3 举例：（以分析中用的例子为例）
p55
分析逻辑：
题目：Competition is ultimately more beneficial than detrimetal to a society
首段： 参看：B INTRODUCTION&CONCLUSION（开头结尾的写法）
常识 Competition affects our society in almost every aspect;it forms the social structure,drives the
social development, and shapes the mores.
改写题目 It hence often causes debates, and most of them are over the comparison between competition's
negative and positive effects.
T.S.：暗示文章结构 While I am well aware of the detriments competition inflicts on human beings, I propose here that competition
is ultimately more beneficial than detrimental to a society.
第一逻辑段： 这是一种段落基本写法：模板法 不要拘泥于这种写法 内容：
主题句 I admit the tragedies directed by competition. X有害
过渡句，指明总原因 Driven by unlimited desires, human beings compete for the limited resources, and here X为什么有害
come crisis and conflicts.
主句1 Maybe the most severe problem modern people meet is Energy Crisis. X在A方面有害
展开主句1：解释展开 The total amount of crude oil exploitable, for example, has been reaching the bottom line. 什么是A
展开主句1：评论展开 This very material, which had accelerated the whirling whell of modernization, is now A有什么害
suffering form the fate of depletion, and our future seems no less optimistic than Petroleum's
主句2 Compared to enery crisic, wars threaten the world more severly. B方面有害
展开主句2：原因+数字 Thousands of wars occurring in thousands of years have involved moillions of lives into 什么是B的危害
bloodshed and massacre, and the triggers of these wars are mostly rivalries for hegemony.
短句子排比作总结 Caesar waged wat against Pompey; Louis XIV against Eurpe; Hitler against the world.
结尾： 参看：B INTRODUCTION&CONCLUSION（开头结尾的写法）
改写开头 To summarize, although competition sometimes causes discords and conflicts,we cannot
therefore deny its favoable effects.
评论 After all, it is competition that offers us an exciting, though occasionally bitter, reality.
5 一个模版例子：
View1:________________________________________________________ When we consider
________________________________________ we shall see no reason to doubt_____________.
The case of__________ adds great weight to this reasoning._______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
Moreover, ________________________________ Put in one word, the mixing of the ____________
and ________________ exerts a powerful effect upon _________________ though _____________.
View2:______________________________________________________ It is not yet forgotten
that ______________________________________________________________________________.
Firstly,_______________________________________________________ Among illustrations of
this truth which might be cited, the ________________________ ____________will furnish a cogent example.
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________.
Secondly,_________________________________________________________________________.
Even if ______________________________________________________. For instance, ________
__________________________________________________________________________________
View3:____________________________________________________________________________.
Generally,________________________________ can be defined as _________________________
___________________, and it give rise to _________________________. For this very reason, ___
________________________________________. In this case, _____________________________.
注：
1 在准备中，不同体型用不同的模版
2 要注意段落的节奏：长短句的配合
6 其他段落写法：（更重要）
1 牛刀法：自己摘取好文章模版（在好文章中找有用的句型）
2 演绎法：三段论 p82 para2
3 比较法： p82 para 4
4 直驳法： p82 para 3
举例：
1 演绎法：
题目："Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when result of that research are controversial."
例如： p82 para2
The result of some reseach works are controversial.
一个真理，人要死： By reasoning form the past to the future, we have good ground to conclude that all inquiries
of the immense unknow world may came across dangers.
用类比的方法来解释： When an explorer enters an ancient cave, dawning on a corner with the torch, he might find
bones, shards, fossils, and, maybe treasures, but, wait a minute please, there might be cobra
lurking nearby.
苏格拉底是人： Scientific reseach is the dominant way for human beings to know the universe.
Equipped with all the theries and experiences of precursors, scientists proceed, passionately
and steadfastly, into the mysterious regions further and further, and in these"caverns" there
probably are Pandora Boxes.
苏也要死： Therefore, it is not surprising in the process of research to discover something unexpected
controversial.
2 牛刀法：
分析卢梭的文章：
主题：obedience is not necessities,服从不是义务
逻辑： www.constitution.org/jjr/socon_01.htm
X不成立： The strongest is never strong enough to be always the master,
X成立的条件是A： unless he transforms strength into right, and obedience into duty.
尽管我们不同意A Hence the right of the strongest, which though to all seeming to mean ironically, is realy
但A是事实： laid down as a fundamental priciple.
设问： But are we never to have an explanation of this phrase?
A的特点是B而不是-B： Force is a physical power, and I fail to see what moral effect it can have.
对上句话进行改写： To yield to force is an act of necessity, not of will --- at the most, an act of prudence.
why X： In what sense can it be a duty?
注：蓝色为逻辑步骤；非蓝色为论述步骤
3 直驳法：（归谬法）
题目："Money spent on research is almost always a good investment, even when result of that research are controversial."
例如： p82 para3
主题句： Nevertheless, money spent on research is a good investment.
X说A： We have heard that some people complanined of the uncertainties of research outcomes,
whining that some results would throw the world into chaos.
X有病（有逻辑错误）： This unwarrantable partiality leads our minds astray.
接着有病的逻辑会怎样： One question that needs to be asked, therefore, is whether all these grousers actually benefit
form the progress driven by discoveries and innovations in the fields of science
and technology
反问： If the concerns on some possible devastation had dominated the decision of reseach
investment, how could all the research outcomes applied today come into sight at
the beginning?
不会答，把它留给读者 Let these scrupulous contenders to answer this question.
（这句话写不写两可） Let these pessimistic objectors to answer this question.
4 比较法：
两种比较法：
1 A1A2A3;B1B2B3
2 A1B1A2B2A3B3
例如： p82 para4
现写不能控制的，再写能控制的：
1 People are confident in coining ways to restrain those controvesial results.
2 What the pessimistic observers above fail to consider is that money spent
on research indeed offers possibilities rather than certainties, or, in other
words, the possible solutions to the potential problems.
3 We cannot control the eruption of volcano.
4 We cannot control sweeping flood.
5 We cannot control aridity.
6 That is, we cannot control the irrevocable cycle of nature.
7 But we can partly control the results of our own making.
8 By using antivirus tools and network security devices, we can control computer viruses;
by technological blockades and international pacts we can control th nuclear proliferation,
though incompletely.
9 Similarly, by legislative and governmental mechanisms, we will control the ethical controversies introduced
by Clone Techs.
10 Nothing is impossible.
7 如何找句型（如何从好文章中提取模版）
原则： 保留通用的，删除特定的
8 实写一篇作文：
题目：The best way to understand the character of a society is to examine the character of the men and women that
the society chooses as its heroes or its heroines
正文：
Introduction:
常识： In the region of social and cultural study, hero is the most frequently used factor to form conceptions.
改写主题： In this issue, the speaker claims the examination of heroes and heroines the best way to comprehend a society.
T.S.： I have no doubt that this is feasible, but to shape a panorama of a culture, we have to resort to other key factors.
view1:
主题句： By studying the charaters of bussiness hero, sociologies can infer some feature of a society in the respect
过渡句： Nothing is more certain than the feasibility of this philosophy, and it is equally undeniable that common people
选自p105 often bring up some heros to examplify their views on a particular society.
主句1： American;hero;society
主句2： No hero;society;China;past
查有关美国人性格的词：
entreprenueship;creativity;venturesome;adventurous
主句1： The entreprrenueship and creativity of bussiness heros reflects that encouraging individuals to pursue their personal
dreams, treasure is a part of American sprit.
引导例子： This can be briefly explained by the legend of Ford whose ambition for a business empire drove him to create and
对应式举例，说Ford的性格反映了U.S.的那些特点
innovate and by doing so, he giant fulfilled many American dream.
中间总结句： A person alone change the society profoundly.
主句2： In contrast, the absence of this type of hero in Chinese history reflects the lack of commercial convention.
展开句： If China culture had credited trade and commerce as much as politics and confucius, the emergence of
bourgeois in the 16th century would transorm the agronomic society into capitalism one and heros like Ford would
juxtapose some other national heros who were honored for their resisting against western invasion.
总结句： The feature of society determine the characters of heros, who determine the fate of the society.
conclusion:
In conclusion, the characters of heroes in a certain degree reflect those of the societies they are in,
but since the personalities of heroes in different cultures are often similar, scholars may need other
auxiliary methods to understand a culture well.
D SENTENCE（如何写长句子，如何写好句子）
1 5部造句法：
原则： 一个长句子最好只有一套主谓宾，长句子只有短语组成，每个短语是一个基本例子单元，短语用“，“连接，
短语的次序比较自由，短语可以包含从句。
详解：
原句： Malcolm Maxwell left the quiet country town in which he'd been rasied.
扩充后： On a bitter cold winter morning, Malcolm Maxwell, a young man of simple means but
good intentions, left the quiet country town in which he'd been raised, and set off on the
bold errand he'd been preparing for all his life.
说明：
引入部分
主部分
插入部分
扩充部分
替换成份：
1 介词短语： on a bitter winter morning
2 从句： while his mother was still in deep sleep / shortly after the rooster
crowed the first time
3 过去分词短语： encouraged by his uncle's word
4 现在分词短语： having hesitated for a long time / still missing Mary, the girl left two
years ago
5 副词开头： slowly but steadily
MALCOLM MAXWELL
1 名次短语： a young man of simple means but good intentions
2 过去分词短语： encouraged by his uncle's word
3 现在分词短语： having hesitated for a long time / still missing Mary, the girl left two
4 形容词短语： ambitious as his father is
5 介词短语： with all the expectation his parents imposed upon him
6 组合使用： Jan' 18 years old son, ambitious as his father is / Jan's 18 years
old son, well educated / Jan's 18 years old son, with all the
expectation his parents imposed upon him
LEFT
1 副词短语： slowly but steadily
2 介词短语： in rapid steps
3 现在分词短语： holding a torch
THE QUIET COUNTRY TOWN
1 名次短语： Land river, PLMM's hometown.
2 从句： in which he had been rasied
3 形容词短语： full of kind residents
4 形容词： quiet and peaceful
5 连词+谓语+宾语： and set off on the bold errand he'd been preparing for all his life
注：按上面的方法在一个大本上练习，比如扩充：Hitler endangered the western civilization
2 平行结构
1 注意结构哦：
both x and y
not x but y
not only x but also y..
neither x nor y…
either x or y
1 and 2
1, 2, and 3
1 or 2
1, or 2, or 3
more(less) 1 than 2
2 相同形式的成分放在一起
例如：
1 the novel concentrates on character; the film intensifies the viloence.
2 the government tries to get the most out of taxes; the individual tries to get out of the
most taxes.
3 the dictator exploited his country's resources, stole form the common poople, executed those
who oppoesed him, and trampled over thieir corpses.
4 agreement concentrates on cooperation; disagreement intensifies competition.
5 one behaves rationally get the most out of emotions; the individual compelled by emotions
get out of the most rationality.
3 复杂的平行结构需要有一个层次
Next morning when the fist light came into the sky and the sparrows stirred in the trees, when the cows tattled their
chains and the rooster crowed and the early automobiles went whispering along the road, Wibur awoke and looked for
Charlotte
4 形式一致
1 I enjoy biking and walking down by the pier
2 Boy Scouts at the camp can learn cooking, canoeing, swimming, or how to make ropes.
3 Non-troditional students often study long hours, get limited sleep, and up again with the sunrise
4 The hurricane not only destroyed the fishing fleet but also destroyed the homes of the fishermen.
5 平行结构本质是分析，他使句子变长变漂亮，在随手可做的地方就分析一下
例如：遇到一个范围很宽的概念时可以分析一下
When we allow freedom to ring, whien we let it ring from every village and every hamlet,
from every state and every city, we will be able-to speed up that day when all of God's
children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be
able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! Free at last!
Thank God almighty, we are free at last!"
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been
passed to a new gerneration of American -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by
a hard and bitter pease, proud in our ancient heritage -- and unwilling to witness or permit the slow
undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we
are committed today, at home and around the world.
Now the trumpet summons us again -- not as call to bear arms, though arms we need -- not as a call
to battle, though embattled we are -- but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in
and year out, "rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation" -- a stuggle against the common enemies of
man: Tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.
John F.Kennedy
Competition serves our society -- not as an agent creating conflicts, though conflicts unavoidable,
not as an agent divide our society into hierarchy, though hierarchy undeletable -- but a great director
who guides all our actor s to strive, to improve, to find and utillize our potentiality, year in and year out,
and thus to forward the society.
"Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden,
meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assue the survival and the success of liberty."
John F.Kennedy
"I have tried to offer leadership to the Democratic Party and the Nation. If, in my high moments, I have
done some good, offered some service, shed some light, healed some wounds, rekindled some hope,
or stirred someone from apathy and indifference, or in any way along the way helped somebody, then
this campaign has not been in vain.
"We have seen the state of our Union in the endurance of rescuers, working past exhaustion. We' ve
seen the unfurling of flags, the lighting of candles, the fiving of blood, the saying of prayers -- in English,
Hebrew, and Arabic."
3 修辞：
1 Antithesis(对仗）： 比平行结构强
1 To err is human; to forgive, divine.
2 To lie is human; to lie all the time, politician.
3 To be responsible for oneself is human; to be responsible for other, leader of human.
4 To spend for now is man; to spend for the future, sagacious man.
5 One small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.
6 That short and easy trip made a lasting and profound change in Harold's outlook.
7 The bus sluggishly moving towards New Oriental School carries bunches of student rapidly
running towards America.
8 When we find easy way to solve difficult problems, when we find multiple aspects of single
object, when we find complex interpretation of single phenomenon, when we find simple rule
of complex situation, when we touch the core of previously distant problem, when we narrow
the previously wide gap, and when we criticize what was previously right and correct what
was previously wrong, we make progress.
2 Analogy(类比）：
1 You may criticize the mediocrity of any scientific field you want, though you cannot research
in any one. You may abuse any musician you want, though you cannot write any song. It is
not you trade, though you are imaginative, to write songs, because you lack rudimentary skill.
2 He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces,
as to him that should extinguish the tapers of a lighthouse might justly be imputed the calamities
of shipwrecks
3 Knowledge always desires increase: it is like fire, which must first be kindled by some external agent,
but which will afterwards propagate itself.
4 The beginning of all evil temptations is inconstancy of mind, and too little trust in God. For as a ship
without a guide is driven hither and thither with every storm, so an unstable man, that anon leaves his
good purpose in God, is diversely tempted. The fire proveth gold, and temptation proves the righteous
man.
3 明喻：
1 名词比名词，最常用like
1 I see men, but they look like trees, walking
2 After such long exposure to the direct sun, the leaves of the houseplant looked like pieces of overcooked bacon.
3 The soul in the body is like a bird in a cage.
2 动作比动作用as
1 They remained constantly attentive to their goal, as a sunflower always turns and stays focused on the sun.
2 Here is your pencil and paper. I want you to compete as the greatest hero would in the race of his life.
3 喻体在主体前用so
1 The grass bends with every wind; so does Harvey.
2 The seas are quiet when the winds give ore; so calm are we when passions are no more.
4 so可以省略
As wax melts before the fire, may the wicked perish before God.
5 加入解释
1 Any money is like muck, not good except it is spread.
2 Fortune is like glass -- the brighter the glitter, the more easily broken.
3 Like a skunk, he suffered from bad publicity for one noticeble flaw, but bore no one any ill will.
4 James now felt like an old adding machine: he had been punched and poked so much that he had finally worn out.
5 This paper is just like an accountant's report: precise and accurate but absolutely useless.
6 被说明的相同点要尽量用词简练
1 Yes, he is a cute puppy, but when he grows up he will be as big as a house.
2 The pitching mound is humped too much like a camel's back.
7 直接转化成形容词的比喻
1 The argument of this book utilizes pretzel-like logic.
2 This gear has a flower-like symmetry to it.
3 The procedure causing problems complex should not pursuit a pretzel-like but a tree-like logic, which
enable us to perceive it as completely as possible, and thus find the root.
8 明喻可以表现不同点
1 My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun ….
2 John cerainly does not attack the way a Sherman tank does; but if you encourage him, he is bold enough.
3 Children dose not think the way Einstein dose; but if the society trains them, they will.
9 常用的明喻词：
x is like y x is not like y
x is more than y x is less than y
x is similar to y x resembles y
x is y like z x is more y than z
10 明喻也可以隐含表现：
The author of this poem is almost in the position of a man with boxes and boxes of tree ornaments, but with
no tree to decorate. The poet has enough imagery handy to decorate anything he can think of, if only he can
fix upon a "trim invention." The "sense" he does locate is obscured; the ivy hides the building completely.
When I think of the English final exam, I think of dungeons and chains and racks and primal screams.
Leslie has silky hair and the skin of an angel.
4 暗喻：
1 说A就是B来进行比喻：
1 Then Jesus declared, “I am the bread of life." John 6:35[ And compare the use of metaphor in 6:32-63]
2 Thus a mind that is free from passion is a very citadel; man has no stronger fortress in which to seek shelter
and defy every assault. Failure to perceive this is ignorance; but to perceive it, and still not to seek its
refuge, is misfortune indeed.
3 The mind is but a barron soil; a soil which is soon exhausted and will produce no crop, or only one,
unless it be continually fertilized and enriched with foreign matter.
2 通常不用a is b 也很形象
4 补充：如何变换句式：
例如：
time which has been devoted to the project
可变为：
devoted time to the project
就是把从句变成分词结构
例如：
towering gaint
fading memory
tarnished fame
E STRUCTURE II III IV
1 完全同意型文章
1 直线型： 开头+三段三个理论+结尾 p87