business and computer technology courses and hiring additional job counselors in order to help MV's graduates find a job. To support this recommendation, the president cites a statistic comparison between Green Mountain (GM) College and Mira Vista College showing that GM College has a better graduates’ employment condition. However, close scrutiny of the evidence and of the line of reasoning reveals that it contains several unconvincing assumption and is therefore unpersuasive.
To begin with, the author provides no evidence that the comparison between GM College and MV College is reliable. Without giving information regarding the absolute number of GM College and MV College, it is entirely possible that the number of 90 percent of GM's graduates is less than that of 70 percent in MV. Besides, the author unfairly infers that the other 30 percent of seniors in MV would not find a job after three months. Perhaps this 30 percents are on an intern of six months so that they will be engaged in a position in half of a year. What's more, a graduate who is not employed in his own major does not represent undesirable. Perhaps the changed working field can bring him more benefits than that of he majors in.
The argument also assumes too hastily that additional job counselors as well as more courses in business and computer technology will necessarily result in more employment. There is no evidence that business and computer technology courses will motivate employment. Perhaps MV College is a normal university, the students there should learn more teaching skills rather than how to run a business. Moreover, the author makes an unfounded assumption that the job counselors who help students with their résumés and interviewing skills may help the students in finding a job. Perhaps it is the slump of the job market result in the fail of the students who cannot get a job rather than the skill of writing résumés and interviewing.
Even I concede that it is GM's measure that contributes to higher employment rate, the argument fails to consider the possible differences between GM and MV. Perhaps the students' background in MV are not as good as in GM so that MV's students are not willing to take more courses, or perhaps the students in MV are prone to further study rather than employment. Without considering the alternatives related to employment, the author cannot conclude that MV must take the same measure like GM.
To sum up, the recommendation relies on certain doubtful assumptions that render it unconvincing as it stands. To make the argument more convincing, the author would have to provide more evidence about the employment condition in the two colleges and the difference between them. Additionally, he would have to consider more skills in helping the students to find a job.
还没吃饭
就只PAT提纲吧 攻击步骤：
1.
攻击[Evidence]：
a.
GM90%, MV70%只是个相对比例，有可能90%的人数比70%的人数还少。（人数不是问题要的就是比率，现在的大学没有宣传年度就业人数的吧...转DOREEN的看法 GMC宣传的是就业一年以后的就业率
而 MV 是3个月的 GMC宣传的可能包括兼职而MV宣传的是
全职--》这两个就业率没有可比性）
b.
Within 3 month，文章并没有指出GM的是在多久期限找到的工作，3个月不能代表未来（时间推广），有可能MV的在3个月的时候还在实习，半年以后才能签约。
（归并到上一条）
c.
GM的Job offers，并没有说去，说不定工作不好，而only 50% MV Employedin their major field并不一定代表不好，有可能他们的专业并不好，工作转到另外一个更好的领域去了。
2.
攻击[Evidence] ==> [Conclusion]2：（Conclusion中的错误的充分性）
文章无根据地认为more courses in businessand computer technology and hire additional job counselors to help studentswith their resumès and interviewing skills
是 more employment的充分条件。
并没有说GM有更多Computer Tech的课程，没有证据证明business 和Computer Tech会更利于就业，有可能是一个medical university，培养的是医生，学生更多的应该学教学技巧，而不是business & computer Tech。
同时也没有事实说明additional job counselors就对学生有帮助，可能是就业市场现在不好，或者是实力不行，（也可能GMC的counselors传授了其他的技能而非resumès and interviewing skills）而不是因为学生的resumès and interviewing skills差。
错误
好处
238)
158. The following appeared in amemorandum from the president of Mira Vista Collegeto the college's board of trustees. [Evidence]"At nearby Green MountainCollege, which has more businesscourses and more job counselors than does Mira Vista College, 90 percent of last year'sgraduating seniors had job offers from prospective employers. But at Mira Vista College last year, only 70 percent of the seniors whoinformed the placement office that they would be seeking employment had foundfull-time jobs within three months after graduation, and only half of thesegraduates were employed in their major field of study. [Conclusion]To help Mira Vista's graduates findemployment, we must offer more courses inbusiness and computer technology and hire additional job counselors to helpstudents with their résumés and interviewing skills."
逻辑关系：
[Evidence] ==> [Conclusion]
攻击步骤：
1.
攻击[Evidence]：
a.
GM90%, MV70%只是个相对比例，有可能90%的人数比70%的人数还少。要看的是比例，实际人数反而不具有说服力。要看就业率，而不是就业人数。
b.
Within3 month，文章并没有指出GM的是在多久期限找到的工作，3个月不能代表未来（时间推广），有可能MV的在3个月的时候还在实习，半年以后才能签约。
c.
GM的Job offers，并没有说去，说不定工作不好，而only 50% MV Employed in their majorfield并不一定代表不好，有可能他们的专业并不好，工作转到另外一个更好的领域去了这一点没想到，不错。
2.
攻击[Evidence] ==> [Conclusion]2：（Conclusion中的错误的充分性）
文章无根据地认为more courses in business andcomputer technology and hire additional job counselors to help students withtheir resumès and interviewing skills
是 more employment的充分条件。
并没有说GM有更多ComputerTech的课程，没有证据证明business 和Computer Tech会更利于就业，有可能是一个师范类学校，学生更多的应该学教学技巧，而不是business & computerTech这种说法不太好，即使是师范类学习，学习了b&c技能也可以帮助更容易找工作。
同时也没有事实说明additionaljob counselors就对学生有帮助，可能是就业市场现在不好，或者是实力不行，而不是因为学生的resumès and interviewing skills差这里的论据是好论据，但和论点有点无关，论点讲的是additionaljob counselor的作用，论据讲的是工作不好找的原因，即使你有其它原因，也不能排除additionaljob counselor可能是有作用的，如果把论点稍微改一下，变成题目没有分析其它对找工作可能有帮助的更大的原因，就可以继续这么论证了，因为如果其它原因更重要，就不一定要找jobc~了。
习作：
In this memo, thepresident of Mira Vista (MV) College recommends providing more business andcomputer technology courses and hiring additional job counselors in order tohelp MV's graduates find a job（对应于graduates）. To support this(his)recommendation, the president cites a statistic comparison between Green Mountain(GM) College and Mira Vista Collegeshowing that GM College has a bettergraduates’ employment condition. However, close scrutiny of the evidence and of the line of reasoning reveals that it containsseveral unconvincing assumptions and is thereforeunpersuasive.
To begin with, theauthor provides no evidence that the comparison between GM College and MVCollege is reliable. Without giving information regarding the absolute numberof GM College and MV College, it is entirely possible that the number of 90percent of GM's graduates is less than that of 70 percent in MV. 上面是我在提纲里提到的问题Besides, theauthor unfairly infers that the other 30 percent of seniors in MV would notfind a job after three months. Perhaps this 30 percents are on an internship of six months so that they will be engaged in aposition in half of a year. What's more, a graduate who is not employed in hisown major does not represent undesirable. Perhaps the changed working field canbring him more benefits than that of he majors in.这里说明MV的30%可能还是能找到好工作，但忽视了GM的10%也有可能找到好工作，而且这一段的论点是GM和MV的比较是不合理的，论证中需要将两者结合考虑，否则考虑片面了。
The argument also assumes too hastily(hastily assumes读起来更顺) that additionaljob counselors as well as more courses in business and computer technology willnecessarily result in more employment. There is no evidence that business andcomputer technology courses will motivate employment. Perhaps MV College is anormal university, the students there should learn more teaching skills ratherthan how to run a business. Moreover, the author makes an unfounded assumptionthat the job counselors who help students with their résumés and interviewingskills may help the students in finding a job. Perhaps it is the slump of thejob market result in the fail of the students who cannot get a job rather thanthe skill of writing résumés and interviewing. 同提纲
Even I concedethat it is GM's measure that contributes to higher employment rate,； the argument fails to consider the possibledifferences between GM and MV. Perhaps the students' background in MV are notas good as in GM so that MV's students are not willing to take more courses, orperhaps the students in MV are prone to further study rather than employment.Without considering the alternatives related to employment, the author cannotconclude that MV must take the same measure like GM.
To sum up, therecommendation relies on certain doubtful assumptions that render itunconvincing as it stands. To make the argument more convincing, the authorwould have to provide more evidence about the employment condition in the two collegesand the difference between them. Additionally, he would have to consider moreskills in helping the students to find a job.结尾方式挺好，先概括，再稍具体。
重写第五次作业--Argu238
238)
158. The following appeared in amemorandum from the president of Mira Vista Collegeto the college's board of trustees. [Evidence]"At nearby Green MountainCollege, which has more businesscourses and more job counselors than does Mira Vista College, 90 percent of last year'sgraduating seniors had job offers from prospective employers. But at Mira Vista College last year, only 70 percent of the seniors whoinformed the placement office that they would be seeking employment had found full-timejobs within three months after graduation, and only half of these graduateswere employed in their major field of study. [Conclusion]To help Mira Vista's graduates findemployment, we must offer more courses in business and computer technology andhire additional job counselors to help students with their résumés andinterviewing skills."
逻辑关系：
[Evidence] ==> [Conclusion]
[修改的地方]
攻击步骤：
1. 攻击[Evidence]：
a. GM的job offers并没有指出性质，有可能是part-time jobs，而MV的是full-time jobs. MV的Within 3 month，文章并没有指出GM的是在多久期限找到的工作，3个月不能代表未来（时间推广），有可能MV的在3个月的时候还在实习，半年以后才能签约。
b. GM的Job offers，并没有说去，说不定工作不好，而only 50% MV Employed in their major field并不一定代表不好，有可能他们的专业并不好，工作转到另外一个更好的领域去了。
2. 攻击[Evidence] ==> [Conclusion] 2：（Conclusion中的错误的充分性）
文章无根据地认为more courses in business and computer technology and hire additional job counselors to help students with their résumés and interviewing skills 是 more employment的充分条件。
并没有说GM有更多Computer Tech的课程，没有证据证明business 和Computer Tech会更利于就业，有可能是一个medical university，培养的是医生，更需要的是专业知识和经验而不是business & computer Tech。 同时不能完全认为additional job counselors就对more employment有帮助，有可能是学生个人能力问题的限制，而不是因为学生的résumés and interviewing skills这种表面功夫(just learn how to show themselves)。
习作：
In this memo, the president of Mira Vista (MV) College recommends providing more business and computer technology courses and hiring additional job counselors in order to help MV's graduates find jobs. To support his recommendation, the president cites a statistic comparison between Green Mountain (GM) College and Mira Vista College showing that GM College has better graduates’ employment condition. However, close scrutiny of the evidence and the line of reasoning reveal that it contains several unconvincing assumptions and is therefore unpersuasive.
To begin with, the author provides no evidence that the comparison between GM College and MV College is reliable. Without giving information regarding the detail of the job, it is entirely possible that the job offers received by GM's students are part-time while the MV's are full-time. Besides, the author unfairly infers that the other 30 percent of seniors in MV would not find a job after three months. Perhaps this 30 percents are working on intern of six months so that they will be engaged in a position in half of a year. What's more, a graduate who is not employed in his own major does not represent undesirable. Perhaps the changed working field can bring him more benefits than that of he majors in.
The argument also hastily assumes that additional job counselors as well as more courses in business and computer technology will necessarily result in more employment. There is no evidence that business and computer technology courses will motivate employment. Perhaps MV College is a medical college which is aiming at fostering doctors--whose specialized knowledge and practice more important to know how to run a business. Moreover, the author makes an unfounded assumption that the job counselors who help students with their résumés and interviewing skills may contribute to the students' better employment. Perhaps it is the students' personal competence plays as a bottleneck in the employment rate rather than skills of writing résumés and interviewing.
Even I concede that it is GM's measure that contributes to higher employment rate, the argument fails to consider the possible differences between GM and MV. Perhaps the students' background in MV are not as good as in GM so that MV's students are not willing to take more courses, or perhaps the students in MV are prone to further study rather than employment. Without considering the alternatives related to employment, the author cannot conclude that MV must take the same measure like GM.
To sum up, the recommendation relies on certain doubtful assumptions that render it unconvincing as it stands. To make the argument more convincing, the author would have to provide more evidence about the employment condition in the two colleges and the difference between them. Additionally, he would have to consider more skills in helping the students to find a job.
1.给非非牛人的感想（https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=933101&page=1#pid1772470866）
个人很不喜欢模板，可以说很少用模板，所以也建议大家，那种所谓的A模板，写了500字其中350都是废话，没有一点内涵，你要清楚，改你的作文的是老美，他们每天阅读无数的作文，看一眼就知道你这篇文章有多少你自己的痕迹，有多少你的模板，而上面已经提到了，AW不是考语言，是考逻辑！所以对于A，我的观点是：不要从一个批判者的角的看，ETS不是想让你把这篇文章批驳得一无是处，而是想让你帮助这篇文章如何改进，所以不要说一些很肯定的反对之类的话语，而要委婉的提出他这个遗漏了啥，one may be more interested into the argument if theauthor should renderus..类似于这样的话，然后结尾我的建议是不要重复那些要改进啥，没有多大意义，这个我通常放在每段结尾捎带提下，结尾可以写下这篇a说服力不够(the argument lacks credibility) OR 肯定它的出发点是好的但是论证过程有问题（比如说想要人民更健康）itmay render us the appealing information aboutsth然后一句话点出这篇A还要仔细考虑从之类的话，最后加一个不这样做可能的结果。。
ps:特别注意哪些新东方教的逻辑错误，这是帮助你找到错误的第一步，但是千万别记住什么这是那个那个错误，什么什么用词，这样的语言千万别用，很死很干！！后面我附了一个我自己总结的新东方那些错误，关键是让你们知道都有哪些错误，只要自己会找就行，不用在意名词和术语！！
2.Argu论证如何展开（https://bbs.gter.net/bbs/thread-175162-1-1.html）
by springy
The fact that experienced employees showed little improvement in theseareas cannot support that experienced workers have no progress afterthe retreat. In this memo, it seems that the speaker defined theimprovement only to be an increase of calls handled, and a decrease ofthe complaints from customers. However, the definition is quite limited because the speaker just focused on the number, butignored the quality. Maybe the calls handled by experienced employeesgave the customers more satisfaction than before, although the numberwas not added apparently, and the company hadn't noted the betterreflections from customers.
Another possibility also exist thatthe progress of those new employees the speaker had found was not thedirect result of the retreat. In fact, longer time in the work fieldand more thinking are always helpful for everyone to improve his workefficiency.
后面那个another possibility没看出来在说什么，不过前面关于quality和数量的区别的确给说了个清清楚楚。
再例如seeseafast提到的more patient之类的方面，都是比such as skills on other aspects要好得多。
by imong
In addition, the fact that experienced employees showed little improvements after the latest retreat does not necessarily follows that it is unworthy to send those experienced workers to all future retreats because in the latest retreat, what kind of training was given and for whom it was designed were not provided, and even worse, whether future retreat will be exactly the same of the latest one is not mentioned.[展开来说] For example, [other possiblity之对现在情况他因的解释]It is quite possible that the major purpose of the latest treat is to solve the question of experience, that is to say, to teach the trainees how to gain experience from the experienced workers, in this sense, it is natural that the already experienced employees would improve little compared with the novice. [other possiblity之还可能出现的其他情况]However, if the future treats are to focus on the creativity or originality of its employees, the result might be on the contrary.Under such circumstance, it is entirely possible that the experienced employees will improve greatly while the new employees achieve little. [整体结论，给出补救措施]Unless the arguer could confirm that the future retreats will not be designed for experienced employees as the latest one does, to exclude experienced employees from all future retreats will by no means be a wise practice.
很可惜的是并没有这个TS下面的ETS范文，不过参照范文我们也可以看出来一些端倪：
[TS]However, the citizens of Forestville are failing to consider other possible alternatives to the increasing car accidents after the raisein speed limit. [Alternative1]Such alternatives may include the fact that there are less reliable cars traveling the roads in Forestville, or[Alternative2]
that the agebracket of those in Elmsford may be more conducive to drivingsafely. [展开论述2]It is possible that there are more younger, inexperienced, or more elderly, unsafe drivers in Forestville than there are in Elmsford. 前面的age bracket在下一句得到了很好的阐述 [Alternative3] In addition, the citizens have failed to consider the geographical andphysical terrain of the two different areas. [展开论述3]Perhaps Forestville'shighway is in an area of more dangerous curves, sharp turns, or hasmany intersections or merging points where accidents are more likely tooccur. 在这里，三个具体的反例用词一下子就说明问题了：很具体，而不是空泛的geographical difference.[总结]It appears reasonable, therefore, for the citizens to focus on these trouble spots than to reduce the speed in the entire area. 从而therefore得到对比就很顺利了，同时不忘交待对方：Elmsford may be an area of easier driving conditions where accidents are less likely to occur regardless of the speed limit.
另外一篇6分的：
Finally,[TS] there is absolutely no evidence provided that high quality(and presumably more expensive) gear is any more beneficial than otherkinds of gear. [展开论述] For example, a simple white t-shirt may provide the same preventative benefit as a higher quality, more expensive, shirtdesigned only for skating. Before skaters are encouraged to investheavily in gear, a more complete understanding of the benefit provided by individual pieces of gear would be helpful.很简单也很清楚明了，注意三句话各自的位置和功用。
而看看同一个题目下面6分和5分的对比：
6 [TS]The argument above is weakened by the fact that it does not take intoaccount the inherent differences between skaters who wear gear andthose who do not. It is at least likely that those who wear gear maybe generally more responsible and/or safety conscious individuals. Theskaters who wear gear may be less likely to cause accidents throughcareless or dangerous behavior. It may, in fact, be their naturalcaution and responsibility that keeps them out of the emergency roomrather than the gear itself.
5 [TS]However, the conclusion that protective gear and reflective equipmentwould "greatly reduce.risk of being severely injured" ispremature. [展开论述] Data is lacking with reference to the total population ofskaters and the relative levels of experience, skill and physicalcoordination of that population. It is entirely possible that furtherresearch would indicate that most serious injury is averted by theskater's ability to react quickly and skillfully in emergencysituations.
对比6分段落的详细分析而言，这里的it is entirely possible未免单薄一些。既没有上面的it may, in fact,be…句的对比总结，也没有it is at least… 的背景铺垫，相当于直接给出了the skaterswho…句（虽然内容上不尽相同）。而这一串total population of skaters， the relative levelsof experience, skill and physical coordination of thatpopulation并没有例如conscious individual这样的反例来得实在。
1.单独列出条目是不够的，如果说such as otherskills的话，为什么不写出来到底是什么skill？如果说improvements cannot be embodied（这个词用的有问题？） in their work，那到底体现在哪里了？如果说they actually MADE improvements，哪些方面，多大程度？etc.
[Do not spend a lot of time summarizing the argument unless youthink it will effectively develop your critique. Readers know whichArgument topic you were assigned.]
Unless you think it will effectivelydevelop your critique，可是目前恐怕还没发现哪篇文章因为写了summary从而effectivelydevelop了critique
因此，我认为，开头画上一个段落4到6句话来summarize基本上没有积极的效果，还不如省省力气好好组织深入后面的内容，这种summary性质的文字撑死了一两句话。
Forestville 6
The agrument is well-presented, but not thoroughly well-reasoned. Bymaking a comparison of the region ofForestville, the town with the higher speed limit and therefore automobileaccidents, with the region of Elmsford, an area of a lower speed limit andsubsequently fewer accidents, the argument for reducing Forestville's speedlimits in order to decrease accidents seems logical.
人家commentary的重心都在identifying flaws in the argument / target on central flaws… 花那么大力气写一个垃圾开头没什么意义
Forestville 4
从里面摘出来了两个句子：
1.A logical pathis followed throughout the paragraph and the conclusion is expected.
2. If the twomissing pieces of information had been presented and were in the author'sfavor, then the conclusion that the author made would have been much more soundthan it currently is.
而commentary里面恰好有关于这两个句子的评判：
The first thirdand last third of the essay are relatively insubstantial, consisting mainly of general summary statements (e.g.,"A logical path . . . conclusion is expected" and "If the two .. . more sound than it currently is"). The real heart of the critiqueconsists of minimal development of the two points mentioned above.
203) 123. The following appeared in a newspaper feature story. [Evidence1]"At the small, nonprofit hospital in the town of Saluda, the average length of a patient's stay is two days; at the large, for-profit hospital in the nearby city of Megaville, the average patient stay is six days. Also, [Evidence2] the cure rate among patients in the Saluda hospital is about twice that of the Megaville hospital. [Evidence3] The Saluda hospital has more employees per patient than the hospital in Megaville, and [Evidence5] there are few complaints about service at the local hospital. [Conclusion]Such data indicate that treatment in smaller, nonprofit hospitals is more economical and of better quality than treatment in larger, for-profit hospitals."
逻辑关系：
[Evidence] ==> [Conclusion]
Patient’s stay --> economical
Cure rate, more employee/patient, few complains --> better quality
先攻击economical，再攻击better quality，最后攻击S和M不能代表所有
攻击步骤：
1. 错误的假设average length of a patient's stay更短，花得钱就更少。 并没有给patient’s stay的细节，在同一天做化疗和打葡萄糖的cost不一样，有可能因为太贵了，S病人没有还未痊愈就出院了。
2. better quality也无根据
a. 在没有对patient的病进行调查之前，去对比Cure rate是无法对比的。有可能S的病人都是一些小毛病，很容易治愈；
b. More employees per patient这种比率也是没有意义的。有可能是因为S的病人少，也有可能M有个附属制药厂聘用了很多生产药物的employee，而对医院里的patient无意义。
c. Few complains about the service不能证明S的病人更满意，这里说的是service，说不定S的病人只是觉得服务很好，more complains about医疗效果，医院硬件条件呢。
3. 就算在S和M成立，也不代表所有的smaller, nonprofit hospitals or larger, for-profit hospitals
习作：
This argument concludes that the smaller, nonprofit hospital's treatment is more economical and of better quality than the larger, for-profit hospital's. To support this claim, it cites a comparison between Saluda(S) hospital and Megavile(M) hospital regarding the average length of patient’s stay, cure rate, the number of employees per patient and the amount of complaints about the service. However, careful scrutiny of the argument reveals several questionable assumptions and other logical problems, which render it unconvincing.
To begin with, the argument depends on an unfounded assumption that it will cost the patients less money if they stay at hospital less. The arguer provides no details about the patient's stay in the hospital which are important in comparing the two hospitals. For instance, it is a significant difference about the cost between receiving chemotherapy in one day and only having intravenous glucose drip in another day. Perhaps it is the huge expenses in S that makes patients leave the hospital without recovery which results in less stay time. If so, the author cannot reasonably conclude that S is more economical.
The arguer also unfairly infers that S is of better quality than M in three respects. First, without given details about the patients' diseases, the cure rate is not comparable. It is possible that most of the patients in S only have a slight indisposition which results in higher cure rate. Second, the comparison of the number of employees per patient is meaningless. For example, a lower employee to patient ratio in M may due to a large amount of patients which, on the contrary, looks like more popular. Or perhaps S has an attached pharmacy factory and hires many employees making and selling medicines that it could hardly take their contribution into consideration. Third, the author cannot justifiably conclude that the patients in S are satisfier than M for the few complains about the service. There is possibility that the patients in S are pleased with the service but have more complains about the instruments and efficiency there.
Finally, the argument rests on the groundless assumption that S and M typify smaller, nonprofit hospital and larger, for-profit hospital respectly. S is located in the town, and M is located in the city. It is entirely possible that the location plays a key element in the difference between S and M rather than the attributes of them.
To sum up, the arguer's conclusion relies on several poor assumptions and is therefore unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it, the author may provide more details about the comparison between S and M, and the representativeness of S and M.
攻击步骤：
1. 错误的假设average length of a patient's stay更短，花得钱就更少。 并没有给patient’s stay的细节，在同一天做化疗和打葡萄糖的cost不一样，有可能因为太贵了，S病人没有还未痊愈就出院了。
2. better quality也无根据
a. 在没有对patient的病进行调查之前，去对比Cure rate是无法对比的。有可能S的病人都是一些小毛病，很容易治愈；
b. More employees per patient这种比率也是没有意义的。有可能是因为S的病人少，也有可能M有个附属制药厂聘用了很多生产药物的employee，而对医院里的patient无意义。
c. Few complains about the service不能证明S的病人更满意，这里说的是service，说不定S的病人只是觉得服务很好，more complains about医疗效果，医院硬件条件呢。
3. 就算在S和M成立，也不代表所有的smaller, nonprofit hospitals or larger, for-profit hospitals
习作：
This argument concludes that the smaller, nonprofit hospital's treatment is more economical and of better quality than the larger, for-profit hospital's. To support this claim, it cites a comparison between Saluda(S) hospital and Megavile(M) hospital regarding the average length of patients’ stay, cure rate, the number of employees per patient and the amount of complaints about the service. However, careful scrutiny of the argument reveals several questionable assumptions and other logical problems, which render it unconvincing.
To begin with, the argument depends on an unfounded assumption that it will cost the patients less money if they stay at hospital less.(这个地方a中并没有正面说和经济相关，也可能说住院时间短与医疗效果之间的关系。这样说会不会欠妥？） The arguer provides no details about the patient's stay in the hospital which are important in comparing the two hospitals. For instance, it is a significant difference about the cost between receiving chemotherapy in one day and only having intravenous glucose drip in another day. Perhaps it is the huge expenses in S that makes patients leave the hospital without recovery which results in less stay time.（可能是由于这种巨大的开销让S的病人没康复就出院了致使了较短的住院时间。按照前面的推理，你的意思是用化疗的人本来注射葡萄糖就能好，但是S讹他偏要它化疗？） If so, the author cannot reasonably conclude that S is more economical.
The arguer also unfairly infers that S is of better quality than M in three respects. First, without given details about the patients' diseases, the cure rate is not comparable. It is possible that most of the patients in S only have a slight indisposition which results in higher cure rate.（不妨再具体一点，什么样的轻微症状） Second, the comparison of the number of employees per patient is meaningless. For example, a lower employees to patient ratio in M may due to a large amount of patients which, on the contrary, looks like more popular（仅由病人多不能得出 雇员-病人 比率低 还要强调一下雇员数量，后面那句LOOKS LIKE MORE POPULAR干嘛的？人多和医院好坏也不一定有因果关系吧）. Or perhaps S has an attached pharmacy factory and hires many employees making and selling medicines that it could hardly take their contribution into consideration. Third, the author cannot justifiably conclude that the patients in S are satisfier than M for the few complains about the service. There is （a）possibility that the patients in S are pleased with the service but have more complains about the instruments and efficiency there.（效率和器具的不满依然和治疗效果没直接关系，不妨直接说对治愈效果的投诉）
Finally, the argument rests on the groundless assumption that S and M typify smaller, nonprofit hospitals and larger, for-profit hospitals respectly. S is located in the town, and M is located in the city. It is entirely possible that the location (论述不充分展开一下）plays a key element in the difference between S and M rather than the attributes of them.（话没说完，所以他们只是个例，不能推广）
To sum up, the arguer's conclusion relies on several poor assumptions and is therefore unconvincing as it stands. To strengthen it, the author may provide more details about the comparison between S and M, and the representativeness of S and M。
28) Students should memorize facts only after they have studied the ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain those facts. Students who have learned only facts have learned very little.
提纲
1. 开头段，指出作者的观点，我让步式地提出自己的反对
2. 赞同作者观点一Students who have learned only factshave learned very little.
//3. 赞同作者观点二
4. 反对观点一students should memorize facts afterthey understand it
5. 反对观点二learning context without detailedmemorization sounds right but is difficult to accomplish.
6. 总结
Should students memorize facts only after studied the ideas, trends, and concepts? The speaker claims so, for the reason that students would learn very little if they learn only facts. I concede that learning by memorization, according to its definition, eschews comprehension, so it is an ineffective tool in mastering any complex subject at an advanced level. Otherwise, in my point of view we should not neglect the significantly role memorization techniques play in the way of study.
Admittedly, under most circumstances, learning only facts is useless and inefficiency. The ultimate objective of education is not to learn facts by heart, but to sharpen critical thinking skills--to be able to analyze facts and to make sound judgments. In addition, it is less time if students commit a formula to memory through exercises that use the formula rather than through rote repetition.
Aside from the foregoing proviso, however, I fundamentally disagree with the speaker's claim that students should memorize facts after they understand it. Learning is a combination of memorization and evolved specialized problem-solving patterns, which themselves are memorized. Without memorization, no one would know what to research in the first place, and no one would have the appropriate cultural, professional, or historical context to have an informed opinion on any subject. If people don't memorize history facts, they will find much of popular culture confusing -- including elections and politics, movies and plays, books, even video games. If so, how do the students to comprehend the so-called ideas, trends, and concepts that help explain facts?
Similarly, learning context without detailed memorization sounds right but is difficult to accomplish. Understanding the concepts with creative thinking is only possible and effective within a field that one has already mastered, or at least in which one has learned all the basics. In any field of study, whether it's in elementary school history class, or in an advanced academic or professional setting, memorization in the context of learning and study is fundamental. Take a random example, organic chemistry. The traditional undergrad class in this subject is one vast memorization exercise. Any given little reaction sequence can trivially be looked up online. But can you imagine a chemist or biologist having to look up every elementary reaction every time they need to reason about chemical synthesis or biological pathways?
In sum, unless concerning the information that is coming in at lightning speed updated everyday, I concede that rote memorization of random facts is worthless. Otherwise, the skill of memorization is very foundation upon which students' knowledge advances.
建议类题目（提出了某种解决问题的办法或建议）
“Someone should/must do something to have/do something or for a purpose.”
切入点：
(1) 题目中的建议可行性如何？
(2) 如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或其他荒谬的结果？
(3) 有无替代或折中方案？
4、"No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study."
建议类题目（提出了某种解决问题的办法或建议）
“Someone should/must do something to have/do something or for a purpose.”
In order for a field of study to advance significantly, outsider should bring their knowledge and experience to that field of study.
切入点：
（1）题目中的建议可行性如何？
（2）如果实施题目中的建议，是否会导致同初始目的相矛盾或其他荒谬的结果？
（3）有无替代或折中方案？
5、"A nation should require all its students to study the same national curriculum until they enter college rather than allow schools in different parts of the nation to determine which academic courses to offer."
建议类题目（提出了某种解决问题的办法或建议）
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12"People's attitudes are determined more by their immediate situation or surroundings than by any internal characteristic."
17"There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws."
24"People in positions of power are most effective when they exercise caution and restraint in the use of that power."
事实类题目（指出一个或者多个事实。这里的事实并非是那种公认的、可反复证实或证伪的现象。它在题目中指定是一种观察（observation）或者一种感觉(perception)，而持有这种意见的人认为它是事实，并希望我们也相信。
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30"The primary goal of technological advancement should be to increase people's efficiency so that everyone has more leisure time."
双层次：
建议类题目（提出了某种解决问题的办法或建议）
因果类题目（提出或蕴含了某种因果关系）
切入点：
(1)这个因果关系推理中的原因是否成立？
(2)假设这个原因成立，从它能否推出结果？
40"Scholars and researchers should not be concerned with whether their work makes a contribution to the larger society. It is more important that they pursue their individual interests, however unusual or idiosyncratic those interests may seem."
双层次
建议类题目（提出了某种解决问题的办法或建议）
是非类题目(提出某种好坏、是非的价值判断)
------------------------------作者: gantian 时间: 2010-2-15 00:37:48
